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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on efficacy and persistence of insecticides against shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee) on brinjal(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Soniya; AnilStudies on efficacy and persistence of insecticides against shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Gueene) were conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana during Kharif 2020 and 2021. Insecticides viz., chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, emamectin benzoate 5% SG, spinosad 45% SC, thiacloprid 20.70% SC, cypermethrin 3% + quinalphos 20% EC, pyriproxyfen 5% + fenpropathrin 15% EC and betacyfluthrin 8.49% + imidacloprid 19.8 % OD were applied at recommended dose of 200, 200, 187, 750, 400, 750 and 200 g or ml ha-1. Results revealed that spinosad and pyriproxyfen+ fenpropathrin were most effective against L. orbonalis reducing 70.48 and 69.82 per cent shoot infestation; 74.39 and 70.18 per cent fruit infestation (number basis); 76.53 and 73.21 per cent fruit infestation (weight basis) over control with increase in yield of 109.74 and 97.23 per cent over control, respectively. Chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate were found next in order of effectiveness. On the other hand, treatments with thiacloprid, cypermethrin + quinalphos and betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid were comparatively less effective. Applications of betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid and pyriproxyfen+ fenpropathrin caused maximum reduction of whitefly (57.79 and 56.38%) and leafhopper (63.76 and 61.32%) while lowest reduction was recorded in case of emamectin benzoate (30.23, 24.46%) and spinosad (29.40 and 25.70%). Chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, spinosad and pyriproxyfen + fenpropathrin were found to be relatively safer for natural enemies (coccinellids and spiders) whereas treatments with thiacloprid, betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid and cypermethrin + quinalphos caused more than 50 per cent reduction over control in the population. Emamectin benzoate with LC50 of 0.32 ppm was 4.84 times toxic than chlorantraniliprole with LC50 of 1.55 ppm against first instar larvae of L. orbonalis. Dissipation of chlorantraniliprole in brinjal fruits followed first-order kinetics and residue reached below limit of quantification (0.01 mg kg-1) on 10th and 15th days of application with half-life and waiting period of 1.47 to 1.65 days and 6.48 to 6.76 days at recommended dose while 2.04 to 2.57 days and 10.75 to 12.67 days at double of recommended dose, respectively during kharif 2020 and 2021. In case of combination insecticide (pyriproxyfen 37.5 + fenpropathrin 112.5 g a.i. ha-1) residue level reached below detectable level after 7 (single dose) and 10 days of spray (double dose) for pyriproxyfen and 10 (single dose) and 15 days of spray (double dose) in case of fenpropathrin. Half-life for pyriproxyfen was calculated to be 1.92 and 2.19 days while in case of fenpropathrin, it was 3.13 and 3.62 days at single and double doses, respectively during kharif 2020 whereas half-life of 1.82 and 1.57 days (pyriproxyfen) and 3.07 and 3.62 days (fenpropathrin) were calculated during kharif 2021 at corresponding doses. Harvest time residues in soil were found below the limit of quantification (LOQ). Waiting periods of 8.46 and 12.35 days (kharif 2020); 8.70 and 12.96 days (kharif 2021) were suggested in case of pyriproxyfen at single and double doses, respectively while 3.32 and 6.92 days (kharif 2020); 3.00 and 7.13 days (kharif 2021) were suggested at single and double doses of fenpropathrin, respectively. Dipping of brinjal fruits in baking soda solution (2%) resulted in maximum removal (63-71%) of chlorantraniliprole residues while dipping in lemon water resulted in maximum reduction of 52-66 and 60-47 per cent residues of pyriproxyfen and fenpropathrin, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Pollination efficiency of Apis mellifera L. colony placement modes under protective environment in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Penumajji Ganesh Kumar; Chaudhary, O.P.Present research on muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cv. Inthanon in enclosures (walk-in-tunnel) and open field was conducted at Center of Excellence on Vegetables (CEV), Gharaunda, Department of Horticulture, Haryana. Three honey bee colony placement modes viz. i) colony permanently inside, ii) colony with dual entrance and iii) addition of one brood frame at 10-day interval were further evaluated with three other treatments namely hand pollination (HP), without bee pollination (WBP) and crop grown in open field conditions (open pollination, OP) during 2020-21 and 2021-22. An early and prolonged flowering period was recorded under protected environment when compared to open field crop. A total of 12 species of flower visitors from 4 orders and 9 families were recorded on muskmelon bloom. Six of the 12 species were hymenopterans, while the other 6 were lepidopterans, dipterans, and coleopterans each with 2 species in each order. In 2020-21, Bactrocera cucurbitae (23.93%), Aulacophora foveicollis (21.86%) and hymenopterans (28.19%) were major floral visitors. Among hymenopterans, A. mellifera is most dominant floral visitors of muskmelon with 9.30% proportion. In 2021-22, hymenopterans (61.32%) were major floral visitors in which A. mellifera is most dominant floral visitors of muskmelon with 19.85% proportion, whereas, B. cucurbitae (4.51%) and A. foveicollis (7.25%) were reported in negligible amount. During both the years, A. mellifera foragers visited significantly higher foraging rate in colony with dual entrance (8.1 and 7.7) followed by colony permanently inside (7.8 and 7.4) compared to open field- OP (4.7 and 4.3/minute, respectively). Foraging speed for different resources (pollen, nectar and pollen+nectar) was maximum in enclosures with colony permanently inside (3.6, 5.2 and 5.5 seconds/flower, respectively which was at par with colony with addition of one brood frame at 10-day interval (3.5, 4.7 and 5.4 seconds/flower) followed by colony with dual entrance (3.4, 4.4 and 5.1 seconds/flower, respectively) and the lowest in OP (3.1, 4.0 and 4.7 seconds/flower, respectively). In muskmelon, hermaphrodite flowers produced higher DNS (0.916 mg/flower) than the staminate flowers (0.212 mg/flower) in 2020-21 season. Both quantitative and qualitative fruit parameters were dropped with devoid of bee pollination (WBP), increased on exposure to pollinators in open field and hand pollination but were maximum under bee pollination plots (Colony with dual entrance). Muskmelon fruit yield in plots devoid of bee pollination input was negligible (WBP - 35.15 q/ha) compared to plots having honey bee pollination inputs (150.30 to 545.44 q/ha). Exposure to open pollination (OP), yield increased 5 times to 150.30 q/ha and in hand pollination increased significantly to 247.27 q/ha. Ensuring fruit pollination with honey bee input increased yield significantly and was maximum in colony with dual entrance (545.44 q/ha) followed by colony permanently inside (507.14 q/ha) and addition of one brood frame at 10-day interval (409.69 q/ha). The maximum income was obtained in treatments of honey bee colony with dual entrance (Rs. 10.56 lakhs/ha) followed by colony permanently inside (Rs. 9.86 lakhs/ha) and addition of one brood frame at 10-day interval (Rs. 7.85 lakhs/ha) which was lowest among bee input plots. Superior colony growth parameters were recorded in colony with dual entrance.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of promising desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) genotype and insecticidal management of bollworm complex(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-04) Manisha; Rolania, KrishnaThe present study was conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India). Effect of different sowing time, varietal screening, insecticidal management and avoidable yield loss etc. were studied against bollworms in cotton during 2018 and 2019. In the variety, HD 432 (desi) incidence of bollworms namely, Earias spp (Earias insulana & Earias vittella), and Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders was high in May sown cotton (14th May) as compared April sown cotton (12th and 27th April). Weather parameters like minimum temperature, evening relative humidity and wind speed showed significant negative correlation with spotted bollworm and pink bollworm damage. Twenty one genotypes were screened during 2017 and 2018 and green bolls damage was recorded minimum in genotype IET (2) 5 against spotted bollworm (8.87 and 9.93%, respectively) and pink bollworm (0.67 and 0.80%, respectively) bollworm. While genotype CISAA 6 was observed with maximum incidence of spotted bollworm (15.91 &18.16%) and pink bollworm (4.13 & 4.80%) during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Bollworms incidence showed negative significant correlation with rind thickness, total soluble sugar and tannin content while positive significant correlation was observed with total phenol content and crude protein in seeds. During 2018 and 2019 twenty insecticidal treatments with control was evaluated against bollworms damage. Treatment T17 (spray of spinosad 45 EC initiated at 25% square formation) was found highly effective with minimum SBW damage (6.74 & 7.36 %) in green bolls that was statistically at par with T18 (spray of Spinosad 45 EC initiated at initiation of boll formation) (7.23 & 7.97%), T13 (spray of Thiodicarb 75 WP initiated at 25 % square formation) (7.33 & 7.95%) and T5 ( Spray of Bifenthrin 10 EC initiated at 25 % square formation) (7.37 & 8.03%) during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Pink bollworm damage on locule basis was also recorded minimum in T17 (spray of spinosad 45 EC initiated at 25% square formation) with 6.16 and 8.40 per cent damage during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Significant difference was observed between yield of protected and unprotected fields. Yield obtained in protected condition was 1750 and 1628 kg/ha while in unprotected condition it was 2593 and 2356 kg/ha during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Avoidable yield loss was calculated 32.52 and 30.91 percent during 2018 and 2019, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical and molecular characterization of wheat genotypes for resistance against aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-04-05) Yadav, Jayant; Maha SinghThe present studies entitled “Biochemical and molecular characterization of wheat genotypes for resistance against aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch)” were carried out at field and lab facilities of the Crop Protection Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana from 2018-19 to 2020-21 Rabi cropping seasons. Most of the wheat varieties and wild genotypes were found to be either resistant or moderately resistant whereas none of the varieties and wild genotypes were found to be immune against aphid infestation. The susceptible check A-9-30-1 was most preferred by the aphids for survival whereas the varieties viz., DBW 90, DBW 187, DBW 303, WH 283, WH 1080, WH 1105 were found to be resistant with high nymphal mortality. Similarly, among the wild genotypes, the genotype 13993 was found to be most suitable for aphid survival whereas the genotype 3590 was highly resistant having increased nymphal duration, low fecundity and high mortality. The varieties viz., DBW 187 and WH 1105 were highly tolerant to aphid infestation with minimum reduction in seedling length and weight over control whereas A-9-30-1 was least tolerant. Similarly, in case of wild genotypes, the genotype 3590 had shown highest tolerance to aphid infestation while the genotypes PI 604172 and 13762 were least tolerant. In case of varieties, the highest alatae formation was observed in the genotype DBW 303 whereas lowest in the genotype A-9-30-1 while among the wild genotypes, the highest was observed in the genotype 3590 whereas lowest was noticed in the genotype 13993. Aphid infestation exhibited a significant increase in the total phenolics (TP), total proline (TPC), tannins, chlorophyll, phenlyalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), glutathione reductase (GR), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) content whereas non-significant change in total soluble protein (TSP) and total soluble sugar (TSS) content in the developing flag leaves as compared to the controlled conditions in both varieties and wild genotypes. Aphid nymphal mortality had significant positive correlation with TP, TPC, tannins, PAL, PPO, GR, H2O2, CAT, POX and APX content whereas negative correlation with TSP, TSS and chlorophyll content. AMOVA revealed that difference between Triticum spp and Aegilops spp was around 37 per cent of the total variation contributed by the whole germplasm. However, 63 per cent variation was attributed to diversity between individuals within a group. STRUCTURE analysis conceded the presence of four major sub-groups in the populations whereas two genotypes (UP 2425 and wild genotype 13993) were considered as admixtures. Out of the total significant MTAs identified, 22 MTAs were common during both the cropping seasons i.e., 2018-19 and 2019-20 and with the annotation of the markers from identified significant MTAs with genes, these can be employed with resistance breeding programs in wheat.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on insect pest complex in pulses, biology and management of spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) in green gram, Vigna radiata (L. Wilczek)(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-07) Sonu Kumari; Balbir SinghThe current studies entitled “Studies on insect pest complex in pulses, biology and management of spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata(Fabricius) in green gram, Vigna radiata (L. Wilczek)” was carried out at CCSHAU Regional Research Station, Bawal and oilseed section, Deparment of Genetics and Plant Breeding during Kharif 2020 and 2021. Survey revealed that the population of leafhopper (6.96 leafhopper/plant), hairy caterpillar (0.85 larvae/plant), aphid (12.04 aphid/plant), whitefly (7.71 whitefly/plant), spotted pod borer (2.75 larvae/plant), blister beetle (13.24 adults/plant) and tur pod bug (6.63 bugs/plant) was more abundant in Gurugram district as compared to Mahendragarh and Rewari. The seasonal incidence revealed that the larval population of spotted pod borer increased significantly with maximum temperature (r=0.956 and 0.761) and showed significant negative correlation with rainfall (r=-0.823 and -0.911) during Kharif 2020 and 2021, respectively. The biology of spotted pod borer, M. vitrata showed that total developmental period (egg to adult) was 34.35±1.62 days. The fecundity of female moth was on an average 47±5.48 eggs/female. The treatment azadirachtin (0.03%) was found most effective protectants resulted in reduction larval population (4.32 larvae /m2), per cent pod damage (12.94%) and highest grain yield (13.01 q/ha) as well as per cent increase yield over control (35.69%) followed by neem oil (20 ml/l) and neem seed kernel extract 5 per cent (50 ml/l). The trichome density on leaves and pods and pod breadth was responsible for the resistance to spotted pod borer. Whereas, pod size, number of grains per pod and pod wall thickness were associated with the susceptibility to M. vitrata. Expression of resistance to spotted pod borer infestation was associated with higher amount of phenol content, low amount of soluble sugar and crude protein in pods as well as grains of pulses crop.ThesisItem Open Access Population dynamics and eco-friendly management of major insect-pests on tomato under open field and polyhouse conditions(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, 2022-04) Dharmendar Singh; Rajesh KumarThe present studies entitled “Population dynamics and eco-friendly management of major insect-pests on tomato under open field and polyhouse conditions” were carried during the years 2019 and 2020 at farm area of CCSHAU Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jhajjar and at farmers’ field, Village Surajgarh, Block Matanhail, Distt. Jhajjar (Haryana). The population dynamics was studied on seven varieties of tomato viz., Hisar Arun, Hisar Lalit, Pusa Ruby, Pusa Rohini, Red Cherry, Sona Cherry and Kesar Cherry under open field conditions. The population of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) was recorded from 9th SMW with its peak during 12th SMW on varieties Hisar Lalit, Pusa Ruby and Pusa Rohini. The whitefly remained present on most of the varieties up to 15th SMW. Leaf hopper (Amrasca devastans Ishida) remained present on tomato from 7th SMW till 18th SMW with its peak during 13th and 14th SMW. The fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) population appeared in 10th SMW on Hisar Lalit, Pusa Ruby and Hisar Arun varieties of tomato with its peak in 16th and 17th SMW being highest on Punjab Sona Cherry (5.53 larvae/plant). The whitefly population showed non-significant positive correlation with the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, wind speed and rainfall whereas non-significant negative correlation with the relative humidity. However, pest population of leafhopper and fruit borer exhibited significant positive correlation with maximum and minimum temperature whereas significant negative correlation with the relative humidity. Number of branches/plant, pericarp thickness, average fruit weight and number of fruits per plant exhibit significant negative correlation with the whitefly population. Leafhopper population exhibited significant positive correlation with pericarp thickness. The correlation coefficient revealed negative significant correlation between number of branches/plant and fruit borer population. Under polyhouse conditions, the maximum temperature and minimum temperature of 33.5oC and 18.7oC, respectively and relative humidity 70 per cent favoured peak population build-up of whitefly under polyhouse conditions whereas the maximum temperature, minimum temperature and relative humidity of 33.5oC, 18.7oC and 70 per cent, respectively were congenial for peak population build-up of leaf miner. Seven eco-friendly insecticides were evaluated against Helicoverpa armigera on tomato under open field conditions. The highest larval reduction over untreated control was recorded in Spinosad 45% SC (85.80%) whereas it was lowest in Dashparniark (54.71%). All the insecticidal treatments proved statistically better than untreated control in lowering the fruit damage (weight basis) due to fruit borer on tomato. No significant adverse effect was observed due to different insecticidal sprays on the population of natural enemies Coccinella spp., Chrysoperia carnea and Menochilus spp. Under polyhouse conditions, out of 6 eco-friendly insecticides, Spinosad 45% SC @ 188 ml/ha proved to be most effective treatment in keeping the population of whitefly and leaf miner at significantly lowest level. Neem oil @ 0.3% was found to be the next most effective treatment Beauveria bassiana (1% wp 1x108 cfu/g) against whitefly and leaf miner, respectively. The cow urine based formulations viz. Brahmastra, Neemastra and Dashparniark were found least effective among all the treatments but significantly better than untreated control.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical changes in genetic and induced systemic resistance due to infection of Albugo candida (Pers. ex. Lev) in Indian mustard(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-03) Annu; Rathi, A. SWhite rust disease incited by Albugo candida is an important disease of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in India particularly in northern and North eastern states. Keeping in view the enormous losses caused by the pathogen, the present investigation has been devised on biochemical changes due to infection of Albugo candida in different Indian mustard genotypes, induction of systemic resistance by non conventional chemicals, identification of slow white rusting genotypes and role of micronutrients in defence against white rust under laboratory, screen house and field conditions at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The results of biochemical analysis revealed that total phenolic content, PO, PPO, PAL and chitinase activity were found higher in healthy leaves of resistant genotypes (BIOYSR, EC399299) as compared to moderately resistant genotypes (EC399301, DRMRIJ-31) and susceptible genotypes (RH 30, RH 8812) at 35-40 DAS. There was steep increase in all the biochemical constituents at the time of disease initiation ie. at 45-50 DAS. However, increase was more in inoculated environment as compared to uninoculated environment. At maximum disease severity i.e.70-75 DAS, there was decline in all the biochemical constituents in all genotypes under both the environments. Decrease was more in susceptible genotypes indicating the exhaustion of these biochemical constituents which otherwise consider necessary to trigger genetic resistance through pathways. Efficacy of six non conventional chemicals were tested with different concentrations for induction of resistance against white rust. None of the non conventional chemical completely controlled the white rust disease even at higher concentration of 100 μg/ml. However, a maximum control was also recorded by BTH at 100 μg/ml concentration after six weeks of challenge inoculation by the pathogen followed by SA in both the variety (RH 30 and RH 0749) under screen house conditions. BTH has shown maximum induction of phenolic content, PO, PPO, PAL and chitinase activity at three days after inoculation (DAI) in both the varieties at 100 μg/ml concentration followed by SA. However, MgSO4 has shown minimum induction of these activities at three DAI in both the varieties.Out of 22 Indian mustard genotypes screened for identification of slow white rusting component, 9 genotypes exhibited longer incubation and latent periods, minimum number of pustules per leaf, minimum size of pustule, minimum sporulation, minimum disease severity and minimum AUDPC indicating slow white rusting behaviour. Among the different treatments of mcronutrients alone and in combinations, soil application of Gypsum + Borax + CuSO4 + Na2MoO4 at 30 DAS as basal dose recorded minimum white rust severity of 31.1% and staghead incidence of 4.44% and highest seed yield of 2228.55 kg ha-1 as compared to the 45.83% white rust severity and 6.09% staghead incidence and seed yield of 1779.79 kg ha-1 in control. Maximum number of primary branches per plant (5.83), secondary branches per plant (12.33), main shoot length (90.93 cm), siliquae on main shoot (62.60) and seeds per siliquae (12.53) were also observed with above treatment. Plant height, siliqua length, oil content and 1000 seed weight did not vary significantly among all the treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of feeding different carbohydrate and pollen sources on Apis mellifera L. colonies during dearth period(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-01) Rathee, Mandeep; Chaudhary, O. PThe present investigations were carried out at the apiary located at College of Agriculture, Kaul, CCS HAU, Hisar to evaluate the effect of feeding different carbohydrate sources with and without pollen on Apis mellifera L. colonies during 2017 dearth period. A total of 30 A. mellifera bee colonies in standard Langstroth hives were tested under two sets of experiments i.e. without pollen and with pollen (80 g/colony/week), and each set had five treatments [4 carbohydrates sources (500 g/colony/week): sugar syrup, jaggery, liquid glucose, high fructose rice syrup and 1 control (no feeding)]. During 2018, jaggery was ruled out and remaining carbohydrate sources were fed @ 750 g/colony/week with high protein (23%) and low protein pollen (18%). Observations were recorded on pollen income, colony growth parameters, colony weight, incidence of insect-pests, diseases and mites, robbing, bee mortality, deformities, feed consumption, chemical and organoleptic analysis of honey, survey of bee flora, melissopalynology of pollen loads, their protein content and calorific value. Economics of feeding treatments was evaluated alonth with colony performance in ensuing honey flow seasons. Based on two years of studies, it was concluded that experimental area had severe dearth of nectar and pollen providing floral plants from June to October during both the years. In the absence of feeding, A. mellifera colonies could not survive beyond 57 and 64 days during 2017 and 2018, respectively, indicating necessity of supplementary feeding during dearth periods. Sugar syrup was the most economical and effective carbohydrate source for feeding A. mellifera colonies followed by liquid glucose. Pollen supplement feeding along with carbohydrate syrups significantly improved survival and growth of A. mellifera colonies during dearth period. HFRS was comparatively less effective carbohydrate source when fed alone however; with pollen its performance improved significantly. Jaggery was the least preferred source and not at all recommended for dearth feeding, as it induced maximum mortality (27.0 to 27.7 dead bees/feeder/week), fermented faster and attracted intruders like wasps. Incidence of insect-pests, mites and diseases was lowered by proper hygiene, care and supplementary feeding during dearth periods. Inter and intra-specific robbing was characteristic feature during dearth period in A. mellifera colonies. Most of the honey quality parameters although remained within the prescribed limits but variations were recorded in HMF (3.33-26.16 mg/kg), moisture (15.87- 20.10 g/100g), F:G ratio (1.00-1.09), ash content (0.17-0.45 g/100g) and acidity (0.042-0.062 g/100g), while sucrose remained below LOQ, i.e. 0.5g/100g. Organoleptic scores revealed maximum acceptability of fresh honey (8.43-8.60) while honeys from HFRS fed colonies had the least acceptance (7.03-7.40). Seventy one different plant species belonging to 31 families were foraged by bees during dearth period. Protein content and calorific value in different pollen types ranged from 15.5-42.5% and 399.6-493.0 Kcal/100g, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology, induction of systemic resistance and management of charcoal rot of sesame incited by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-01) Gupta, Ramesh Nath; Saharan, Hawa SinghCharcoal rot disease incited by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is the most destructive disease of sesame and causes heavy losses. The disease appears moderate to severe form every year in Haryana. Keeping in view of economic importance of this disease, the present study on epidemiology, induction of systemic resistance and management has been conducted under laboratory, screen house and field conditions during kharif 2017 and 2018 at CCS HAU, Hisar. Epidemiological studies showed the onset of charcoal rot varied in varieties HT 1 and HT 2 during different dates of sowing. The disease first appeared in early sown crop with higher disease incidence; however, disease appearance was delayed in mid and late sown with lower incidence of disease. The intensity of disease in mid sown and late sown was almost similar however; rate of disease progression was higher in late sown as compared to mid sown conditions. In vitro evaluation of non-conventional chemicals, salicylic acid (SA) was found most effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of M. phaseolina followed by IAA and IBA. Under screen house conditions, SA showed maximum reduction of charcoal rot incidence than other chemicals. Similarly, under field conditions, SA enhanced the yield and yield attributing traits than other treatments. Induction of total phenol content, total sugar content, peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPOX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and catalase activity was significantly increased by the treatment of SA followed by IAA, IBA and least by riboflavin. These activities reached at peak on six days after inoculation of pathogen and afterwards declined in both the varieties. However, variety HT 2 showed higher induction of biochemical activities than HT 1. Phytoextracts were evaluated for control of disease under in vitro conditions in which garlic extract (10%) showed maximum inhibition of mycelial growth followed by onion, karanj, neem and least by lantana extract. Similarly, under screen house conditions, garlic extract more reduced the incidence of charcoal rot than other phytoextracts. Under field conditions, seed treatment with combination of fungicides (carboxin+thiram) was most effective in controlling charcoal rot disease as well as enhanced the yield and yield attributing traits. Three hundred fifty sesame germplasm lines were evaluated for their relative resistance under field conditions in which majority of them showed moderately susceptible and susceptible reaction against charcoal rot. None of them identified as resistant, whereas only eighteen lines showed moderately resistant reaction against charcoal rotdisease
