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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on phytochemicals, nutritional parameters and antioxidant potential of Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.)(CCSHAU, 2018) Jangra, Satya Shree; Madan, V. K.The present study was undertaken to estimate the phytochemical and nutritional parameters; comparison of microwave assisted and conventional extraction techniques and effect of herbal extracts (infusion, decoction and strong decoction) on total phenolics, flavonoids as well as on the antioxidant potential of the extracts of different plant parts of Chicory and Garden cress (Hisar and Solan regions). Moisture, fat, ash, protein, crude fibre and total carbohydrates were estimated in different parts viz. seeds, aerial parts & roots of Chicory and Garden cress (both regions). All parts of Chicory and Garden cress (both regions) were found to be very rich sources of energy on the basis of their calorific values. Seeds, aerial parts & roots of Chicory and Garden cress (both regions) also contained minerals viz. Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn. Different parts of Chicory and Garden cress (both regions) were found to contain ascorbic acid, starch, tannins, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars also in varying amounts. Oil content in seeds of Chicory, Garden cress (Hisar region) and Garden cress (Solan region) were 18.05, 22.42 and 25.52%, respectively. Major constituents in Chicory and Garden cress (both regions) seed oil were palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Total phenolics (6.90 - 10.78 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (1.55 - 6.33 mg CE/g) and total antioxidant capacity (63.15 - 223.70 mg AAE/g) were highest in whole plant and seeds extracts of both crops prepared by soxhlet extraction technique followed by column chromatography, microwave assisted and homogenization techniques. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of whole plant and seeds (IC50: 410.6 - 647.8 μg/mL) was also highest of extracts of both crops prepared by soxhlet extraction technique followed by column chromatography (IC50: 411.9 - 666.7 μg/mL), microwave assisted (IC50: 419.1 - 668.0 μg/mL) and homogenization (IC50: 437.4 - 701.1 μg/mL) techniques. Among plant parts of Chicory, total phenolics, flavonoids, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity were higher in whole plant extracts in comparison to seeds extracts; whereas in Garden cress of both regions, total phenolics, flavonoids, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity of seeds extracts were higher in comparison to whole plant extracts. Strong decoctions of aerial parts and roots of both crops had highest total phenolics (1.83 - 19.62 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (0.53 - 8.53 mg CE/g) and total antioxidant capacity (11.93 - 80.31 mg AAE/g) in comparison to their corresponding decoctions and infusions. Strong decoctions of aerial parts and roots also exhibited highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50: 372.7 - 736.1 μg/mL) in comparison to corresponding decoctions (IC50: 385.8 - 739.2 μg/mL) and infusions (IC50: 396.1 - 744.0 μg/mL). Among different plant parts of Chicory and Garden cress (both regions); total phenolics, flavonoids, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity were higher in herbal extracts of aerial parts in comparison to herbal extracts of roots. Hence, Chicory and Garden cress possess good antioxidant potential which may be due to the presence of various phytochemicals; therefore, play an important role in antioxidant defence system against free radicals and thus aid in human health.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on chemical constituents of Prosopis cineraria (L.) and interaction of phenolics with protein(CCSHAU, 2018) Suman; Rajvir SinghProsopis cineraria (L.) Druce is native species of Indian desert, mainly known as “King of Desert”. Its all parts have various parmaceutical and medicinal importance. Plant materials i.e. bark, flowers, leaves and pods of Prosopis cineraria were collected and extracted with hot methanol by refluxing method. The respective extractives were divided into two parts. One major part was subjected to column chromatography which affored a total twenty-two compounds. Bark column contained four compounds namely, 24- methylenecycloartan-3-one, Lupeol, 5,7,4‟-trihydroxy-3‟-methoxy flavanone and β- Sitosterol while six compunds namely, Hexacosane, Tetracosyl tetracosanoate, 1- triacontanol, Patuletin, Bis (cis-13-docosenamido) methane and β- Sitosterol from flowers of P.cineraria. leaves afforded eight compounds namely, 1- Heptacosanol, 1- Nonadecanol, Stigmasterol, nonacosane-15-one, 1- tetracosanoic acid, β- Sitosterol, 3-O-methoxy-D-Glucose and 13- docosenamide. Four compounds namely, 1-heptatricontanol, 3,8,8-trimethoxy-3-piperidyl- 2,2‟binaphthalene-1,1‟,4,4‟-tetrone, β- Sitosterol and Catechin were isolated from pods of Prosopis cineraria. Various phytochemical activities like total phenolic content, total flavonoids, mineral contents and phenolics interaction with protein were evaluated from methanolic extract and their fractions. Total phenolic contents were found to be maximum in methanol fraction of pods of Prosopis cineraria while acetone fraction of pods contained maximum total flavonoid content. P. cineraria possessed mineral content in trend of N> P> K> Fe> Cu> Zn> Mn. Acetone fraction of pods part was found to be maximum protein binding capacity at highest concentraction (10μg/μl). It was significantly showed that P. cineraria has nutritionl and digestible value of various fractions by stepwise increased in the percentage activity at different concentrations.ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of phenolics from agri-byproducts in vegetable oil(CCSHAU, 2018) Nehra, Sukriti; Sushila SinghThe present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of phenolics from pod coat of pulses in stabilising soybean oil. Pod coat of five pulse crops (cowpea, clusterbean, mungbean, Mothbean and pigeonpea) were extracted with three solvents (acetone, ethylacetate and chloroform). Phytochemical constituents (phenols, flavonoids, tocopherols and tannins) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity were estimated by using spectroscopic methods. Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods were used for evaluation of total phenolic content and flavonoid content respectively. Among the various extracts, highest yield was observed in acetone extract of clusterbean (5.44%) while lowest was observed in chloroform extract of cowpea (2.99%). Total phenolic content (mg GAE/g) varied from 7.24-24.18 in all of the extracts. Similarly, flavonoids (mg CAE/g) ranged from 3.30 to 10.77 in all of the extracts. Tocopherol content (mg/g) was highest in ethylacetate extract of pigeonpea (9.56) while lowest in chloroform extract of cowpea (3.41). Tannin content (mg TAE/g) was highest in acetone extract of clusterbean (2.48) while lowest in chloroform extract of mungbean (0.71). Results obtained by DPPH method showed that free radical scavenging capacities of various pod coat extracts from different species of legumes ranged from 54.95 to 78.21%. Their IC50 values (mg/mL) varied from 0.23- 0.83. Analogous to results obtained for total phenolics and flavonoids, free radical scavenging activities were highest in acetone extract of clusterbean. The high content of total phenolics and total flavonoids indicated that these bioactive metabolites contribute to synergistic effect for the antioxidant activity. Moreover, a highly significant correlation (p<0.05) between free radical scavenging efficiencies and phenolic contents as well as flavonoids was observed in most of the extracts under study. All extracts were added to crude soybean oil at two concentrations (1000 and 2000ppm). Soybean oil sample stabilized with various extracts were incubated at 50ºC for a period of 28 days. Effect of incorporation of these extracts on oxidative stability of crude soybean oil was measured in terms of various oxidative quality indices. Among the three extracts, acetone extract was found most effective in retarding oxidative degradation of soybean oil during incubation. Extracts were more effective at 2000ppm concentration in comparison to 1000ppm. Among the five crops, cluster bean extracts displayed highest inhibition towards oxidation of soybean oil. The results concluded that the pod coat extracts of these pulses may be valuable natural antioxidant sources and are potentially applicable in both medicine and food industry.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of refining and antioxidants on the storage stability of edible vegetable oils(CCSHAU, 2018) Anjani; Rajvir SinghThe present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of refining and addition of antioxidants on the storage stability of some edible vegetable oils viz. cotton, flaxseed, groundnut, soybean and mustard. The seeds were collected from farmer’s field at Hisar, Haryana and grounded to powder. Oil was extracted by Soxhlet method using petroleum ether (60-80°C) for 8 h. Solvent extraction processes include basically three steps: preparation, extraction, and desolventizing. Refining of oils was done by chemical method in different steps: degumming, neutralization, bleaching and deodorizing. The dried defatted seed meal of sunflower and sesame were extracted with acetone by Soxhlet method for 8 h. The calculated quantity 200 ppm of Tertiary Butylated Hydroxy Quinone and Propyl Gallate and 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm of acetone extracts of defatted seed meals of sesame and sunflower, each were with the crude and refined oil taken in an open mouthed beaker and wrapped with aluminium foil. The mixture was thoroughly homogenised and the samples were prepared in duplicate. Then control sample was also prepared and the oil samples were stored at 50°C thermostat. Required quantity of the samples were removed periodically and studied for oxidative quality indices viz. free fatty acid, peroxide value, panisidine value, total oxidation value, conjugated dienes, carotenoid, total tocopherol, thiobarbituric acid value and fatty acid composition. Free fatty acid ranged from 0.9 to 3.49 (% as oleic acid) for crude oils and from 0.3 to 1.98 (% as oleic acid) for refined oils. Peroxide value ranged from 1.26 to 3.4 (meq/kg) for crude oils and for refined oil range was 0.92 to 1.5 (meq/kg). p-Anisidine value ranged from 1.75 to 10.14 and 1.03 to 4.77 for crude and refined oils respectively. Total oxidation values ranged from 6.41 to 16.94 and 3.36 to 6.74 respectively for crude and refined oils. Conjugated dienes ranged from 0.36 to 3 (% as dienoic acid) for crude oils and 0.21 to 3.2 (% as dienoic acid) for refined oils. The range of carotenoid was 41.3 to 126.09 (mg/kg) for crude oils and 30.2 to 75.69 (mg/kg) for refined oils. Total tocopherol value ranged from 476 to 1620 (mg/kg) and 219 to 829 (mg/kg) for crude and refined oil respectively. Thiobarbituric acid ranged from 4.63 to 15 (meq/kg) for crude oils and for refined oils it was 2.73 to 9.3 (meq/kg). Stability order of oils under study was Groundnut > Mustard > Flaxseed > Cotton > Soybean. Sesame and sunflower meal acetone extracts at varying concentration, when added to vegetable oils lower the free fatty acid value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, total oxidation value, conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid value compared to control under similar conditions. Thus, acetone extracts of sesame and sunflower meals have high antioxidant efficacy against vegetable oil protection even high than propyl gallate. Among the both meal extracts sesame meal extract is more effective than sunflower meal extracts. Present study could be an effective introduction to the antioxidant potential of seed meals that are being discarded as by-products. Refined vegetables oil was more prone to oxidative deterioration than crude oil because natural antioxidants such as total tocopherol, sterol and carotenoid had been lost during refining.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis of some heterocyclic compounds using ecofriendly conditions and their bioevaluation(CCSHAU, 2018) Suprita; Rajvir SinghCoumarins, Chalcones, Pyrazoles and Imidazoles are versatile classes of heterocycles and intermediates for the preparation of other organic compounds due to their variety of biological activities. For the preparation of these compounds and their derivatives, different organic solvents and reagents are being used which are quite hazardous to environment and human health due to their volatile nature. Since last few years attempts are being made for ecofriendly synthesis viz. microwave irradiation synthesis and synthesis by grinding methods. Therefore an attempt has been made to synthesize above mentioned classes of compounds by grinding methods, aqua mediated methods and microwave assisted methods. These compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques viz. 1HNMR, IR, Elemental analysis and other analytical data. Structure of the compounds were found identical in all methods of synthesis i.e. conventional, grinding methods, aqua mediated methods and microwave assisted method. Synthesized compounds were screened for their antifungal activity by poison food technique at four different concentrations. Compounds 33 and 93 were found more active against the tested fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Aspergillus niger with EC50 values 53.13 and 56.52μg/ml respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Transition metal Complexes of same substituted hydrazones and their antimicrobial Activity(College of Basic Sciences and Humanities Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 1995) Kanaujaia, Anil; Gupta, M. PThesisItem Open Access Inter Gender Drudgery in Mustard Cultivation(I.C College Of Home Science Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 1996) Rani, Sunita; Varma, Shashi KantaThesisItem Open Access Job Performance and Job Satisfaction of Agricultural Development officers in Haryana(College of Agriculture Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 1996) Chander, Subhash; Narwal, R. SThesisItem Open Access Conductance Behaviour of Tetraalkylammonium Chlorides in Mixed Solvent(College of Agriculture Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 1992) Rajni; Relan, P. S