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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad
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ThesisItem Open Access AUTOLOGOUS PLATELET RICH PLASMA FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANINE SUPERFICIAL CORNEAL ULCERS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN SUBCONJUNCTIVAL AND TOPICAL APPLICATIONS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-12-20) DENY JENNES; Dr. Soumya RamankuttyComparative evaluation of autologous platelet rich plasma as topical and subconjunctival injection for the treatment of canine superficial corneal ulcers was conducted in Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Mannuthy and University Veterinary Hospital, Kokkalai. A total of twelve animals with both superficial epithelial and superficial stromal ulcers were selected for the study. They were randomly divided into two groups of six animals each. Signalment and detailed anamnesis of the selected cases were recorded on the day of presentation. Clinical,ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic examinations of the animals were carried out on day of presentation and on day 7, 14, 21 and 28. Platelet rich plasma was prepared from venous blood of the selected animals with EDTA as the anticoagulant, through double centrifugation – modified syringe method. In group I, the PRP was applied topically as drops twice daily for seven days and in group II, PRP administered as superior bulbar subconjunctival injection. Among the selected cases, theanimals with superficial epithelial ulcer obtained complete corneal clarity in both groups. Animals with superficial stromal ulcers had retained a scar on the 28th day in both groups. On day 7 all the animals except one in both groups were negative for fluorescein dye test. From 14 day onwards all the animals were completely negative for fluorescein dye test. Corneal oedema and vascularisation disappeared earlier in group II compared to group I. The efficacy of PRP injection through subconjunctival route was found to be superior than the topical application in the present study. The PRP treatment was effective for faster superficial corneal ulcer healingThesisItem Open Access OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN ORIENTAL THEILERIOSIS AND ITS THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT IN CROSSBRED COWS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-11-07) LAKSHMI MOHANAN; Dr. Ajithkumar S.Bovine theileriosis is an economically important tick- borne haemoparasiticdisease of cattle. A study on oriental theileriosis was conducted in the Department ofVeterinary Clinical Medicine Ethics and Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary andAnimal Sciences, Mannuthy during the period from May 2021 to April 2022. Onehundred and fifty nine cows in different farms of Thrissur and Wayanad districts werescreened using blood smear examination. Out of 159 samples screened, 74 (46.54 percent) animals were positive for theileriosis. The PCR was conducted in 16 clinicalcases positive for theileriosis by blood smear, using genus and species specificprimers for T. orientalis. The genus specific primers amplified 1098 bp fragment andspecies specific primers amplified 601 bp fragment of T. orientalis in all 16 cases. Real time PCR assay was developed using recombinant plasmids of parasite (p23) andhost (hprt) to estimate the level of parasitemia. Major clinical signs noted were dullness, reduced milk production, excessive salivation, anorexia and pallor of mucous membranes. Haematological study of thediseased animals revealed anaemia with low erythrocyte count, haemoglobin andvolume of packed red cells. A significant increase was noted in total leukocyte countand monocyte levels in infected animals. On serum biochemistry, creatinine valuesrevealed a significant reduction in diseased animals. No significant difference wasnoted in the values of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione, betweendiseased and control animals. Sixteen cows positive for theileriosis on blood smearexamination were classified into two groups. Animals belonging to group I weretreated with a single dose of Inj. Buparvaquone @ 2.5 mg/kg body weightintramuscularly. In addition to buparvaquone, group II animals were supplementedwith a single dose of Inj. vitamin. E –Se combination @ 1 mL/45 kg intramuscularly. Haematological parameters of animals of group I were improved significantly aftertreatment, but no significant difference was noted in group II animals. In group I, asignificant increase was noted in total protein and A:G ratio after treatment, whereasonly total protein revealed a significant increase in animals of group II. In animals ofgroup I, significant reduction was noted MDA levels following treatment, whereas no significant difference was found with reduced glutathione. Significant reduction was noted in MDA and reduced glutathione revealed significant increase in group IIanimals. Osmotic fragility test revealed that erythrocytes of cattle infected with T. orientalis were more susceptible to haemolysis and the fragility of erythrocytes decreased in both groups after treatment. Parasitemia levels did not reveal any significant difference in both groups after treatment. Statistical analysis between groups showed no significant difference in any of the parameters after treatment.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE OF PRE-RUMINANT CROSSBRED CALVES MAINTAINED ON DIFFERENT FEEDING STRATEGIES(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-09-17) DHANYA SURESH; Dr. Ally K.An experiment was conducted for a period of 120 days to assess the performance of pre-ruminant crossbred calves maintained on different feeding strategies. Eighteen crossbred calves of four day old were selected and maintained under uniform conditions. The calves were divided into three groups using CRD. The dietary treatments were T1- (Calves were fed with milk at 1/10th of body weight during first six weeks, 1/15th during next two weeks, 1/20th during next four weeks. Calf starter with 22 – 24 per cent CP and 70 per TDN was offered as per standard feeding practices followed in the farm), T2 - (Calves were fed with milk at 15 per cent of body weight for first month. Then completely weaned at six weeks of age) and T3 - (Calves were fed with milk replacer (22 per cent CP) at 15 per cent of body weight for first month. Then weaned at six weeks of age. Calf starter with 20 per cent CP and 70 per cent TDN was fed in T2 and T3). Average daily gain of calves in three experimental rations T1, T2 and T3 were 287.68 ±16.16, 320.86 ±15.64 and 259.52 ± 13.34g and the respective body weight gain were 32.22, 35.94 and 29.06 kg. There was a higher (p < 0.05) ADG and body weight gain in T2 compared to T3. But there was no significant difference between T2 and T1 and also T3 and T1. The average daily DMI of calves at fortnightly intervals ranged from 0.41 to 1.9 kg for T1, 0.61 to 2.38 kg for T2 and 0.57 to 1.89 kg for T3 and the values did not differ between the various groups except for the fourth and fifth fortnight. The mean feed conversion ratio (kg feed per kg gain) of experimental calves of T1, T2 and T3 were 3.46 ± 0.09, 3.11 ± 0.23 and 3.41± 0.19 respectively and the values were statistically similar (p > 0.05). There was significant improvement (p < 0.05) in digestibility of DM, EE, NFE and ADF in T1 compared to T2 and T3. The blood haemoglobin and serum biochemical parameters such as protein, calcium and phosphorus were similar. But calves fed with T2 and T3 recorded a lesser serum glucose at sixth week compared to T1 (p < 0.05). Average feed cost per kg weight gain per calf belonging to dietary treatments T1, T2 and T3 for a period of four month were Rs. 411.83±13.34, 284.54±12.75 and 279.65±18.41 respectively. Evaluation of the results obtained in the present study revealed that calves fed with milk at the rate of 15 per cent of body weight can be weaned at sixth week of age without any significant difference in dry matter intake, average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency compared to normal weaning. Milk replacer can be used as partial replacement for milk from first week onwards. From this study it was inferred that there should be an adaptation period for milk replacer in new born calves.ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS FROM KERALA(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-09-24) AKHILA JOY; Dr. Sreeja R. NairInfectious bursal disease (IBD), caused by the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), is one of the top five infectious diseases of poultry that discernibly affects the commercial poultry industry. The mutating viral genome of IBDV accounts for many field outbreaks even after following stringent biosecurity measures. In this study, for the detection of IBDV in Kerala, 51 bursa of Fabricius samples were collected from three to six-week-old chicken, with clinical signs or lesions suggestive of IBD. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) targeting the hypervariableVP2 region detected six positive samples, and one out of six samples was successfully isolated in 10-11 day-old embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) through the chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) route. The virus isolated in ECE was genetically characterised by targeting the VP1, VP2 and VP3 genes. The sequence analysis revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of VP1 gene of the isolate was homologous with an attenuated very virulent vaccine strain of Israel, mb and the VP2 gene was homologous with mb and Ventri IBDV plus vaccine strain of India. The analysis of VP3 gene also revealed the similarity of the isolate with vaccine strains except for a single variation S745N in its deduced amino acid sequence. The phylogenetic analysis of the isolate revealed the close relation of the isolate with mb, Ventri IBDV plus and a very virulent strain of Israel, ks. On sequence analysis of amino acids, the characteristic virulent marker amino acid motifs "SWSASGS" and "TDN" were present in the VP2 and VP1, respectively. Hence, the study revealed that the virus isolate has emerged from an attenuated very virulent vaccine strain and the change in virulence of the strain might be due to S745N in the VP3 gene or any change in the VP4 or VP5 gene, which is beyond the scope of the current study. The present study is the first attempt in Kerala in which analysis of the coding sequence of VP1, VP2 and VP3 genes are employed for characterisation.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF POINT-OF-CARE TESTS FOR THE DETECTION OF SUBCLINICAL KETOSIS IN EARLY POST-PARTUM COWS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-11-10) ANJALY FRANCIS; Dr. Ambily V. R.A study on subclinical ketosis in cows in early lactation was conducted in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, during the period from May 2020 to April 2022. One hundred and fourteen multiparous animals were screened for subclinical ketosis (SCK) on 14th and 28th day postpartum. Cows with blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) value ≥ 1.2 mmol/L without any overt clinical signs were considered as positive for SCK. Concurrent transition period abnormalities and other risk factors for occurrence of SCK were assessed. Subclinical ketosis was confirmed in 23.7 and 14.04 per cent of animals on 14th and 28th day, respectively. Occurrence of SCK was highest in animals in second lactation, between four and six years of age. Crossbred Holstein Friesian herds were more affected. Body condition score (BCS) of diseased animals were higher than normal animals and a non-significant reduction was observed in BCS of diseased animals on 28th day. Highest incidence was noticed in animals calved during July to September and 58.1 per cent of diseased animals had male calf. Mastitis (32 per cent), metritis (12 per cent) and retention of foetal membranes (8 per cent) were the important concurrent transition period abnormalities detected in diseased animals. Significant reduction (p≤0.01) was observed in blood glucose concentration of diseased animals on both test days. Significant increase (p≤0.01) was noticed in milk fat per cent of diseased animals on both test days. No significant difference was noticed in milk BHB and milk fat to protein ratio (F:P) between affected and normal animals. Milk production on test days and milk yield in previous lactation were higher in dairy cows positive for SCK. Haemato-biochemical parameters of diseased and normal animals were analysed. Haematological parameters of diseased animals were normal except for a significant reduction in haemoglobin value on both test days. No significant variations were recorded in biochemical parameters of diseased and normal animals except for a significant reduction in total bilirubin value and a significant increase in serum creatinine value in diseased animals. Five point-of-care tests were evaluated in comparison to blood BHB to find a suitable cow-side test for detection of SCK in cows in transition period and data were analysed statistically. Statistical analysis revealed a fair agreement with blood glucose, moderate agreement with milk F:P, substantial agreement with milk BHB and urine tests for the detection of SCK using blood BHB as standard. None of these point-of-care tests were sensitive in detection of disease during early lactation in multiparous dairy cattle.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OCCURRENCE OF LEPTOSPIROSIS IN DAIRY CATTLE(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-10-19) SRIJI A. P.; Dr. K. Vrinda MenonLeptospirosis is a neglected bacterial zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution posing significant threat to humans and animals. The present study was conducted to identify the risk factors associated with bovine leptospirosis in Pananchery panchayat and Irinjalakuda municipality in Thrissur district, Kerala. Blood and urine (102 each) samples from dairy cattle and water (50) samples were collected from both the study areas in pre and post-monsoon seasons. A survey was conducted at the time of sample collection in order to identify risk factors. Blood, urine and water samples were examined by Dark Field Microscopy (DFM) and were found to be negative. Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) of serum samples revealed seroprevalence of 25 per cent in pre-monsoon and 36.54 per cent in post-monsoon season from samples collected from Pananchery. In Irinjalakuda, 22 per cent and 28 per cent seroprevalence was observed in pre and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. The predominant serovars detected in both seasons were Hardjo (30 per cent in pre-monsoon and 28.95 per cent postmonsoon) and Grippotyphosa (16.67 per cent in pre-monsoon and 23.68 per cent in post-monsoon). Urine and water samples were subjected to PCR targeting 16S rRNA, lipl 21, lipl 32 and lipl 41 genes. On molecular analysis of urine by PCR, 15.38 per cent samples from Pananchery and 10 per cent samples from Irinjalakuda were found positive for leptospires in pre-monsoon. In postmonsoon, 23.08 per cent urine samples from Pananchery and 18 per cent from Irinjalakuda were detected by PCR. Pathogenic leptospires were detected in 5.88 per cent and 8.82 per cent of the urine samples in pre and post-monsoon, respectively. Analysis of water samples by PCR revealed that two per cent samples in pre-monsoon, 10 per cent of samples in post-monsoon were found to be positive without any significant difference between two study areas and two seasons. On molecular analysis, only six per cent water samples in post-monsoon revealed pathogenic leptospires. Initially, the risk factors were analysed by subjecting the data to univariate analysis (Chi-Square) for identifying risk factors associated with infection in both pre and post-monsoon seasons. The factors which were identified as significantly associated with leptospirosis in univariate analysis were then subjected to multivariate analysis. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, possibility of contamination of grazing land with animal urine (OR=3.605; p<0.01) was identified as risk factor in pre-monsoon. In post monsoon, semi intensive and extensive system of rearing of animals (OR=6.493; p<0.01) and animals that used water sources shared by human and cattle for drinking (OR=2.487; p<0.05) were significantly associated with the presence of leptospirosis. The research revealed that apparently healthy cattle and water sources may lead to endemicity of disease in the area. Identification of risk factors will help to adopt proper intervention strategies to minimise the disease occurrence in endemic areas.ThesisItem Open Access SUPRACUTANEOUS LOCKING COMPRESSION PLATING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LONG BONE FRACTURES IN DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-09-17) SHAKIR S. N; Dr. Laiju M. PhilipThe study was conducted in six clinical cases of long bone fracture in dogs presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex Mannuthy and University Veterinary Hospital Kokkalai to standardise and assess the efficacy of supracutaneous locking compression plating. Dogs presented with a history of non-weight bearing lameness were subjected to clinical, orthopaedic and radiographic evaluation for the assessment of fracture healing. Mid-diaphyseal and distal third diaphyseal transversefractures involving radius and ulna and femur were managed with open reduction and immobilisation of fractured bone fragments using 2.7 mm supracutaneous locking compression plate. All dogs were unable to place the foot on the ground (Grade 10) and not able to bear weight on fractured limb (Grade VI) before surgery and gradual improvement in the lameness was noticed on post operative observation. All the dogsreturned to sound gait, normal weight bearing and satisfactory functional limb usage by sixth post operative week except in one dog. Post operative apposition and alignment between fracture fragments was good throughout the observation period.Bone healing with periosteal and endosteal callus formation in three cases (50 per cent)and minimum callus formation in other two cases (33.33 per cent) were observed on postoperative radiographic assessment. Nonunion of fracture was observed in one case(16.66 per cent). The implant was intact and patient acceptance was satisfactorythroughout the observation period owing to its low profile nature. Physiological and haematological parameters were within the normal range. The serum alkaline phosphatase level was high on the day of presentation and significantly decreased (p<0.01) progressively upto implant removal. Implant was removed under sedation in all dogs by six to eight weeks. Based on present study, it was concluded that supracutaneous locking compression plating system was found to be technically feasible and effective in the treatment of long bone fractures in terms of early weight bearing and functional outcomeThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND DETECTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTER FROM LAYER FARMS AND CHICKEN PROCESSING LINES(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-10-19) PRAVITHA C. P; Dr. Deepa JollyCampylobacteriosis is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Chicken and other poultry species are the major reservoir for thermophilic Campylobacter spp. like C. jejuni and C. coli. The present study was undertaken to determine the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in layer farms, chicken processing lines, molecular confirmation and antibiotic resistance profile studies of isolates, investigation of genotypic resistance pattern of isolates against tetracycline and ampicillin and evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of chitosan against Campylobacter spp. on chicken skin. A total of 260 samples, comprising of 120 cloacal swabs and 140 environmental samples were collected from two organised layer farms (F1 and F2), one each in Thrissur and Ernakulam districts. In order to establish the important contamination points of Campylobacter during slaughter, a total of 324 samples were analysed from various points of two poultry processing lines, SL1 and SL2. All the samples were subjected to isolation and identification of Campylobacter spp. by conventional culture technique. Genus confirmation and species level identification of the isolates was done by polymerase chain reaction. The overall occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in layer farms F1 and F2 was 20 per cent and 15.4 per cent, respectively. Upon comparing the contamination points from poultry processing lines, contamination in SL1 (37.65 per cent) was found to be higher than SL2 (15.4 per cent). In both slaughterlines, Campylobacter positive status of the birds brought for slaughter was the prime source for C. jejuni contamination. The presence of the organism which increased during scalding, defeathering and evisceration steps, decreased after final washing and chilling of the carcass. Antibiotic resistance profiling revealed all isolates to be resistant to cefipime, cefixime, ceftazidime and cefuroxime. The genes conferring tetracycline and ampicillin resistance, tetO and blaOXA-61 were found among 73.3 per cent and 42.8 per cent of the isolates. Upon statistical analysis, no significant reduction of Campylobacter counts on chicken skin was observed after treatments with different concentrations of chitosan (0.5 per cent, 1 per cent or 2 per cent). The results of present study signify the prevalence of C. jejuni, a zoonotic pathogen, in the layer farms and poultry processing environment of central Kerala. Appropriate biosecurity measures and processing interventions along the poultry production chain is essential for the effective control of this pathogen.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON NON-REGENERATIVE ANAEMIA IN DOGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO Babesia gibsoni INFECTION(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-11-28) PARVATHY J.; Dr. Arun GeorgeThe study titled “Clinico-therapeutic studies on non-regenerative anaemia in dogs with special reference to Babesia gibsoni infection” was conducted in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, during the period beginning June 2021 to April 2022. A total of 68 dogs presented with anaemia, pallor of mucous membranes, dullness and lethargy were screened for non-regenerative anaemia on the basis of reticulocyte count (<60,000 cells/µL). Among them, 40 dogs were identified with non-regenerative anaemia and 28 dogs with regenerative anaemia.The different etiological agents/ factors associated with non-regeneration in the study were Babesia gibsoni infection, Babesia canis, Ehrlichia canis, Hepatozoon canis, chronic kidney disease, ancylostomosis, parvoviral infection, hepatic insufficiency, nasal tumour, acute myeloid leukemia and a case of haemolytic anaemia of unknown etiology. Among the 40 dogs, 20 were positive for B. gibsoni and were grouped together (NRA_BGIB). The remaining 20 dogs formed a highly heterogenous group and hence for better statistical comparison, these dogs were divided into three subgroups on the basis of etiology viz. nonregenerative anaemia associated with haemorrhage (NRA_HAEM), nonregenerative anaemia due to chronic kidney disease (NRA_CKD) and nonregenerative anaemia due to other blood parasites (NRA_OBP). Haematology revealed significant anaemia and thrombocytopenia in all the sub-groups. Serum total protein and albumin were similar in all the groups. Serum iron was significantly lower in NRA_HAEM group than the NRA_BGIB and healthy control. Serum iron was lower in NRA_CKD and NRA_OBP sub-groups. Total iron binding capacity was similar in all the subgroups. Percentage transferrin saturation was significantly lower in the NRA_HAEM subgroup than the healthy control. Twenty dogs positive for B. gibsoni by PCR were randomly divided into two groups (I & II) to evaluate efficacy of darbepoetin therapy. Animals of group Iwere administered clindamycin and doxycycline daily for three weeks. Animals of group II were given clindamycin and doxycycline as in group Ⅰ along with three doses of darbepoetin at weekly intervals. Response to therapy was evaluated on the basis of clinical signs and haematological parameters. Marked improvement in clinical signs and haematological parameters was noticed in both the groups, but a statistically significant difference could not be found between groups.
