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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Performance evaluation of tractor drawn straw reaper for paddy straw(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-08) Ujala; Saroha, AnilRice (Oryza sativa) is one of the leading and widely cultivated cereal crops in the world. India has the world‟s largest area under rice with 43 million ha and is the second largest producer next only to China with production of 104 million tonnes during 2015-16. The productivity of rice was around 24q ha-1 during the agricultural year 2015-16 (Anonymous, 2017). The tractor drawn paddy straw reaper was evaluated at farmers field in Ludas village of Hisar district for optimization of machine parameters viz., cylinder speed (550, 750 and 950 rpm), forward speed (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 km h-1) and crop parameter viz., straw moisture content (20.4 to 49.5 %) in relation to field capacity, field efficiency, fuel consumption, straw size, straw recovery and straw split percentage for paddy varieties Pusa-1121 and Pusa-44. For the paddy variety Pusa-1121 the field capacity, field efficiency, fuel consumption and power consumption at optimum conditions were 0.23 ha h-1, 66.37%, 5.33 l ha-1 and 21.82 kW, respectively. The straw size, straw recovery and straw split at optimum condition were 3.30 cm, 65.11 % and 89.11 %, respectively. Similarly for paddy variety Pusa-44, the field capacity, field efficiency, fuel consumption and power consumption at optimum conditions were 0.20 ha h-1, 59.45%, 5.67 l ha-1 and 23.70 kW, respectively. The straw size, straw recovery and straw split at optimum condition were 3.46 cm, 62.89 % and 86.23 %, respectively. Moisture content of 20.4-20.8 per cent, forward speed of 1.5 km h-1 and cylinder speed of 950 rpm was found optimum for paddy varieties Pusa-1121 and Pusa-44. The cost of operation was Rs 5190 ha-1and Rs 6112 ha-1 in Pusa-1121 and Pusa-44 variety, respectively. The machine was found economically feasible for the farmer‟s.ThesisItem Open Access Establishment of minimum performance standard of prominent agricultural machinery based on test reports(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-09) Maan Singh; Jain, MukeshA study was conducted to establish minimum performance standard (MPS) of selected agricultural machinery based on test reports collected from Deptt. of FMPE, COAE&T and FMT&TI, Hisar. The data was collected for the analysis and MPS was formulated by frequency distribution using MS-Excel Add-In. To determine the mean of individual parameter, corresponding values of the most occurring frequency (about 50 % of the frequency) was only considered. The MPS suggested for tillage machinery are 6.50 cm, 14 cm, 0.23 ha h-1, 76 %, 3.0 l h-1, 77 %, 11 kW and 817 mm for min. depth of cut, min. depth of puddle, min. area covered per metre of working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre of working width, min. puddling index, max. PTO power requirement per metre of working width and nominal closed length of drive shaft of rotavator; respectively. for disc harrow, 8 cm, 0.43 ha h-1, 70 %, 3.0 l h-1, 213 kg-f and 4.0 kW for min. depth of cut, min. area covered per metre of working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre of working width, max. draft per metre working width and max. drawbar power per metre working width of disc harrow; respectively. for cultivator, 9 cm, 0.41 ha h-1, 75 %, 2.0 l h-1, 244 kg-f and 3.4 kW for min. depth of cut, min. area covered per metre working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre working width, max. draft per metre working width and max. drawbar power per metre working width of cultivator, respectively. In sowing and planting machinery MPS suggested are 50 %, 6 & 8 cm, 6 & 8 cm, 5 & 10 mm, 0.12 %, 0.27 ha h-1, 71 %, 1.40 l h-1, 98 kg ha-1, 118 kg ha-1, 1.0 kW, 189 kg-f and ± 20 & ± 24 % for seeding uniformity, min. and max. depth of seed, min. and max. depth of fertilizer, min. and max. seed spacing, max. mechanical damage of seed, min. area covered per metre working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre working width, min. seed rate, min. fertilizer rate, max .drawbar power per metre working width, max. draft per metre working width, max. variation in dropping of seed and fertilizer of zero till seed cum fertilizer drill, respectively and 8.5 & 9.0 cm, 8.5 & 10 cm, 30 & 40 cm, 0.24 ha h-1, 64 %, 0.60 l h-1, 1.7 kg ha-1, 53.8 kg ha-1, 0.80 kW, 71 kg-f and ± 0.60 & ± 0.80 % for min. and max. depth of seed, min. and max. depth of fertilizer, min. and max. seed to seed distance, min. area covered per metre working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre of working width, min. seed rate, min. fertilizer rate, max. power drawbar per metre of working width, max. draft per metre of working width and max. variation in dropping of seed and fertilizer of Bt. cotton planter. Similarly, MPS have been suggested for other equipments/machinery like plant protection equipments, tractor operated VCR, straw reaper, paddy thresher and maize thresher. The MPS also includes safety and other requirements, material of construction etc. to be complied on.ThesisItem Open Access Ergonomic assessment and physiological cost analysis of power weeder(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-08) Sonam; Jain, MukeshThe experimental study on “Ergonomic assessment and physiological cost analysis of power weeder” was conducted in two crops i.e. cotton and sugarcane. The soil and environmental parameters were recorded at two different weeding intervals in cotton (40 days after sowing and 60 days after sowing) and sugarcane (30 days after sowing and 60 days after sowing) crop. The weeding efficiency and physiological parameters like heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature etc. was measured during the experiment. The machine parameters like actual field capacity and field efficiency were recorded. Physiological cost was estimated on the basis of Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR) and Energy Expenditure Rate (EER). The maximum values of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) were recorded to be 1.05 l/min and 1.09 l/min at forward speed of 2.09 km/h in cotton and sugarcane crop, respectively. The maximum energy expenditure rate (EER) was recorded at highest speed of operation i.e. 2.09 km/h and it was 22.8 kJ/min in cotton field and 21.9 kJ/min in sugarcane field. Vibration was highest at x-axis of left handle i.e. 13.3 m/s2 in cotton and 13.7 m/s2 in sugarcane at highest speed of operation i.e. 2.09 km/h. The highest weeding efficiency recorded was 82% (second weeding) in cotton and 87% (second weeding) in sugarcane. Total dust particle concentration was highest at maximum speed of operation. Particles ranging between 10 μm and 32 μm had highest concentration in the environment which was 14527.1 μg/m3 during weeding operation in cotton crop and 14894.7 μg/m3 in sugarcane crop which was more than the prescribed limit of 100 μg/m3 according to the standards given by National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of India. Noise level ranged between 62 dB to 74 dB and it was highest at highest speed i.e. 2.09 km/h. The maximum heart rate recorded during weeding operation was 156 beats per min in cotton field whereas in sugarcane field it was found 151 beats per min after 30 minutes of operation. The cost of operation was calculated to be Rs. 287 per hour and Rs. 2662 per hectare. The maximum body temperature attained during the experiment was found to be approx. 98.8 ºF in both the crop i.e. cotton and sugarcane. The maximum systolic blood pressure recorded was 134 mm/Hg in cotton and 135 mm/Hg in sugarcane crop at a forward speed of 2.09 km/h after 30 minutes of operation.ThesisItem Open Access Study on the effect of different types of nozzle for foliar application of urea solute(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-07) Pawan Kumar; Patel, BharatFoliar application of urea solute is the most efficient practice of fertilizer application for maximum nitrogen uptake by plants. A study was conducted to see the effect of air induction nozzles for deposition of urea solute as a foliar application on cotton crop. The air induction nozzles where an internal venture creates a negative pressure inside the nozzle body. Air is drawn into the nozzle through two holes in the nozzle side, mixing with the spray liquid. The emitted spray contains large droplets filled with air bubbles (similar to a candy malt ball) and virtually no fine, drift-prone droplets. Three types of nozzle i.e. conventional solid cone nozzle, air induction hollow cone nozzle, air induction flat fan nozzle were used in the study. Nozzles were evaluated on patternator in laboratory at three different liquid pressure (3 kg/cm2, 4 kg/cm2 and 5 kg/cm2), three nozzle spacing (650 mm, 700 mm, 750 mm) and three nozzle height (530 mm, 545 mm and 560 mm). The maximum swath for two air induction flat fan nozzle 750 mm apart was observed as 1296 mm with 16.69% CV at a liquid pressure of 3 kg/cm2 and nozzle height of 560 mm. In case of air induction hollow cones nozzle the maximum swath was achieved as 1200 mm with 15.78% CV at nozzles spacing of 700 mm, liquid pressure 3 kg/cm2 and nozzle height 530 mm and for conventional solid cone nozzle with 12.70% CV maximum swath observed as 1104 mm for two nozzles at nozzle spacing of 700 mm, liquid pressure 3 kg/cm2 and nozzle height 530 mm. These nozzles were evaluated in field conditions for the combination of operating parameters at maximum swath with a minimum coefficient of variation (CV) to their effect in terms of spray deposition. Nozzles are evaluated in field on parameters finalised in laboratory. Number median diameter of air induction hollow cone nozzle and air Induction flat fan nozzle were significantly (p=0.00864) more as compared to knapsack nozzle and solid cone nozzle on the upper and bottom side of leaves at top, middle and bottom level of cotton plant and also NMD due to leaf position on cotton plant (p=0.00137) was significant at 5% level of significance. For VMD due to nozzle type is not significance at 5% level but for leaf position VMD is significant at 5%level. Air induction flat fan nozzle has lowest uniformity coefficient 2.63 among all the nozzles. Area covered by droplets in case of air induction flat fan nozzle was significantly (p=0.024) higher than air induction hollow cone nozzle, solid cone nozzle and knapsack sprayer nozzle at top, middle and bottom level on upper and under side leaves of plant canopy respectively at 5% level of significance. The statistical analysis showed that air induction flat fan nozzle was significantly (p=0.01406) higher volume of spray deposition than air induction hollow cone and conventional knapsack nozzle at 5% level of significance.ThesisItem Open Access Development and evaluation of tractor operated weeder for raised bed crops(CCSHAU, 2019) Jyoti Kiran; Anil KumarFarm mechanization plays a vital role to achieve modernization in agriculture as it gives a substantial growth in agriculture by the means of modern technology and efficient use of inputs and ensures timeliness of operations in the field. In India, weeding is mostly done manually in the fields that is very time consuming and labour intensive, and can lead to heavy losses to farmers.. Therefore taking this into consideration, a study on development and its evaluation of tractor operated raised bed weeder was conducted. The developed raised bed weeder consisted of cutting blade, furrow opener, tyne and main frame, it can cover three furrows at a time and had an overall working width of 1.86 m. The main frame was fabricated from mild steel channel. Spring loaded tynes were used to absorb the shock loads and prevent breakage. The angle of cutting blade (sweep type) varied from 77.36 to 102.052 degrees and the vertical height of blade varied from 206 mm to 256 mm. The type of furrow opener was single point shovel type and the angle of furrow opener was 42.70 degrees. The experiment was conducted in three crops: Potato, Pea and Spinach, each at three forward speeds. The optimized forward speed was found to be 1.88 km h-1. The effective field capacity, field efficiency, fuel consumption and draft requirement at the optimized forward speed were (0.299 ha h-1, 86.40 %, 2.40 l h-1, 70.4 kgf ), (0.289 ha h-1, 83.63 %, 2.40 l h-1, 71.5 kgf ) and (0.292 ha h-1, 84.53 %, 2.40 l h-1, 71.3 kgf ) for potato, pea and spinach crop, respectively. The weeding efficiency and plant damage at the optimized forward speeds were (96.15 %, 1.04 %), (95.40 %, 1.88 %) and (93.19 %, 1.09 %) for the potato, pea and spinach crop, respectively. The performance index and field machine index at the optimized forward speeds were (5806.18, 76.92 %), (5436.39, 74.81 %) and (5448.34, 74.72 %) for the potato, pea and spinach crop, respectively. The labour requirement for developed weeder was 3.344, 3.460 and 3.425 h ha-1 and for the manual hoe (kasola) was 120, 130 and 135 ha h-1 for the potato, pea and spinach, respectively. The cost of the operation per hectare was Rs 1550.10, Rs 1603.74 and Rs 1587.26. The time saved and savings in cost over manual were (97.21 %, 74.16 %), (97.34 %, 75.33 %) and (97.46 %, 76.48 %) for the potato, pea and spinach crop, respectively. The breakeven point and pay back period was 246.73 h yr-1 and 0.409 yr for the potato, pea and spinach crop respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Mathematical modelling of power requirement for P.T.O driven agricultural machinery(CCSHAU, 2019) Kamat, Vivek R.; Jain, MukeshA mathematical model was developed to predict P.T.O power requirement of the tractor for operating rotavator, tractor operated gun sprayer, tractor operated VCR and paddy thresher. Mathematical models were developed by using 80 % of the secondary data collected from the test reports released by different authorized testing centres. Three different regression analyses such as multiple linear regressions, weighted least square and stepwise regression models were used to predict the P.T.O power requirement. Multicollinearity among the variables in relation to P.T.O power requirement was analysed using VIF. Effect of parameters affecting the P.T.O power requirement was analysed using correlation. During analysis of rotavator, soil moisture content, speed of operation, depth of cut, width of cut, peripheral velocity of blade, no of blades, weight of the implement, type of blade and type of soil have a significant effect. For tractor operated sprayer, working pressure and discharge rate of pump expressed significant effect. Speed of operation in tractor operated VCR was detected a significant effect in wheat crop. For paddy thresher, moisture content of grain and straw, concave clearance and drum length exhibited a significant effect on the P.T.O power requirement. Weighted least square model was used to predict P.T.O power requirement in rotavator and paddy thresher. However, multiple linear regression model of tractor operated sprayer and stepwise regression model of tractor operated VCR for wheat crop were selected based on the highest R2 values. The R2 values obtained of rotavator, tractor operated sprayer, tractor operated VCR and paddy thresher were 0.984, 0.965, 0.411 and 0.92 respectively. Validation of the developed model was performed on 20 % of secondary data and the MAPE obtained during validation was in the reasonable limit.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative performance evaluation of different types of sprayer in cotton crop(CCSHAU, 2019) Aman; Anil KumarSelf-propelled high clearance sprayer (HS), tractor operated gun sprayer (GS), and lever operated knapsack sprayer (KS) were evaluated for its performance under local agro-climatic conditions. To select suitable operational parameters the sprayers were initially evaluated at three pressure levels and three heights and corresponding discharge, spray angle, swath width and spray distribution pattern were observed under laboratory conditions and the optimized value of pressure and target height were selected for the evaluation of the sprayers in field conditions. Self-propelled high clearance sprayer, tractor operated gun sprayer and lever operated knapsack sprayer provided best results at a pressure of 3 kg cm-2 and a height of 54.5 cm, 15 kg cm-2 and 54.5 cm and 3 kg cm-2 and 53 cm, respectively. Under field conditions, the NMD, VMD and UC of Self-propelled high clearance sprayer (HS), tractor operated gun sprayer (GS), and lever operated knapsack sprayer (KS) were found to be 55.57 μm, 198.34 μm, 3.58 and 60.73 μm, 213.18 μm, 3.60 and 52.98 μm, 217.72 μm, 4.35, respectively. The area covered by droplets by self-propelled high clearance sprayer was 11.75 and 43.17 % higher than tractor operated gun sprayer (GS) and lever operated knapsack sprayer (KS), respectively. The results were found significant (p= 0.0007). The volume of spray deposition by Selfpropelled high clearance sprayer (HS) was significantly (p= 0.0026) 6.58 and 19.51 % higher than that of GS and KS, respectively. The volume of spray deposition on top side of leaves was significantly higher than bottom side of leaves in all cases irrespective of types of sprayer. The bio-efficacy of selfpropelled high clearance sprayer (50.63 %) was higher than tractor operated gun sprayer (49.11 %) and lever operated knapsack sprayer (47.57 %). The field capacity of Self-propelled high clearance sprayer (HS), tractor operated gun sprayer (GS), and lever operated knapsack sprayer (KS) was found to be 1.44, 0.82 and 0.078 ha h-1 with efficiency of 67.74, 78.63 and 82.12 %, respectively. The cost of operation for HS, GS and KS was found to be 632.76 Rs. ha-1, 504.78 Rs. ha-1 and 656.73 Rs. ha-1, respectively. The B:C ratio was found to be 1.11, 1.98 and 1.83 for Self-propelled high clearance sprayer, tractor operated gun sprayer, and lever operated knapsack sprayer. Self-propelled high clearance sprayer is a recommended technology and showed best results in terms of uniformity, droplets size, area covered by droplets, volume of spray deposition, bio-efficacy and highest field capacity.ThesisItem Open Access Adoption level of various farm implements by women of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2019) Preeti; Vijaya RaniA study was conducted to access the adoption level of various farm implements and the constraints faced , by rural women in Haryana state. The districts of Haryana state were first arranged into ascending order of mechanization Index and then divided into 5 groups for selection of districts. The districts of Fatehabad, Kurukshtra, Rewari, Rohtak and Sonipat were selected for the study. From these districts, three blocks were randomly selected and from each block, three villages were randomly selected. From each village, six women farmers were interviewed using a predesigned questionnaire thereby making a sample of 270 respondents for the study. The results showed that none of the respondents used any implement for tillage and sowing/planting operation. For interculture operations, simple tools were used by majority of the respondents while only 0.37% respondents used wheel hand hoe. Rural women in haryana had no significant role in plant protection operation as a knapsack sprayer was used only by 0.37% respondents. Sickle was only tool used for harvesting crops and for threshing operation, thresher was used by 5.92% respondents. Tubewell for irrigation was operated by 9.63% respondents while chaff cutter was used by majority of respondents (87.77%). The respondents had a poor access to market and information sources. They reported a poor extension contact and a lack of training programmes. They lack adequate knowledge and skill regarding use of implement and were hesitant in using new implements. Lack of credit facilities, large family size and high cost of implements were among other constraints faced by rural women in Haryana. It was observed that small machines being overtaken by large machines was a major constraint in adoption of new implements by rural women in Haryana. The present study can prove to be of great help in improving the current adoption level of farm machinery by rural women. Further research needs to be carried out on ergonomically designed farm implements for women so that women become more active in adopting new technology which will reduce drudgery, save time and make farm work easier for them.
