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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Eco-friendly management of greater wax moth Galleria mellonella l.in Apis mellifera l. colonies(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-10) Rawat, Rivanshi; Mall, PramodThe experiments on “ECO-FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF GREATER WAX MOTH (Galleria mellonella L.) IN Apis mellifera L. COLONIES” were conducted during 2021-22 at Department of Entomology, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar India. The greater wax moth (G. mellonella, Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the most serious pests of honey bee colonies. Females of the moth laid their eggs in cluster usually in the cracks or between wooden parts of the hives. The larvae mainly feed and destroy beeswax combs. The larvae of these moths form a silken feeding tunnel, which enlarge along the mid-rib of the comb or make borings through the thin wax caps of honey cells causing honey to leak out. Management studies of wax moth revealed that after 14 days of feeding, lowest weight gain by the larvae was 0.030 g in T2 (NSKE). The second lowest weight gain was 0.034 g in T3 (Bt kurstaki). In treatment T2 (NSKE) the larval mortality recorded 57.39% and lowest adult emergence was 33.33%. The minimum reduction of comb weight was recorded 2.85 g in treatment with T2 (NSKE). Treatment with different concentration of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae revealed that with increase in dose of B. bassiana, mortality of wax moth increased. At highest dose of 1×108 conidia/ml 81.6% mortality of larvae of greater wax moth was observed which was greater than 60.23% mortality caused by M. anisopliae at the same dose and same period of time. Treatment with UV radiations for different time period revealed that the hatchability of eggs and adult emergence was decreased and the mortality of adults was increased. Exposure to UV radiations for 15 min of time period resulted 76.66% of hatchability of eggs, 50% of adult emergence and 33.33% of adult mortality. For management of wax moth in order to reduce losses in storage conditions, it can be recommended that the combs can be treated with NSKE and Bt kurstaki. These treatments are effective in controlling the larvae of greater wax moth in stored condition. It was also concluded that B. bassiana and M. anisopliae at concentration of 1×108 conidia/ml are effective entomopathogens which can be used for the management of wax moth in stored combs. It was also concluded that exposure to UV radiations can also used for control the greater wax moth.ThesisItem Open Access Compatibility of certain insecticides and fungicides, and their bioefficacy against Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Vaibhav Raj; Srivastava, R.P.A detailed investigation was undertaken to determine the physical and chemical compatibility, and bioefficacy of certain insecticides in combination with fungicides against tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius); effect of insecticide and fungicide combinations on weight gain and feeding behaviour of S. litura; phytotoxic effects of insecticide and fungicide combinations on black gram Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper var. PU-31 of S.litura. All the experiments were conducted in Insecticide Toxicology Laboratory of the Department of Entomology. The physical and chemical compatibility of insecticides viz. tetraniliprole, flubendiamide, novaluron + indoxacarb with fungicides viz.fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, metiram + pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin in three different types of water (tap, distilled and hard water) at room temperature (24.7 ºC) and at 35 ºC, and three different types of water (tap, distilled and hard water) in laboratory conditions. All the combinations were physically compatible as each of the insecticide and fungicide solution readily mixed without the formation of any precipitate and sediments. Regarding the chemical compatibility, the pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total dissolved solids (TDS) were stable even after 8 hours of preparation. The phytotoxic effects of three insecticides tetraniliprole, flubendiamide, novaluron + indoxacarb in combination with three fungicides fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, metiram + pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin was determined on black gram, Vigna mungo var. PU-31 at single (X) and double doses (2X). None of the combinations at recommended and double dose manifested any symptoms of phytotoxicity such as injury to leaf tip and leaf surface, wilting, vein clearing, necrosis, epinasty, and hyponasty. The results proved that all the tested treatments were phytotoxically compatible with each other. The bioefficacy of three insecticides tetraniliprole, flubendiamide, novaluron + indoxacarb in combination with three fungicides fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, metiram + pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin was determined against 4d old larvae of S. litura. [novaluron + indoxacarb] + [metiram + pyraclostrobin] resulted in maximum mortality of 86.6%, 15 days after the first spray whereas it caused 100% mortality up to 7 days after second and third spraying which reduced to 93 and 86% after 10 and 15 days of second and third spraying respectively. The least effective of all was flubendiamide in combination with tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin which resulted in minimum mortality of 20%, 15 days after the first spray, 86.6 % mortality 1 day after the second spray which reduced to 60,46,40 and 26 % at 5,7,10 and 15 days after second spraying, also 1 day after third spraying it resulted in 93.3% mortality which reduced to 66.6,53.3,50.0 and 33.3 % in 5,7,10 and 15 days respectively. The effect of three insecticides tetraniliprole, flubendiamide, novaluron + indoxacarb in combination with three fungicides fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, metiram + pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin on weight gain parameters against 4 days old S.litura was determined. At 3 days after feeding (DAF),15 days after the first spray [novaluron + indoxacarb] + [metiram + pyraclostrobin] recorded highest reduction in mean weight gain over control (78.3%). In case of 1,5 and 7 days after second and third spraying mean weight gain could not be recorded as complete mortality was observed within 48 hours. 10 days after the second spray maximum reduction in weight gain over control was observed to be 86.2% which reduced to 81.7% at 15 days after the second spray whereas, at 10 days after the third spray maximum reduction in weight gain over control was observed to be 89.5% which reduced to 73.6 % at 15 days after the third spray. This was followed by [novaluron + indoxacarb] + [fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin] which recorded highest mean weight gain over control (73.3%) 15 days after first spray. In case of 1 and 5 days after the second spraying mean weight gain could not be recorded as complete mortality was observed upto 48 hours. 7 days after the second spraying maximum reduction in weight gain over control was observed to be 98.9% which was reduced to 84.9 and 79.8% at 10 and 15 days after the second spraying whereas at 7 days after the third spraying maximum reduction in weight gain over control was observed to be 95.7% which reduced to 87.9 and 71.3% at 10 and 15 days after third spraying The least effective of all treatments was [flubendiamide] + [tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin] which recorded the lowest mean weight gain over control (42.2%) 15 days after the first spray. It recorded mean weight gain over control values as 96.3,81.3,73.8, 69.5, and 57.5% at 1,5,7,10, and 15 days after second spraying, and 98.6,79.4,77.7,72.3 and 46.8 % at 1,5,7,10 and 15 days after third spraying. The effect of three insecticides tetraniliprole, flubendiamide, novaluron + indoxacarb in combination with three fungicides fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin , metiram + pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin on feeding behaviour of 4 day old S. litura was determined. The maximum feeding deterrence was exerted by [novaluron + indoxacarb] + [metiram + pyraclostrobin], showing minimum MLAC of 4.88 cm2 (FI=62.1%) at 15 days after first spray; MLAC value of 0.34,0.55,2.67,4.67 and 5.15 cm2 (FI=96.9,93.8,75.9,64.4 and 62.7%) at 1,5,7,10 and 15 days after second spray, respectively, and 0.06,0.35,2.44,4.16 and 5.29 cm2 (FI= 99.1, 95.8,78.4,65.8 and 59.2%) at 1,5,7,10 and 15 respectively after third spray. This was followed by [novaluron + indoxacarb] + [fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin] which showed minimum MLAC values of 5.55 cm2 (FI=58.0%) at 15 days after first spraying whereas in second spraying it showed minimum MLAC values of 0.48,1.21,3.18,4.93 and 5.95 (FI=95.7,87.1,72.4,63.1 and 61.5%) at 1,5,7,10 and 15 days respectively. In third spraying it recorded minimum MLAC values of 0.47,0.81,3.14,4.52 and 6.08 (FI= 88.1, 91.4,75.2,62.9 and 54.8%) at 1,5,7,10 and 15 respectively. The least effective of all was [flubendiamide] + [tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin] which showed minimum MLAC values of 15.57 cm2 (FI=13.9%) at 15 days after first spraying whereas in second spraying it showed minimum MLAC values of 1.29,5.22, 8.75,11.03 and 13.41 cm2 (FI=89.2,53.8,38.1,32.3and 30.5%) at 1,5,7,10 and 15 days respectively. In third spraying it recorded minimum MLAC values of 1.29,5.52,8.44,10.48 and 11.08 cm2 (FI= 88.1,53.6,42.6,32.4and 30.8%) at 1,5,7,10 and 15 respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of date of transplanting and some commonly used insecticides against insect pests infesting rice in tarai region of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Dogra, Rajnni; Pandey, A.K.The present investigation was carried out during kharif 2020 and 2021 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to study the effect of planting date on the incidence of insect pests of rice and to evaluate some novel insecticides against rice insects. Total 07 chemical insecticides with a control were evaluated separately in three different fields against insect pest of rice under Randomized block design with three replications of each. In first insecticidal experiment, after the 1st application of insecticides, granular formulation of insecticides, in the field 2nd and 3rd application in which insecticides were sprayed with different combinations made in 7 treated plot and an untreated plot was left. The observation was recorded weekly intervals during the incidence of insect pest while in insecticidal experiment the observation was recorded one day before application and at 10 days’ interval after application of insecticidal treatments. It was observed early planting gives suitable conditions for the crop and manage the insect population, the damage due to sucking pests is either found more or less similar in normal and late plantings or maximum damage was recorded in late planting. It was found that early planting (30 June) reduced the incidence of insect pest in rice as compared to normal (15 July) and late planting (30 July) crops. The incidence of yellow stem borer, leaf folder, rice hispa, whorl maggot, brown plnt hopper, white backed plant hopper and gundhi bug was low in early sown crop with the exception of green leaf hopper which had the minimum overall population during normal planting and high damage is seen in early planting as compared to others. The pre-harvest data and yield analysis shows significantly low white ear heads of rice high yield (42.68 qha-1) in early planted crop as compared to timely (15.38 qha-1) and late sown crop (3.48 qha-1). There was significant difference among the yield recorded in early, normal and late transplanted crop.Among the insecticidal treatment, sequential application of fipronil granule – chlorantraniliprole SC – chlorantraniliprole SC at 10 days’ intervals was found to be best treatment (0.33%, 0.55%; 0.31%, 0.21% and 1.55%, 1.30%) whereas for leaf folder application of chlorantraniliprole granules followed by chlorantraniliprole SC further followed by sequential application of chlorantraniliprole granule- cartap hydrochloride gave the better results (0.22%, 0.18% and 0.17%, 0.13%) as compared to rest of the treatments. However, all the treatments were significantly superior over control. For all sucking insect pest like green leafhopper, brown planthopper and white backed plant hopper, application of fipronil granules 0.3 GR (@ 10 kg/ha) followed by fipronil 5 SC (@ 1000 ml/ha) spray was the most effective treatment (0.03, 0.10; 0.17, 0.10; 0.17, 0.23) after the second spray. After the third spray triflumezopyrim showed the best results in controlling GLH, BPH, WBPH as well as gundhi bug as it reduces the population to zero in case of all sucking insects. Application of fipronil granule (0.3 GR @ 10 kg/ha) followed by chlorantraniliprole 20 SC (@ 150 ml/ha) and repeated with another spray of chlorantraniliprole SC 20 SC (@ 150 ml/ha) recorded the maximum per cent yield increase (31.75 and 9.03 qha-1) during both years of study. In another experiment of insecticidal management of insect pest infesting rice, flubendiamide 480 SC had recorded maximum control of yellow stem borer (0.78%, 0.74% and 0.61%, 0.32%) and leaf folder (0.21%, 0.14% and 0.15%, 0.13%) followed by chlorantraniliprole 20 SC (2.62%, 2.32%; 1.84%, 1.10% and 0.65%, 0.56%; 0.61%, 0.54%). However, fipronil 15 + imidacloprid 5 SC (@ 500 ml/ha) spray was found to be the best treatment (0.03, 0.03 for green leaf hopper; 0.17, 0.17 for brown plant hopper; 0.07, 0.07 for white backed plant hopper and 0.07, 0.03 for gundhi bug). In the third insecticidal treatment, in which the sane treatments were used but only single spray was done before the panicle initiation stage, also flubendiamide 480 SC (@ 75 ml/ha) was the best treatment for the control of yellow stem borer and leaf folder (2.17%, 1.56% and 0.25%, 0.23%). For the sucking pests fipronil 15 + imidacloprid 5 SC (@ 500 ml/ha) spray was the best treatment (0.10, 0.07 no. of green leaf hopper; 0.17, 0.13 no. of brown plant hopper; 0.13, 0.07 no. of white backed plant hopper and 0.1, 0.07 no. of gundhi bug). The highest per cent increase in yield over control was recorded in treatment 1 chlorantraniliprole 20 SC (14.92, 29.74 and 13.29, 13.33 no. of insect) in both the experiments.ThesisItem Open Access Compatibility of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema Abbasi Elawad with insecticides and their combined effect on tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-08) Vireesha P.; Pandey, RenuThe present investigation on “Compatibility of Entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema abbasi Elawad with insecticides and their combined effect on Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)” were carried out during 2021-22 at the Insect Pathology laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, at Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar-263145 (Uttarakhand). The S. abbasi PN-1 infected the different tested insect species from the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera. Among the insects of different orders, the S. abbasi PN-1 is more virulent against lepidopteran insects. The life cycle of S. abbasi PN-1 was completed within 7.5 days under 30 oC and within 10 days under 25 oC in both G. melonella and S. litura larvae. Virulence studies of S. abbasi PN-1 proved that all larval stages and pupae of H. armigera and S. litura were found susceptible to the IJs of S. abbasi PN-1. It caused 100% larval mortality at 48-60 h of treatment in all tested doses. There was a positive correlation between insect mortality and the nematode concentration. The older larvae of H. armigera and S. litura were more susceptible than younger larvae but the larval stage is more susceptible than the pupal stage. Compatibility studies of S. abbasi PN-1 with insecticides proved that among the tested insecticides fipronil is more compatible followed by cyantaniliprole, indoxacarb, emamectin benzoate and chlorantraniliprole less compatible. All the treatments with lower concentration insecticides have less effect on progeny production in comparison to the higher concentrations of insecticides with S. abbasi PN-1. Among the tested insecticides fipronil showed less negative effect followed by indoxacarb, cyantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate and chlorantraniliprole showed a more negative effect on progeny production of S. abbasi PN-1. The S. abbasi PN-1 was formulated in glycerol + sodium alginate recorded more survival rate and virulence than the sodium alginate granules and distilled water after 40 days of storage. The above finding concluded that S. abbasi PN-1 can be utilized as a potential bio control agent against S. litura and H. armigera and can be used with insecticide to control S. litura. The S. abbasi PN-1 can be formulated in calcium alginate granule with glycerol and used to control insect pests.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of biological control based pest management strategies for rice and chickpea crops(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-08) Riya; Maurya, R. P.The present investigation was carried out at the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during the kharif and rabi season of 2021-22. Field experiments were undertaken to determine the impact of various BIPM practices on insect pest’s infestation on rice and chickpea in comparison with farmer’s practices. The cumulative mean population of all the standard weeks showed that the lower incidence of yellow stem borer (0.28 YSB/m2), brown plant hopper (1.33 BPH/m2) and leaf folder (0.52 LF/m2) in BIPM plots as compared to farmer’s practice plots (0.31 YSB/m2, 2.19 BPH/m2 and 0.70 LF/m2). BIPM treated plots recorded significantly fewer white ears (6.22% WEH) and more dead hearts (1.25% DH) compared to the plots grown using farmers’ practices (8.18% WEH and 0.80% DH).The results with regard to the abundance of eggs and larval population of gram pod borer have shown that their population were maximum in BIPM plots (4.10 eggs/m2, 7.82 larvae/m2) as compared to FPP with 2.75 eggs/m2 and 5.44 larvae/m2. Study of the extent of larval parasitisation of gram pod borer concluded that a higher mean number (0.36±0.50 LP/m2) of larval parasitisation was recorded in BIPM plots compared to FP plots (0.26±0.31 LP/m2). BIPM plots also recorded significantly higher numbers of predatory population of spiders (1.63 spider/m2), dragonflies (0.71 dragonfly/m2), damselflies (1.08 damselfly/m2), coccinellids (2.61/m2) and wasps (0.68/m2). The highest grain yield of rice and chickpea was recorded in BIPM plots (29 q/ha and 14.56 q/ha, respectively) with a maximum cost benefit ratio of 1:2.24 and 1:3:18, respectively, in comparison to farmer's practice plots (21.7 q/ha and 9.54 q/ha, respectively) with cost benefit ratio of 1:1.35 and 1:1.73, respectively. The correlation studies indicated a significant positive correlation of YSB with maximum temperature in both BIPM plots (r=0.654*) and FPP (r=639*), while BPH showed a positive significant correlation with minimum temperature (r=0.816**) and relative humidity (r=0.717*) in BIPM plots and a non-significant correlation in FPP. In case of gram pod borer, both egg and larval population showed a significant positive correlation with maximum (r=0.78** and r=0.92**) and minimum (r=0.64* and 0.79**) temperature and a negative and significant correlation with morning (r= -0.74* and r= -90**) and evening (r= -0.85* and r= -89**) relative humidity in BIPM plots. Predator like dragonflies (r=0.75**) and damselflies (r=0.62*) showed a positive and significant correlation with minimum temperature, while spiders (r= 0.77**) and damselflies (r= 0.71*) depicted a positive significant correlation with maximum temperature in BIPM plots. Hence, it is confirmed from the results that BIPM module has managed the insect pests very efficiently in both the crops as compared to farmers practice plot. Therefore, these BIPM modules for management of insect pests of rice and chickpea could be utilised for their ecofriendly management. The present study also assessed the effectiveness of various biopesticides and botanicals against H. armigera under laboratory conditions. Among the selected treatments, HaNPV showed superior and recorded a maximum per cent morality of 89.69% at 96 hr., while Neem oil caused the lowest mortality (30.92%). Botanicals and biopesticides both hold promise as potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides for the control of H. armigera. Finally, proper incorporation of these botanicals and biopesticides may lead to future enhanced integrated pest management of H. armigera.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation trials on screening of advanced varieties, hybrid entries and efficacy of natural formulations against major insect pests on pigeonpea(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-07) Priyanka; Tiwari, RuchiraThe present field experiments were conducted to screen out different advanced varieties, hybrid entries of pigeon pea and to validate the efficacy of different natural formulations i.e., Jersy cow urine@20%, Holstein cow urine@20%, Desi cow urine 20%, NLWE@ 5% ( Neem Leaf Water Extract), NSWE@5% ( Neem Seed Water Extract), NLCUE@5% (Neem Leaf Cow Urine Extract), NSCUE@5% (Neem Seed Cow Urine Extract),Azadirachtin@1500 ppm, NSKE @5 %) and insecticide i.e. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 30g a.i/ha (Standard check) against major insect pests of pigeon pea during the kharif crop season, 2021-22 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. Under advanced varietal trial, in variety PA650 the least numbers of Maruca webs/plant, number of H. armigera larvae and pod bugs were recorded i.e., 7.67, 1.89, 1.68, respectively with the least per cent of pod damage caused by Maruca, Helicoverpa and pod fly and seed damage by pod bugs was recorded (2.67, 4.00 and 6.33) and (8.67), respectively.On the basis of the least cumulative pod damage and high grain yield, PA650 (16.99% and 813kg/ha) and PA291 (C)(19.67% and 792 kg/ha)were recorded highly resistant against inseect pest complex of pigeonpeawith PSR rating- 3.. Similarly, under screening trial for Hybrid entries, on the basis of less cumulative pod damage and high grain yield, PAH 16 (11.67% and 834kg/ha) and IPH 18-04 (18.33% and 768 kg/ha) were found the most effective against pod bugs and pod borers on pigeonpea. On the basis of PSR values calculated for these two hybrid entries, PAH16 ( PSR-2)and IPH 18-04 (PSR-3) there were recorded as highly resistant to major insect pest complex of pigeon pea. Among natural formulations, pigeon pea plots treated with Azadirachtin@ 1500ppm was recorded with the least cumulative pod damage (13.33%) followed by NSCUE 5% (17.67%). The highest grain yield was recorded in plot treated with Azadirachtin 1500ppm (1122 kg/ha) followed by NSCUE 5% (1070 kg/ha) and Desi cow urine 20% (1034 kg/ha) in comparison to untreated control (718 kg/ha). In the context of cost benefit ratio calculated for tested natural formulations, NSCUE 5% and Azadirachtin 1500ppm @ 5ml/l were found the most effective natural formulations with low cost and high ICBR (1: 8.03 and 1:7.49.) against pod bugs and pod borer complex of pigeon pea. On the basis of above findings, the present study clearly showed that the resistant varieties along with application of natural formulations were found the most effective for the management of major insect pests of pigeon pea. Thus, it can finally be concluded that, resistant varieties along with natural formulations can easily be incorporated for the management of major insect pests of pigeon pea.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of different artificial diets for Italian honeybee, Apis mellifera L. alongwith management of brood mite (Tropilaelaps clareae Delfinado and Baker) with essential oils(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Bisht, Mansi; Srivastava, PoonamStudies on evaluation of different artificial diets as pollen and nectar substitute alongwith management of brood mite, Tropilaelaps clareae in Apis mellifera colonies were carried out during the year 2021-2022 at G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. Eight different diets were taken as treatments with standard sugar solution and control. Such artificial diets were given within the hives and their consumption by the colonies was tested. Their effect on various attributes of the colonies viz. unsealed and sealed brood (cm2), honeybee strength (in terms of number of frames covered by the bees), and pollen and nectar stores (cm2) were recorded. Results revealed that among the various diet provided to the bees the mean consumption of 55.70 g diet, mean egg area (90.27 cm2), brood development (621.62 cm2) and pollen area (99.14 cm2), bee strength (8.23) was found maximum in colonies provided by the diet containing Brewer’s yeast + Honey + turmeric powder + fenugreek powder + A,D,E vitamins + powdered sugar + orange juice + mint oil + sugar syrup, while nectar stores were found maximum (131.46 cm2) in the diet with Sugar Solution (1:1) supplemented by vitamin C. Incidence of brood mite was checked by placing white sheet on bottom board and counting number of dead/fallen mites per hive. No mite incidence was found in colonies fed with diet containing sugar solution (1:1) + vitamin C and diet with Brewer’s yeast + honey + turmeric powder + fenugreek powder + A,D,E vitamins + powdered sugar + orange juice + mint oil + sugar syrup and sugar solution (standard). Among various essential oils used for the management for T. clareae garlic oil recorded highest mite mortality (38.99 dead/fallen mites per hive per week) followed by formic acid (31.99 dead/fallen mites per hive per week) after 21 days period. These observation lead to conclusion that diet with fenugreek flour+ turmeric powder was found to be best for feeding bees during dearth period with 66.87 per cent overall enhancement in all colony attributes and also there were no mite incidence in colonies fed with this diet which may be due to feeding diet rich in vitamins and antioxidant results in strong colony and building immunocompetence against enemies. Garlic oil was found ideal alternative to harmful chemicals with maximum efficacy of 82.62 per cent mite mortality over control among all other oils in management of mite with 24.69 per cent increase in brood area. Healthy nutrition during dearth period along with eco-friendly management practices are ideal for honeybee management.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on antixenosis mechanism of resistance to Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in different Chickpea germplasms(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-01) Chamoli, Manisha; Agnihotri, MeenaThe present investigations on “Studies on antixenosis mechanism of resistance to Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in different Chickpea germplasms” was carried out in Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre (CRC), Department of Entomology G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during rabi season of 2020-21 with the objective to identify the source of resistance in chickpea germplasm against H. armigera Preliminary screening of 201 chickpea germplasms was carried out to evaluate the resistance against H. armigera. Out of 201 germplasms eleven germplasms were found promising on the basis of pest susceptiblity rating (PSR). Further these promising germplasm were evaluated for the confirmation of resistance under laboratory conditions. Observation recorded over different crop stages revealed that, the minimum no. of egg (0.50 eggs/ plant) and larval population (0.63 larvae/ plant) was recorded on GJG 1803 and GJG 1801. Minimum pod damage of 2.08 per cent was recorded on GJG 1803. The maximum grain yield of 4711.1 kg/ha was recorded on RLBGMH-G. The germplasm viz. BG 4017, GJG 1803, GJG 1801, NBeG 1635, RLBGMH-G, NBeG 810, NBeG 857 were rated as least susceptible based on pest susceptible rating. Maximum glandular trichome density (20.30 trichomes per mm2) on upper leaf surface was recorded in DHMC 18-1664 and NBeG 810 whereas minimum glandular trichomes was recorded in GJG 1803 (6.50 trichomes per mm2). Similarly, the highest non-glandular trichome density (63 trichomes per mm2) on upper leaf surface was recorded in DHMC 18-1664 and lowest trichomes density (13.33 trichomes per mm2) in NBeG 857. The maximum number of glandular trichomes (35.30 trichomes per mm2) on pod was recorded on DHMC 18-1664 whereas the minimum glandular trichome density (20.60 trichomes per mm2) was observed on BG 4017. On the upper surface of the leaf, the minimum glandular trichome length was recorded on NBeG 1635 (225.60 μm), whereas the maximum glandular trichome length was observed on NBeG 810 (300.50 μm). Similarly, the maximum and minimum non-glandular trichome length was recorded in NBeG 810 (245.10 μm) and RLBGMH-4 (180.35 μm), respectively. The highest glandular trichome length on pod was recorded on DHMC 18-1664 (311.05 μm) whereas lowest trichome length was recorded on GJG 1801 (240.71μm) respectively. Through chemical antixenotic resistance on growth and development of H. armigera results revealed that germplasm GJG 1803 recorded lowest (70.65 mg) weight gain in larva with damage rating (DR 4.56) and pupal weight (255.2 mg) whereas germplasm NBeG 1635 recorded highest (105 mg) weight gain in larva.ThesisItem Open Access Screening of germplasm to identify new source of resistance against brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stå ͦl) infesting rice(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Jeengar, Deepika; Pandey, A.K.Studies on screening of various germplasm to identify new source of resistance against brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (S t aͦ l) infesting rice were carried out during kharif 2021 under glasshouse condition at Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The primary objective of evaluating the rice germplasms was to categorize the sources of resistance in rice to BPH by screening the germplasm accessions using standard seed box screening technique (SSST). The results of experiment showed that among 695 germplasm, 02 germplasm were found to be highly resistant, 07 were resistant and 32 were found to be moderately resistant while 91 and 536 germplasm were found to be moderately susceptible and susceptible, respectively. The selected 19 PHSS rice germplasm were investigated for resistance mechanism using an antixenosis, antibiosis, tolerance mechanism. Results demonstrated that least honeydew production was recorded in IR-65482-7-2- 216-1-2-B (102.3 mm2) by BPH while antibiosis mechanism by nymphal survival was found least in RP 2068-18-3-5 (20.0 %) as compared to the susceptible check TN1 where honeydew production and nymphal surivival was 519.0 mm2 and 76.7 %, respectively, for both the mechanisms, respectively. ASD7 (Acc 6303) was found to have highest tolerance under days to wilting due to BPH infestion in rice seedlings. The study also revealed that ASD7 (Acc 6303) had least (5.29 n mol/min/g FW) Malonaldehyde content before infestation. However, after infestation with BPH, the Malonaldehyde was found to be least in PTB 33 (7.01 n mol/min/g FW) thereby it showed resistant germplasm against BPH. Growing BPH resistant rice varieties to suppress the insect is one of the dependable methods of pest control and an important component of IPM programmes. Adoption of BPH-resistant
