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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Nutrient management studies on productivity and profitability in spring planted sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Rajiv Kumar; Singh, DheerA field experiment entitled โNutrient management studies on productivity and profitability in spring planted sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)โ was conducted at Norman E. Borlog Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, India during 2011-12 and 2012-13. Treated setts of sugarcane verity Co Pant 90223 were planted at 75 cm apart row to row on 10th March during 2011-12 and on 02nd March during 2012-13 by furrow method. An experiment was conducted in Randomized block design with three replications. The soil of the experiment was silty clay loam, rich in organic carbon (1.11%), soil available N (224.1 kg/ha), P2O5 (42.8 kg/ha), K2O (258.6 kg/ha) and S (47 kg/ha). The level of other nutrient were in soil Zn (2.0 mg/kg), Fe (36.2 mg/kg) and Mn (35.8 mg/kg), the soil was neutral in pH (7.3). Total 12 treatments i.e. T1 โ control, T2 โ N, T3 โ NP, T4 โ NPK, T5 โ NPK+S, T6 โ NPK+Zn, T7 โ NPK+Fe, T8 โ NPK+Mn, T9 โ NPK+S+Zn,T10 NPK+S+Zn+Fe, T11- NPK+S+Zn+Fe+Mn and T12 โ FYM (20 t/ha). Doses of different nutrients were applied as N-120, P-60, K-40, S-40, Zn-25, Mn -50 kg/ha; Fe was applied 1% spray thrice at weekly interval at vegetative stage. Half of the N along with all other nutrients were applied as basal at the time of planting in furrows and remaining half of the N was applied in two splits up to 90 DAP (before onset of the monsoon) last week of June. Highest cane yield 108.7 t/ha during 2011-12 and 109.4 t/ha during 2012-13 was recorded from T9 โ NPK+S+Zn treatment which was significantly higher over the rest of the treatments except. T6, T7, T10 and T11 during 2011-12 and during 2012-13 in T10 and T11. The highest yield in this treatment was due to higher NMC, higher cane girth, and higher cane length. The higher NMC was due to higher shoot population. Higher shoot population was the result of higher initial emergence with less mortality at harvest in the shoot. CCS yield was also highest in this treatment. There was an increase in cane with the application of different macro and micro nutrients. B: C ratio was highest (1.72) in the treatment T7. The increase in cane yield in T-9 over control was 61% during 2011-12 and 61.24% during 2012-13.ThesisItem Open Access Study of some probabilistic and computational methods for fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy time series forecasting(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Gangwar, Sukhdev Singh; Sanjay KumarTime series forecasting in the environment of fuzzy and intuitionistic finds its scope in various branches of sciences and engineering. The present research work mainly focus on development and implementation of fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy time series forecasting models. In this study, 6 different models of fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy time series forecasting were developed. Model 1, model 2 and model 3 were computational algorithm based higher order fuzzy time series forecasting models. These models were based on multiple partitions which were created using a ratio formula that uses maximum and minimum of time series data. Model 4, model 5 and model 6 used the concept of IFS to include degree of hesitation in time series forecasting. In model 4, the concept of IFS was used in fuzzification process. In model 5, fuzzy sets induced from IFS were used to establish fuzzy logical relations. Model 6 is purely intuitionistic fuzzy time series forecasting model. Both model 4 and model 5 used max-min composition of fuzzy logical relations and model 6 used max-min composition of intuitionistic fuzzy logical relations. All developed models (model 1 to model 6) were implemented on the time series data of enrollments of University of Alabama and share prices of SBI. Results of all forecasting models have been presented graphically to show their trend with actual time series data. Performance analysis of all models has been discussed in terms of MSE and AFE. Time series data of enrollments of University of Alabama were used to show robustness of all models to show their sensitivity towards the unexpected fluctuation in time series data. In forecasting enrollments of University of Alabama, the performance of model 3 in terms of both MSE and AFE is found better than model 1 and model 2. In forecasting share prices of SBI, the performance of model 1 in terms of both MSE and AFE is found better than model 2 and model 3. In forecasting enrollments of University of Alabama, the performance of model 5 in terms of both MSE and AFE is better than other IFS based forecasting models (model 4 and model 6). In forecasting share prices of SBI, the performance of model 6 in terms of MSE is found better than model 4 and model 5 but the performance of model 5 in terms of AFE is found better other model 4 and model 6. Overall, in the case of forecasting the enrollments of University of Alabama, model 3 outperforms than the model 1, model 2, model 4, model 5 and model 6 in terms of MSE and AFE. In terms of MSE and AFE, model 1 outperforms than the model 2, model 3, model 4, model 5 and model 6 in forecasting share prices of SBI. Model 6, intuitionistic fuzzy time series forecasting model and also gives the good performance with respect to other models. The present study may be helpful in research of many forecasting branches as well as in the fields of fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy time series forecasting.ThesisItem Open Access Preliminary study to establish relationship between nutritional plane and hypothyroidism(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-12) Budhalkoti, Nidhi; Kulshrestha, KalpanaThyroid disorders are among the most common endocrine disorders in India. Hypothyroidism is a very common condition. The condition is more common in women than in men, and its incidence increases with age. For the present study 150 females of age between 21 to 50 years were selected by random sampling from Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar District, Uttarakhand and were interviewed using a predesigned proforma. The subjects mainly belonged to middle and upper income group. They were assessed for their dietary intake, physical activity levels, symptoms of hypothyroidism, anthropometric measurements, BMI and body composition. On the basis of symptoms, anthropometric measurements, BMI and body composition analysis, subjects suspected to have hypothyroidism (n=30) were screened out and their blood and urine samples were collected for estimation of thyroid hormone and serum albumin levels and estimation of urinary iodine levels respectively. Out of 30 only 6 (20%) were detected to be suffering from hypothyroidism with TSH levels ranging from 5.64-19.34 ฮผIU/ ml and the results of the Urinary Iodine Excretion (UIE) levels revealed that among these subjects only 2 (33.3%) were suffering from iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism in the rest 4 (66.7%) may be attributed to autoimmune diseases. The study also included the known cases of hypothyroidism (n=24) who were receiving levothyroxine therapy. Therefore, there were total 30 subjects who were suffering from hypothyroidism out of 150 subjects and the rest 120 were normal. Based on food avoidance, food preferences and dietary habits of normal (n=120) and hypothyroid (n=30) subjects there was not much difference between them, as was also evident from dietary diversity scores. The mean dietary diversity scores of hypothyroid and normal subjects were 5.8ยฑ0.88 and 6.0ยฑ0.90 respectively. Physical activity levels of hypothyroid patients were found to be sluggish as compared to normal subjects. There was a significant difference between the weight, waist and hip circumference however no difference was observed in the waist-hip ratio of normal and hypothyroid subjects. As evident from statistical analysis a significant positive correlation (pโค0.01) of weight, waist and hip circumference and a non-significant positive correlation of waist-hip ratio were found with hypothyroidism. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was more among obese and overweight female subjects according to BMI. There was a significant difference between the BMI of normal and hypothyroid subjects with the mean values of 24.05 and 28.23 kg/m2 respectively. There was a significant positive correlation (pโค0.01) between BMI and hypothyroidism. The body composition data showed that the fat mass per cent of hypothyroid subjects (41.3%) was significantly higher than the normal patients (32.2 per cent) whereas, the fat free mass, total body water, protein mass, mineral mass and muscle mass (per cent) of normal subjects was significantly higher than hypothyroid patients. There was significant positive correlation (pโค0.01) of fat mass per cent and a significant negative correlation (pโค0.01) of fat free mass, total body water, protein, mineral and muscle mass (per cent) with hypothyroidism.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological aspects of rice growth and development under integrated nutrient management(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Neelam Pankaj; Bains, GurdeepRice (Oryza sativa L.) is the worldโs most important food crop and primary food source for more than two third of the worldโs population. More than 90 percent of worldโs rice is grown and consumed in Asia. It accounts for 35 to 60 percent of the calories consumed by 3 billion Asians. Rice is planted on about 148 million hectares annually i.e. on 11 percent of the worldโs cultivated area. Fertilizers are the most important input for transformation of Indian agriculture, but, excessive use of fertilizer has negative impact on productivity of rice and soil. Both macro- and micronutrients are essential for plant growth. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc are considered as primary nutrients for the plant and if a plant does not get enough of a particular nutrient it needs, the plant shows deficiency symptoms as they are directly involved in physiology of plant growth. Zn proved to be a better mode of fertilization for the crop at all levels of application, as it allowed a balanced nutrient blend in soil and reduced the crop damage. Hence, reduced susceptibility of plant to pests may be a reflection of differences in plant health, as mediated by soil fertility management through zinc. The application of essential plant nutrients particularly macro and micronutrients in optimum quantity and right proportion through correct methods and time of application is the key to increased and sustained crop production. In past few decades, uses of chemical fertilizers have widely spread throughout the world. It is observed that fields which receive heavy application of chemical fertilizers show a decline in productivity. This decline occurs even in irrigated paddy fields. Therefore, it is important to understand fertilizer use behavior in the country and role of factors influencing fertilizer consumption.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of herbal extracts on microbial vascular plugging, quality and longevity of cut roses Konfetti and Bordeaux(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-12) Anisha, P.N.; Santosh KumarThe present investigation was carried out at the Model Floriculture Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, during 2011-12 and 2012-13 to study the impact of herbal extracts on the microbial vascular plugging, quality and longevity of cut roses Konfetti and Bordeaux. The major cause of vase life reduction in cut flowers is water relation interruption which is mostly due to vase solution microbial proliferation and consequently vascular occlusion resulting in solution uptake reduction. The microbial vascular plugging of cut roses Konfetti and Bordeaux was confirmed through the findings from SEM. A broad range of chemical biocides has been suggested to prevent the proliferation of microorganisms in vase solutions. In order to replace chemicals with natural compounds as antimicrobial preservatives used in solutions for cut flowers five herbal extracts namely, Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, Piper betle, Ocimum sanctum and Allium sativum were assessed for their antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Mucor sp. and Rhizopus sp. isolated from vase solution of cut roses. Among these betel leaf had the highest zone of inhibition against all these microorganisms and its MIC was found to be 2%. Further, in order to compare the in-vivo efficacy of betel leaf extract with 8-HQC as well as to assess the effect of betel leaf extract on quality and longevity of both the cultivars of rose in holding and pulsing solutions, experiments were laid out in Factorial CRD. 2% sucrose + 2% betel leaf extract and 6% sucrose + 2% betel leaf extract were respectively the best among the holding and pulsing solutions. They improved the vase life, water relations, fresh weight, flower diameter and chlorophyll content compared to 8-HQC. Among the cultivars Bordeaux showed better response in improvement of quality and longevity. Thus it is evident from this study that betel leaf extract can be used as an organic biocide in the vase solutions for the improvement of quality and longevity of cut roses.ThesisItem Open Access Cultural and molecular characterization of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn isolated from various hosts and its management in urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] causing web blight(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Neelam; Kushwaha, K.P.S.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on biotic induced resistance against Alternaria blight of mustard(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-03) Pandey, Vandana; Tiwari, A.K.Alternaria blight disease caused by Alternaria brassicae is one of the most important diseases of Indian mustard causing up to 47 per cent yield losses. The control of Alternaria leaf blight is exclusively based on the application of chemical pesticides but is not the long term solutions. Recently, researchers have focused on developing, long lasting, environmentally safe and effective biocontrol methods for the plant disease management. Among various mechanisms of biocontrol agents, induced resistance is one of the most dominant mechanism in managing plant diseases by increasing the activity of various defense related enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants. In addition, they have other benefits, including amelioration of intrinsic physiological stresses in seeds and alleviation of abiotic stresses. They can also improve photosynthetic efficiency, especially in plants subjected to various stresses. As a consequence, plants treated with beneficial microorganisms may provide greater yields by managing plant health. Among different solid media tested for growth and sporulation (spores/plate) of A. brassicae V8 rose Bengal medium (17ร 105) was found best in terms of growth and sporulation followed by mustard seed extract (16.3 ร105). Among liquid media, mustard seed broth was found best in fresh mycelia weight (7.6 g) and maximum sporulation (11x102) spores/ml. Under glasshouse conditions maximum shoot and root length (cm) was observed in Th1+Th2 (115.6, 11.7) which was significantly different from control (93.3, 9.7) having minimum shoot and root length respectively at 70 DAS. Significantly minimum disease index (%) of Alternaria blight was observed in Th1+Th2 (23.7) followed by Pf (28.0) and Cf-Th2 (28.3), while significantly maximum in control (50.7) after 21 days of pathogen inoculation. Among various treatments evaluated for their efficacy in the induction of various defense related compounds and antioxidant enzymes, Th1+Th2 was found best followed by Cf-Th2 as they accumulated minimum H2O2 by increasing the activity of several antioxidant enzymes viz. APX, GPX, CAT, SOD, POD, LOX and PAL and amount of other non-enzymatic antioxidants viz. total ascorbate, reduced glutathione, total chlorophyll and Carotenoid.These treatments accelerated and increased the plantโs ability to activate the defense that was best adapted to resist the stress situation encountered Under glasshouse conditions during the study of physiological parameters, significantly maximum photosynthetic rate (ฮผmoles CO2/m2/s), stomatal conductance (m moles/m2/s) and transpiration (m moles/m2/s) was observed in Th1+Th2 (12.2, 152.0, 1.2) followed by Cf-Th2 (11.8, 125.0, 0.8), while significantly minimum was in control (2.7, 38.0, 0.1) on 21st day respectively. Significantly maximum intracellular CO2 (ppm) was observed in Cf-Th2 (300.0) followed by Th1+Th2 (290.0), while significantly minimum in control (211.0). Significantly maximum SPAD value was observed in Th1+Th2 (24.0), while significantly minimum in control (6.0) on 21st day of the study. The SDS-PAGE protein profiling of mustard leaves obtained at different interval (3, 9, 15, and 21day) after pathogen inoculation in glasshouse showed higher intensity of the proteins bands within the range of 20.1-29KD and 29-43KD in Th1+Th2, Cf-Th2,Pf-Th1, Pf-Th2, and Cf-Th1 as compared to control. Under field conditions maximum shoot and root length (cm) and significantly minimum disease index (%) of Alternaria blight was observed in Th1+Th2 (222.7, 17.7, 50.9) followed by Pf (217.3, 16.3, 55.1),while in control (175.6, 13.3, 84.3) respectively.Among various treatments significantly maximum yield (q/ha) and seed test weight (g)was recorded in Th1+Th2 (19.4, 2.1), while minimum in control (13.9, 1.5) respectively. Per cent increase in yield over control was maximum in Th1+Th2 (39.07) followed by SA (37.09) and Pf+Th2 (35.76) over control. The above findings revealed that biocontrol agents played a major role in managing the pathogenic stress caused by A. brassicae by inducing resistance in to the host.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on growth, osmolytes and antioxidant status of pearl millet under drought condition(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-02) Pandey, Megha; Sharma, AnitaDrought is one of the most important manifestations of abiotic stress in plants. It is a major yield limiting factor of crop plants. In this regard, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been reported to play important role. Besides developing mechanisms for their own survival under stress, bacteria also impart some degree of tolerance to plants towards abiotic stresses. In this study, nine bacterial isolates (eight Bacillus sp and one Pseudomonas) were characterized for their plant growth promoting properties and tested for plant growth promotion in different varieties of four crops (pearl millet, sorghum, guar and moth). Out of 9 bacterial isolates, two isolates: P3 (Pseudomonas fluorescens) and 14B (Bacillus cereus) showed maximum plant growth promoting traits and were found to enhance plant growth of var. CZIC923 and CZP2k9 of pearl millet, respectively. 14B was found to be an endophyte through ARDRA. In an experiment for screening the genotypic specific behavior of pearl millet, six varieties of pearl millet inoculated with two PGPRs, var. CZIC923 was most responsive followed by CZP2k9 while var. CZP9603 was least responsive for plant growth promotery action of bacteria. The effect of three soil types on the performance of two PGPRs in two varieties (CZIC923 and CZP9603) of pearl millet was checked. Results showed the maximum plant growth in Pantnagar soil followed by soil of Ujhani and Mukteshwar. However, bacterial response was significantly higher in Ujhani soil. Bacterial growth and osmolyte production was checked in nutrient medium supplemented with different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Both the isolates could grow up to water potential of -1.0 MPa and showed PGPR properties. In comparison to 14B, P3 produced increased level of exopolysaccharide (EPS), soluble sugar and proline. Three varieties of pearl millet viz. CZIC923, CZP2k9 and CZP9603 inoculated with P3 and 14B in a pot experiment under drought condition resulted in increased level of proline, antioxidant enzymes viz. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), Catalase (CAT) and Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities in plants. Among three varieties of pearl millet, var. CZIC923 was most drought tolerant while var. CZP9603 was susceptible. In vitro experiment using pearl millet variety CZIC923 and CZP9603 inoculated with P3 and 14B induced plant tolerance when exposed to drought (imposed by different concentration of PEG). Variety CZIC923 was highly drought tolerant as compared to var. CZP9603 as the response was further elevated by inoculating these bacteria which induced significant changes in the specific activity of different reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes (SOD, APX, CAT and GPX) and enhanced proline production, chlorophyll a, b and caretenoid level, relative water content of leaf, leaf EPS and reducing leaf water loss and electrolyte leakage of inoculated plants. The overall study showed the importance of rhizospheric bacteria in combating drought stress.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of tillage and irrigation on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum l.) and their simulation studies using Ceres-Wheat Model(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Mishra, Gaurav; Kushwaha, H.S.Field experiments were conducted in sandy loam soil at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Latitude 290 N, Longitude 79030ยด E and Altitude 243.84 m above msl) during rabi seasons of 2011-12 and 2012-13 to study effect of tillage and irrigation on growth and yield of wheat cv. UP-2565 and its simulation studies using CERES-wheat model. The experiment was laid out in 2 factorial RBD design with first factor i.e. three tillage practices viz. zero tillage (ZT), conventional tillage (CT) and deep tillage (DT) and second factor i.e. five irrigation treatments viz. irrigations at crown root initiation (CRI) stage , I1; CRI + late jointing (LJ) stage, I2; CRI + LJ + milking (M) stage, I3; CRI + late tillering (LT) + flowering (F) stage + M, I4 and CRI + LT + LJ + F + M, I5 of the wheat crop with three replications. The observations were recorded on soil properties viz. infiltration rate, B.D, hydraulic conductivity, pH, EC, O.C, Available N, P and K, growth and development parameters viz. Plant height, LAI, root length density, no. of tillers, days to anthesis and days to physiological maturity, wheat (grain & biological) yield and yield attributes viz. spike length, no. of spike, grains per spike and 1000-grain weight under various tillage practices and irrigation schedules and simulation of some of these was also done using CERES-wheat model. Results indicated that tillage and irrigation significantly affect the infiltration rate, B. D., hydraulic conductivity, O.C. and available N in soil, while soil pH, EC, available P and K did not differ significantly with these treatments. Highest plant height 115.5 and 115.6 cm was recorded with DT and I5 in 2012-13, LAI 3.39 and 3.68 with DT and I4 in 2011-12, root length density 1.41 and 1.49 in DT and I5 in 2011-12 at 0-15 cm. Maximum no. of tillers and days to anthesis of wheat were recorded with CT and I5 while days to physiological maturity with DT and I5 during both crop seasons. Maximum spike length obtained in CT (7.85 and 7.79) and I4 (7.97 and 7.90), number of grain spike-1 in CT (34.2 and 29.0) and I5 (35.2 and 30.0) and 1000-grain weight in CT (38.0 and 40.0 gm) and I4 (39.4 and 40.6 gm) during both the crop seasons. The highest grain yields of 3438.3 and 3933.3 kg ha-1 respectively were recorded with CT in 2011-12 and 2012-13, while I5 (3602.7 kg ha-1) in 2011-12 and I4 (4173.6 kg ha-1) in 2012-13. Biological yield was maximum under DT (11700.0 kg ha-1) and I4 (11972.2 kg ha-1) during 2012-13. Significantly higher harvest index was obtained under DT (44.5%) and I1 (42.9%) in 2011-12. The analyzed data of experiments have shown that maximum observed LAI (3.80) was obtained during 2011-12 against simulated (3.24) in CTI4. Number of tillers m-2, days taken to anthesis and days to physiological maturity were underestimated during both the wheat crop seasons. Model simulated the grain and biological yield and higher efficiency (R2=0.72 for grain yield and R2=0.92 for biological yield) was obtained in 2011-12 in comparison to 2012-13. The harvest index of wheat was overestimated under some treatments during both the crop season. It is concluded from this study that in sandy loam soil the use of CT along with four irrigations (CRI + LT + F + M) gave maximum wheat yield. The CERES model simulated growth and yield of wheat with reliable precision during both years. In simulating most of wheat crop characters the model was observed to be more efficient in 2011-12 than 2012-13. The CERES wheat model has tremendous potential in predicting the yield of wheat crop under diverse agro climatic conditions especially in the locations where capital is the main constraint in conducting the field experiments and providing of the necessary lab facilities and lack of water for irrigation.