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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad

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2017 - 20182
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Subject: Veterinary Surgery and Radiology × End date: 2018 × Start date: 2017 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    HEALING OF BONE DEFECTS TREATED WITH TRI - PHASIC COMPOSITE BIO - CERAMIC IN RAT MODELS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2018) Dinesh P. T.; Syam K. Venugopal
    The study was conducted to assess the efficacy of tri-phasic silica containing ceramic coated hydroxyapatite (HASi) as a bone graft substitute for fractures with segmental loss in rat models and to evaluate regeneration of bones treated with HASi, before this new material is put to clinical use. A six millimeter mid diaphyseal defect was created in the right femur of 80 adult male Wistar rats aged 16 weeks. The procedure was done under general anaesthesia using xylazine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride at the dose rate of 9.0 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg body weight given intraperitoneal. The defect was bridged with presized HASi graft and immobilized with 1.5 mm microplates and screws. Healing was evaluated by radiography, histology, haematology, assessment of bone turnover markers activity in serum and by assessment of biomechanical strength. All the animals showed undisturbed wound healing without any complication. Serial radiographic evaluation fortnightly revealed that the fragments were in alignment and apposition. The graft had integrated with the host bone radiographically by four weeks and showed both proximal and distal union. By 16 weeks time, new bone formation was evident. Healing was assessed by scoring the radiographs and the total score observed was 0.57 ± 0.15 at two weeks, 3.25 ± 0.25 at four weeks, 6.83 ± 0.28 at eight weeks, 8.94 ± 0.15 at twelve weeks and 9.54 ± 0.16 at sixteen weeks in a scorecard of maximum 10 points. New bone formation was observed in the peripheral region of the defect, while the mid region was identifiable with a portion of the material. Grossly, the graft material was incorporated with newly regenerated bone. At 16 weeks, new bone substitution in par with the degradation of the graft material was almost achieved throughout the defect. The total leukocyte count showed an initial increase during the second week of observation, which was with in the normal range. There after, it was reduced and was maintained with in the normal range. Hematologic evaluation results suggested no signs of inflammation or infection during the entire period of fracture healing. Assessment of activity of bone turn markers showed that ALP levels regained to near normal levels indicating completion of osteoblastic activity in time. ACP values were found significantly higher in comparison with normal values suggestive of ongoing osteoclast activity. These two enzyme levels were suggestive of normal fracture healing processes and bone remodeling, respectively. Histological examination revealed complete healing of the defect without any signs of inflammation or fibrous proliferation. New bone deposition and material degradation were more significant in periphery as compared to the centre of the defect at eight weeks. At 16 weeks, new bone deposition and material degradation were achieved throughout the defect. The material was not completely resorbed, but existed as small islands embedded in newly formed bone. Histological evaluation has proved adequate levels of osteoconduction and osteointegration between bone substitution graft and the host bone. The fractured limb had regained 83 per cent of its flexural strength, 92.82 per cent of compressive strength and 78.99 per cent of torsional strength when compared to that of the normal limb by 16 weeks. Therefore, the present study has proved the successful use of HASi bone substitute graft material for the treatment of critical sized segmental defects in the rat femur on the basis clinical results.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ACEPROMAZINE, MIDAZOLAM AND BUTORPHANOL AS ADJUNCTS TO XYLAZINE-KETAMINE ANAESTHESIA FOR VASECTOMY IN CAPTIVE SAMBAR DEER (RUSA UNICOLOR)
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2017) JOJU JOHNS; George Chandy
    Anaesthetic protocols using acepromazine, butorphanol and midazolam as independent adjuncts to xylazine-ketamine were evaluated in thirty captive Sambar Deer (Rusa unicolor) undergoing vasectomy. Acepromazine, xylazine and ketamine (0.1 ± 0.01, 3.1 ± 0.2 and 4.2 ± 0.2 mg/kg b. wt., respectively - Group I), butorphanol, xylazine and ketamine (0.09, 2.8 ± 0.1 and 3.7 ± 0.1 mg/kg b. wt., respectively - Group II) and midazolam, xylazine and ketamine (0.2 ± 0.01, 3.0 ± 0.1 and 4.0 ± 0.1, mg/kg b. wt. respectively - Group III) were administered intramuscularly by darting (n = 10 each), followed by ketamine intravenously in animals not anaesthetised fifteen minutes from darting. Quality of induction, ease of physical restraint for ketamine administration and recovery from anaesthesia were scored. Yohimbine (0.3 mg/kg b. wt., IV) was administered following surgical procedure. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature and invasive arterial blood pressure were recorded at five minute intervals. Arterial (10th and 20th minute) and venous (immediately after induction) blood samples were collected. Ketamine was administered at the rate of 1.5 ± 0.2, 1.2 ± 0.2 and 1.1 mg/kg in Groups I, II and III, respectively. Quality and time for induction of anaesthesia was better in Group III (9.8 ± 1.18 min.) compared to Group I (16.1 ± 1.36 min.) and Group II (15.0 ± 1.29 min.) Recovery was prolonged (27.2 ± 2.93 min.) in Group III. Mean rectal temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate were in normal range, while hypertension was observed in all animals. Hypoxemia with moderate hypercapnia, mildly acidic blood pH and elevated creatine kinase levels were observed in all groups. Blood glucose level was significantly high in Group III. Based on the study, acepromazine-xylazine-ketamine and butorphanolxylazine-ketamine can be recommended for minor procedures and midazolamxylazine-ketamine for surgical procedures requiring longer immobilisation in captive Sambar Deer.