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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of biological activities of essential oil of Nepeta hindostana (Roth.) Hains growing in Kumaun region of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Himani; Ravendra KumarThe aim of present study was to analyze the chemical composition and to evaluate the biological activities of the essential oil of aerial and root part of N. hindostana (B. Heyne ex Roth) Haines. The plant material was collected from Tarai region of Uttarakhand. Essential oil from the aerial and the root part of N. hindostana (NHAO and NHRO) was extracted by using hydro-distilllation method (Clevenger type apparatus) and the yield (v/w) was 0.3±0.01% and 0.2±0.01% respectively. The essential oils were chemically analysed by GC and GC/MS. Biological activities of NHAO and NHRO such as antifeedant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic were also performed using standard protocols. The major compounds present in NHAO and NHRO were mcamphorene (17.7%) and methyl linoleate (13.2%) respectively. Insect antifeedant activity of NHAO and NHRO was done with non-preferential leaf dip method against Spilosoma obliqua. Both the oils possessed significant insect antifeeding activity, however NHRO was more effective. The in vitro antioxidant activity was performed in terms of DPPH radical scavenging, H2O2 radical scavenging and metal chelating assay. In all three assays NHAO exhibited strong activity than that of NHRO Also in In- vitro anti-inflammatory activity NHAO (IB50=20.46±0.21μg/mL) showed a good in vitro anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, the antidiabetic activity of oils was done using α-amylase inhibition assay taking acarbose as standard. NHRO (IC50=10.86± 0.45 μg/mL) showed good antidiabetic activity than NHAO (IC50=25.33±0.24 μg/mL).ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of some decontamination methods for the removal of post harvest pesticide residues from chilli(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-07) Rahul; Srivastava, AnjanaNowadays, understanding the impact of the pesticide exposure is an important concern for the consumers. Chilliis the commonly used vegetable which is highly exposed to pesticide usage. The current study is aimed at investigating the effectiveness of different decontamination treatments for removal of nine commonly applied pesticides on Chilli crop. The Chilli samples were subjected to nine decontamination treatments namely washing with running tap water, soaking in lukewarm water (50-60°C), soaking in solutions of 1% NaCl, 5% NaHCO3,2% CH3COOH,0.01% KMnO4and commercial decontaminants like Veggie clean, Nim wash, and Arkaherbi wash for ten minutes every time. The extraction of all the pesticides in Chilli crop was done through QuEChER’S method and analysis of acephateand it’s metabolite methamidophos, acetamiprid, carbendazim, imidacloprid, tebuconazole, and thiamethoxamwas done by HPLC-UVwhereas that of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and profenofos by GCECD. In Chilli, the results indicated that soaking in 2% acetic acid solution was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments to decontaminate all the pesticides (>50%) except profenofos when compared with other treatment solutions, whereas treatment with 1% NaCl solution proved to be the next best treatment in removal of different pesticides. Amongst commercial decontaminant solutions washing with Nim wash removed the highest percentage of pesticide residues from Chilli fruits. Acephate and it’s metabolite methamidophos, tebuconazole and carbendazim could be decontaminated well by the use of 0.01% KMnO4 solution, wherein the percent removal ranged between 79-91.37%. Similarly cypermethrin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and thiamethoxam residuescould be dislodged on soaking in 2% acetic acid solution ranging from 60.98 to 89.43%.Profenofos could be decontaminated to the maximum extent by dipping in commercial decontaminants like Nim wash (68.81%) and Veggie clean (68.41%) solutions where as it could be washed off only slightly by the other decontaminant solutions. The study confirms the use of simple cost-effective household solutions, to reduce the commonly applied harmful pesticides from Chilli.ThesisItem Open Access Nutrient status of different soil samples of Dehradun district of Uttarakhand and their correlation with soil properties(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Rawat, Komal; Tandon, ShishirAn experiment was conducted to analyze the general soil properties, status of available macronutrients (N, P and K) and to study the relationship between soil properties and macronutrients. Soil samples (0-15cm depth) were collected from 20 different location of Dehradun district Uttarakhand. Different methods of analysis of soil were employed to know the availability of N, P, and K. Available Nitrogen was analyzed by alkaline KMnO4 method, available phosphorus by Olsen’s method, AB-DTPA method, Mehlich-3 method and Morgan method, while available Potassium was analysed by Ammonium acetate, AB-DTPA, Mehlich-3 and Morgan methods. The soil texture ranged from medium texture to fine texture. Soil was found to be acidic to alkaline with pH ranging from 4.3-7.3 while, electrical conductivity was found to be medium ranging from 0.261dSm-1-0.602 dSm-1. The soils were found medium to high in organic carbon content and ranging from 0.60-1.8%. Extractable nitrogen by Alkaline KMnO4 method of study area ranged from 163- 301 kg N ha-1. Phosphorus extracted by Olsen’s, AB-DTPA, Mehlich-3 and Morgan methods ranged from 24.5-100.84 kg ha-1, 4.33-458.6 kg ha-1, 10.71-157.79 and 10.13- 107.69 kg ha-1, respectively. Available potassium extracted by ammonium acetate, ABDTPA, Mehlich-3 and Morgan methods ranged from 100.8-566.94 kg ha-1, 73.92-601.8 kg ha-1, 59.5-563.92 kg ha-1 and 22.0-441 kg ha-1, respectively. The soil pH showed negative and significant correlation with available nitrogen and potassium. The OC also showed significant but positive correlation with available N and EC for the entire area of study. On the basis of calculated nutrient indices, the soils under study were found to be low in extractable nitrogen and medium in extractable phosphorus and potassium.ThesisItem Open Access Decontamination studies of some pesticide residues in okra and chilli(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Neel, Shila; Srivastava, AnjanaNow a days understanding the impact of the pesticide exposure is an important concern for the consumers. Okra and chilli are the commonly used vegetables which are highly exposed to pesticide usage. The current study is aimed at investigating the effectiveness of different processes for reduction of four commonly applied pesticides on okra and chilli crops. The okra and chilli samples were subjected to seven decontamination treatments namely washing with running tap water, soaking in lukewarm water (50-60°C), soaking in 1% NaCl, soaking in 5% NaCl, soaking in 5% CH3COOH, soaking in 5% NaHCO3 and soaking in 0.01% KMnO4. The extraction of all the pesticides in both the crops (quinalphos, profenophos ethion and lambda-cyhalothrin was done through QuEChER’S method and analysis by GC-ECD. In okra, results indicated that soaking in 5% Acetic Acid solution for 10 minutes followed by washing using tap water was more effective in reducing all pesticides tested in comparison to other treatment solutions, whereas in chilli, the treatment of soaking in 5% NaCl solution for 10 min., resulted in the maximum removal of all the pesticides in comparison to the rest of the decontamination treatments. Lambda-cyhalothrin was reduced in higher amounts by all the decontamination processes but the highest removal (97.96%) was by soaking in 5% Acetic acid. In okra the magnitude of reduction of quinalphos, profenophos, ethion and lambda-cyhalothrin was observed in the range of 48.0-95.3, 34.3-87.6, 64.2-97.8, and 40.1-97.1 percent respectively, likewise, in chilli, the magnitude of reduction of quinalphos, profenophos, ethion and lambda-cyhalothrin was observed in the range of 13.11-86.55, 7.00-92.98, 10.73-96.34 and 59.99-97.96 percent respectively. The study confirms the use of simple cost-effective household solutions, to eliminate harmful pesticides from okra and chilli crops.ThesisItem Open Access Harvest time residues of Fantac and Benfuracarb in rice and soil(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2007-06) Pant, Renuka; Bali RamBenfuracarb is a new carbamate insecticide which controls a wide range of insects such as aphids, wireworms, corn rootworms, loopers, borers, and thrips in many different crops including cotton, corn, and beans. Fantac (biostimulant) is a mixture of 5% N-acetyl thiazolidine carboxylic acid (L-cystine derivative) and 0.1% folic acid. It is used to stimulate seed germination, increase plant growth, improve fruit rating and increase yield on wide range of crops including wheat corn, rice, sugar beet, potatoes, grapes strawberry and apples. Harvest time residues of Benfuracarb and Fantac in paddy grain, husk, straw and soil were determined. Benfuracarb formulation (Oncol 40EC) was applied at the rate of 0.25 and 0.50 ppm and Fantac formulation was applied at the rate of 0.75 and 1.50 ppm. The analysis of the samples was done by high performance liquid chromatography.The results revealed that the residues of Benfuracarb and Fantac were non detectable (<0.01ppm) for both the treatments. Benfuracarb and Fantac are safe from environmental and health points of view as their residues if presentare in very lowconcentrations both in crop and soil at the time of harvest.ThesisItem Open Access Major cationic and anionic composition of ground water of Crop Research Centre, Pantnagar, with special reference to irrigation(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2007-06) Kumar Amit; Viveka NandThe study area i.e CRC (Crop Research Center), G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar is extended to an area of 230 ha. It is located at the foot hills of Shivalik range of mountains in Kumaon at 29°N latitude and 79°3’E longitude at an altitude of 243.84m above mean sea level. It provides facilities for research on various field crops. Scientists and post graduate students from various disciplines conduct field experiments on rice, wheat, maize, soybean, grain legumes, oilseeds and sugarcane. Entire area is irrigated with artesian wells and tube wells. The samples were collected from an artesian well, located at the distance of about 2.5 to 3 meters right side from the main entrance of the Crop Research Center, Pantnagar. In view of the existing literature, the proposed plan of work broadly concerns to conduct a study of hydro chemical properties of ground water sources of crop research center, Pantnagar with the following objectives viz to study the major inorganic cationic and anionic composition, to evaluate suitability of ground water for livestock,to utilize hydro chemical properties to assess irrigation qualities like magnesium content, sodium percentage (Na %), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and permeability index (PI). Hydrochemistry of the ground water in the study area shows that, the alkaline earths (Ca2+ and Mg2+ ) exceed the alkalies (Na+ and K+), weak acid (HCO3 -) exceeds strong acids (Cl-, SO4 2-, NO3 -), that is total hydrochemistry is dominated by alkaline earth and weak acid. Hence the ground water of the stydy area is calcium magnesium bicarbonate type. The total concentration of the major ions in the ground water increases at the end of monsoon ie. at the post monsoon periods, in comparison to those at the end of lean period. The groundwater is highly suitable for drinking purpose and public health because hardness of the ground water is below the permissible limit of 500 mg/l. The groundwater is also suitable for irrigation with low alkali hazard. The SAR, RSC, Na%, PI, magnesium content were within the safe water limit recommended for irrigation purpose.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis and biological activities of Cinnamo Hydroxamic acid derivatives(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Arya, Sushila; Tandon, ShishirThe cinnamo hydroxamic acid derivatives have been synthesized employing green chemistry principles. The compounds have been synthesized by the reaction of substituted cinnamic acids and substituted hydroxylamines at temperature 0°C in chloroform as solvent and solution was in the presence of a new catalyst triethylamine . The compounds synthesized are 4-hydroxy cinnamo hydroxamic acid, 3-nitro cinnamo hydroxamic acid, 4-methoxy cinnamo hydroxamic acid, 4-chloro cinnamo hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(4-hydroxyl) cinnamon hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(3-nitro) cinnamo hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(3-bromo) cinnamon hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(4-methoxy) cinnamo hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(3-chloro) cinnamon hydroxamic acid and 2-Bromo-(4-chloro) cinnamo hydroxamic acid. All the compounds were formed with average to good yield. The compounds were tested for herbicidal activity against Raphanus sativus seeds. The compound 3-nitro cinnamon hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(3-bromo) cinnamo hydroxamic acid and 2-Bromo-(4-chloro) cinnamo hydroxamic acid were found to exhibit significant activity at par with the standard pendimethalin at concentration 200ppm. Other compounds exhibited activity significantly lower than the standard at all concentrations. Antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was also evaluated for antioxidant activity two methods viz., 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were employed. Most of the compounds were found to have significant activity. Amongst all the substituted cinnamo hydroxamic acid derivatives 4-hydroxy cinnamo hydroxamic acid exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity followed by 4-chloro cinnamo hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(3-bromo) cinnamo hydroxamic acid, 3-nitro cinnamo hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(4-methoxy) cinnamo hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(4-hydroxyl) cinnamo hydroxamic acid, 4-methoxy cinnamo hydroxamic acid exhibiting activity at par with standard BHT / gallic acid.The compounds o-tolyl-(3-chloro) cinnamo hydroxamic acid, 2-Bromo-(4-chloro) cinnamo hydroxamic acid exhibited lower activity than standard BHT and higher activity than standard gallic acid while compound o-tolyl-(3-nitro) cinnamo hydroxamic acid exhibit lowest radical scavenging activity than both standard BHT and gallic acid. The reducing power activity (FRAP) of synthesized compounds were also studied. The highest reducing power activity was observed for o -tolyl-(4-methoxy) cinnamo hydroxamic acid while, the lowest activity was observed in 4-hydroxy cinnamo hydroxamic acid .The reducing power activities for all the synthesized compounds were compared with standard FeSO4.7H2O. It may be concluded from the present study that cinnamo hydroxamic acid derivatives might be a source of herbicides and antioxidants to protect the agricultural crops, foods etc. Cinnamo hydroxamic acid derivatives show excellent herdicidal and antioxidant activity and may be developed as potential herbicides and antioxidants in future.ThesisItem Open Access Adsorption desorption behaviour of Penoxsulam herbicide in different soils(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-05) Pandey, Vandita; Srivastava, AnjanaPenoxsulam is a post emergence herbicide, belongs to group triazolopyirimidine sulfonamide, used to control broadleaf and sedges weeds in rice crop. The adsorption desorption behavior of this herbicide was studied under laboratory conditions. Adsorption desorption study of penoxsulam was performed in six soil samples. The adsorption data of penoxsulam at different time intervals was best fitted to pseudo first order kinetics. The value of coefficient of determination (R2) were highly significant and varied from 0.878 to 0.988. The adsorption rate of penoxsulam for different soils followed the order: HLD-2 > BD-2 > HLD-1 > BH-1 > LOH-5 > JK-1. The adsorption data were justified by Freundlich isotherm. The value of coefficient of determination (R2) varied from 0.838 to 0.961. The shape of adsorption isotherm was S type indicating the case of cooperative adsorption which results in the formation of a multimolecular layer on adsorbent. Among the acidic soils LOH-5 having the lowest pH (5.36) showed the highest adsorption whereas, in the case of alkaline soils JK-1 with less alkaline pH and comparatively higher clay and organic content adsorbed more penoxsulam. The computed values of coefficient of determination (R2) for desorption experiment varied from 0.870 to 0.940 which indicated that the desorption data of penoxsulam from soil conformed well to Freundlich Desorption Isotherms model. The values of ln K' varied from 7.960 to 11.492 for acidic soils and from 8.745 to 18.474 for alkaline type of soils. The values of 1/n' ranged from 1.298 to 5.399. In general, the values of 1/n' were relatively lower for acidic soils. The values of desorption index varied from 0.928 to 3.004 indicated that penoxsulam retained by alkali soils could be easily desorbed in soil solution. This showed that higher proportion of adsorbed penoxsulam was liable to desorption with increasing soil pH. The results obtained by FTIR analysis of penoxsulam and penoxsulam treated soils revealed that penoxsulam molecule having several polar moieties in the structure was likely to interact with soils containing clay and humic substances by forming hydrogen bond with water molecules present in the hydration sphere of exchangeable cations and also with different protonated functional groups of soil organic matter which may cause shift of peaks in penoxsulam treated soils.ThesisItem Open Access Phytochemical analysis, pharmacological properties and biopesticidal efficacy of Limnophila indica (L.) Druce(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-05) Randeep Kumar; Ravendra KumarIn present study the preliminary qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis along with pharmacological activities like in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and pesticidal activity like insect antifeeding and herbicidal activity of essential oil and different plant extracts of Limnophila indica (L.) Druce were evaluated. The yield of different samples obtained were 0.98%, 8.16%, 1.1% and 3.3% for essential oil, methanol, chloroform and hexane extracts respectively. The presence and absence of various secondary metabolites like alkaloids, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, and diterpenes were observed in all the samples. The GC-MS analysis reveals the identification of 90.9%, 74.3%, 72.9% and 84.3% compounds of the total samples composition of essential oil, methanol, chloroform and hexane extracts respectively. Major compounds like epi-cyclococlorenone (27.7%), _-monolinolein (12.9%), 4,5-dimethyl-1,2,3,6,7,8,8a,8b-octahydrobiphenylene (18.3%) and aristolone (40.3%) were identified in essential oil, methanol, chloroform and hexane extracts respectively. The quantitative evaluation of total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and ortho dihydric phenol (ODP) content of all the extracts were calibrated in terms of gallic acid, catechin and catechol equivalents respectively and resulted the composition in order of chloroform extract > methanol extract > hexane extract. The in-vitro antioxidant activity was performed in terms of DPPH radical scavenging, NO radical scavenging, metal chelating and reducing power effect against standard antioxidants like BHT, ascorbic acid, citric acid and catechin and the results analysed to be very effective with a broad range of inhibition with potent IC50 values. Also, the in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity were tested as a measure of inhibition of protein denaturation method against standard diclofenac sodium and evaluated to be the significantly different range of inhibition as tested at different doses levels. Evaluation of insect antifeeding activity were done with non-preferential leaf dip method against Spilosoma obliqua (Bihar hairy caterpillar) resulted into a significantly diverse range of antifeedant index. Assessment of herbicidal activity in terms of inhibition of percent germination, inhibition of coleoptile length and inhibition of radicle length as tested on the seeds of Raphanus sativus revealed the significant properties in the essential oil and the plant extracts of the tested plant as analyzed against the standard herbicide pendimethalin. All the inhibition data were tested to be significantly different as analyzed via two factor analysis with replication (p<0.01 and p<0.05).