Thumbnail Image

Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad

Browse

2011 - 201925
Reset filters
Subject: Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2010 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
Reset filters

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 25
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ECLIPTA PROSTRATA (L.) L. LEAVES ON EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED AFLATOXICOSIS IN BROILER CHICKEN
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, 2018-11-30) PRIYA. K; Preethy John
    The study was aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of E. prostrata (Kayyonni) leaf powder on experimentally induced aflatoxicosis in broiler chicken. The leaf powder was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening to find out the active principles present in it. Aflatoxin was produced in maize using the culture Aspergillus flavus NRRL 6513. The maize culture powder yielded 143.48 ppm of aflatoxin. This mouldy maize was incorporated in experimental feed to arrive 500 ppb of aflatoxin. Sixty Cobb400 day old broiler chicks weighing 50 ± 5 g were randomly divided into six groups comprising 10 birds in each group. The birds were maintained under deep litter system and provided with ad libitum water and feed throughout the experimental period. All the birds were vaccinated as per the standard schedule. Aflatoxicosis was experimentally induced in all groups except T1 and T3 by giving 500 ppb of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from eighth day of age onwards. The group T1 was kept as normal control and T2 as toxic control. T3 was fed with E. prostata leaf powder at 0.2 per cent level. The leaf powder of E. prostrata was given to T4, T5 and T6 at dose rates of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 per cent respectivelyBody weight was recorded at weekly intervals and the blood was collected from the wing vein on days 7, 21 and 42. Serum was separated and used for the estimation of biochemical parameters such as aspartate transaminase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), cholesterol and total proteins. On the day 42, all the birds were sacrificed; detailed post- mortem examination was conducted. Liver samples were taken to estimate antioxidant parameters such as lipid peroxidation (LPO) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Representative liver samples were also taken and preserved with 10 per cent neutral buffered formalin for histopathological examinationThe preliminary phytochemical screening of E. prostrata leaf powder revealed the presence of steroid, tannins, flavonoids, diterpenes, tripterpenes and saponin.Treatment with E. prostrata leaves powder revealed hepatoprotection in dose dependent manner which is indicated by significant (P<0.05) reduction in the level of serum AST and increase in the level of cholesterol and total protein. The oxidative stress induced by aflatoxin in liver was reduced to a great extend as indicated by the increased level of reduced glutathione and decrease in the lipid peroxidation. Histopathological examination of liver showed regenerative changes in a dose dependent manner when compared with that of normal control group. Thus, it could be concluded that E .prostrata leaf powder had marked antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect on experimentally induced aflatoxicosis in broiler chicken
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    TOXICOKINETICS OF AMITRAZ FOLLOWING SINGLE DERMAL APPLICATION IN GOATS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2014-05-26) N, SATHISH; Juliet, Sanis
    Amitraz is a formamidine derivative widely used for the control of ticks and mange mites in animals. The work reported here describes the toxicokinetics of amitraz in Malabari goats after single dermal application at 0.25 per cent. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time intervals up to 168 h and milk samples were collected every morning and evening up to eight days post dermal application. Analysis of amitraz was done by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Amitraz was detected in blood within 0.5 h attaining a peak concentration of 7.24 ± 0.79 at 6 h followed by a decline and persisted till 168 h. The various kinetic parameters were calculated using a two compartment open model. The absorption rate constant (Ka), apparent volume of distribution (V / F), elimination half-life (t1/2β), ratio of k12 and K21, tissue-blood ratio and mean residence time (MRT) were 0.58 h -1 , 33.29 µl / mg, 172.59 h, 0.63, 0.71 and 240.10 h respectively. Amitraz was rapidly absorbed from the site of application, widely distributed and slowly eliminated from the body. The lower tissue-blood ratio suggested its minimum affinity for accumulation in the tissues. The concentration of amitraz detected in milk ranged from 0.37-0.44 mg / L until the duration of the study period. Absorption of the retained drug from the application site contributed to the persistent concentration detected in the blood and milk till 168 h.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IN VITRO HEPATIC METABOLISM OF THE PHYTOBIOTIC 1,8- CINEOLE IN DOMESTIC FOWL
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2018-08-13) D. M., MAHESH; Juliet, Sanis
    Chickens reared under intensive systems are likely to be exposed to feed additives and various xenobiotics. With the ban of antibiotics as in-feed growth promoters (AGPs), there is requirement of alternative method to improve the bird’s performance capacity and also cope well with harsh conditions during rearing period. Phytobiotics, especially essential oils (EOs), are a new class of feed additives that have attracted attention due to their attributed antimicrobial and growth promoter properties. 1,8-cineole is a naturally occurring monocyclic monoterpene ether with an aromatic and camphor like odour and is one of the essential oil (EO) components used in poultry feed as phytobiotic. Even though the metabolism of 1,8-cineole is well studied in rats, rabbits, koala and brush tail possum and humans, its fate in poultry is not yet reported. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) are a group of monooxygenases playing a significant role in the biotransformation of several kinds of xenobiotics. CYP3A enzymes have been reported as responsible for metabolism of 1,8-cineole in rat and human liver microsomes. Avian and other mammalian species have distinctly different potential capacities of metabolizing drugs. The difference in the metabolic pathway and metabolic enzymes involved in biotransformation of drugs is one of the factors contributing for species variability in pharmacological responses. Although mammalian and avian CYPs are not strictly orthologs, some substrates were found to work for both groups. Hence, the present study was conducted in vitro to identify the cytochrome P450 enzyme orthologs involved in the biotransformation of 1,8-cineole in chicken hepatic S9 and microsomal fractions. The approaches used included the use of specific cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) inhibitors and the correlation of prototype substrate activities with the formation of the hydroxylated metabolite of 1,8-cineole. Nifedipine and phenacetin were used as specific substrates for the CYP3A and CYP1A isoforms and ketoconazole was used as an inhibitor. Twelve day old Gramasree layer chicks were purchased from hatchery unit, Instructional Livestock Farm Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode and were reared under standard management practices for 12 weeks. The chicks were fed with standard layer feed diet for starter (0-8 weeks) and grower (8-12 weeks) as per Bureau of Indian Standards, 2007 and had free access to water ad libitum until the experiment. A high performance liquid chromatography method was validated and applied for the determination of nifedipine, phenacetin and their formed metabolites nifedipine oxide and acetaminophen in hepatic microsomes and S9 fractions. Determination of nifedipine and nifedipine oxide were carried out at a flow rate of 1 mL/min using the mobile phase consisting of methanol and water in the ratio of 65:35. Phenacetin and its metabolite acetaminophen were determined at a flow rate of 1 mL/min by using the mobile phases consisting of methanol: water (70:30) and water: acetonitrile (85:15) respectively. Analysis of 1,8-cineole and its metabolite was done by gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry(GC-MS). The extraction efficiency was also determined for nifedipine, nifedipine oxide, phenacetin, acetaminophen and 1,8- cineole by comparing the peak areas from drug free samples spiked with known quantities of drug in the range of concentration of calibration curves and standard solutions with suitable solvent in which it is soluble, injected directly into analytical column. Chickens of ninety days age were euthanized by complete cranial decapitation followed by exsanguination. The liver was immediately collected and washed with icecold 1.15 per cent of potassium chloride solution. Both the body and liver weight were recorded. A portion of the collected livers (major lobe) was processed at 4 ºC for the generation of S9 and microsomal fractions. In vitro incubation studies were carried out in S9 and for with and without NADPH generating system with nifedipine, phenacetin and 1,8-cineole in presence and absence of the inhibitor ketoconazole at predetermined time intervals. The enzyme activities for the CYP isoforms were correlated with the formation of the metabolites. Analysis of various drug metabolisms were done using Graphpad prism 5 software and nonlinear regression analysis of drug disappearance versus time was done with mycurvefit. No mortality of the birds was recorded when reared strictly under intensive system. The birds at the end of 12th week attained an average body weight of. 771.33 ± 64.96 g. The nifedipine and its metabolite were best separated with retention times of 8.02 and 6.01 min respectively. The drug phenacetin and its metabolite had a retention time of 4.2 and 5.5 min respectively. Ketoconazole was detected at 220 nm with a retention time of 1.9 minute using the mobile phase mixture of methanol: 0.1% formic acid (90:10, v/v). The retention time of 1,8-cineole and its metabolite were 7.9 and 13.1 min respectively. An average obtained liver weight of 19.79 ± 2.88 g was obtained which was approximately 2.56 per cent of the average body weight for Gramasree birds. The microsomal protein in the present study was 28.42± 0.780 per gram of fresh weight tissue. Incubation of 1,8-cineole in the hepatic S9 fraction with a protein concentration of 7 mg/ml up to 180 min did not exhibit any significant decrease in the concentration of the parent compound compared to samples at ‘zero’ min. On the contrary, 1,8 cineole was significantly metabolized by the microsomal fraction with a linear decrease in the concentration of the drug. This could be due to the difference in the metabolic enzymes present in the cytosolic and microsomal fractions. No significant difference in metabolic activity was noted between the male and female birds. The formation of nifedipine oxide at different incubation times indicated the existence of chicken CYP ortholog of the human enzyme studied. Phenacetin, also metabolized by CYP1A2 isoenzyme was used as a specific substrate probe for determining its activity. Phenacetin was not metabolized by the hepatic cytosolic enzymes till 180 minutes. However, both phenacetin and 1,8-cineole was metabolised in the S9 fraction 6 hours post incubation indicating low CYP activity in the hepatic S9 fraction. . The study indicated that CYP3A isoform catalysed the hydroxylation of 1,8- cineole in chicken liver microsomes with the formation of 2α-hydroxy-1,8-cineole. The human isoenzyme CYP3A specific inhibitor ketoconazole significantly inhibited the metabolisms of nifedipine and 1,8-cineole in chicken liver microsomes. Since ketoconazole is also reported as a nonspecific inhibitor of CYP 1A in chickens, the role of CYP 1A2 in the metabolism of 1,8-cineole in chicken in the present study cannot be ruled out. Further, the rate of 1,8- cineole biotransformation is low in chickens when compared to biotransformation in humans and rats in vitro.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CHARACTERIZATION OF MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR SUBTYPES IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-10-28) SANJAY, B M; Suresh N Nair
    Motility of small intestine which determine the efficacy of digestion and assimilation of nutrients and thus the rate of growth in the animals and birds is modulated mainly by muscarinic cholinergic receptor system. Among the five major subtypes of muscarinic receptors reported so far, from M1 to M5, M1, M2 and M3 are the major receptor subtypes in the intestine. The efficacy of agonists and antagonists in modulating the gastrointestinal motility is governed by subtypes of muscarinic receptors in the organs. So far, there are no reports of muscarinic receptors of quail intestine. The current study was conducted for identifying the presence of muscarinic receptor subtypes and its functional assessment, for better pharmacological management of dysfunctions of the small intestine. Eight healthy quails of either sex were raised under uniform management conditions. Birds were euthanized and two to three centimetres length ileum was separated from a region five centimetres away from the ileo-caecal junction and transferred to tyrode solution at 37.2 °C. The ileum tissue was mounted under 1 g tension in an organ bath chamber with constant aeration. The contractile responses to the agonist alone, agonist in presence of antagonists and relaxant effect of muscarinic receptor antagonists with submaximal contraction of ACh were recorded with isometric transducer connected to a recorder. The median effective concentration 50 (EC50), median inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) and pD2 values were determined. From the results, it is evident that muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are present in the small intestine of Japanese quail. The EC50 values of acetylcholine alone in ileum of Japanese quail varied from 1.235 X 10-7 M to 2.344 X 10-7 M with mean value of 1.701 X 10-7 M and pD2 value of 6.769. The EC50 of ACh in presence of atropine varied from 4.19 X 10-7 M to 8.36 X 10-7 M with a mean value of 5.92 X 10-7 M and pD2 value of 6.23. In presence of pirenzepine, mean EC50 of 4.51 X 10-7 M with a range of 3.17 X 10-7 M to 6.42 X 10-7 M and pD2 values of 6.35 and in presence of solifenacin EC50 value varied from 2.05 X10-7 M to 3.44 X 10-7 M with a mean value of 2.65 X 10-7 M and pD2 values of 6.58. Muscarinic receptor antagonists mainly atropine, pirenzepine and solifenacin completely relaxed the contraction induced by submaximal dose of ACh. The IC50 of atropine varied from 5.21 X 10-8 M to 8.64 X 10-8 M with a mean value of 6.71 X 10-8 M and pD2 value of 7.173, the IC50 of pirenzepine varied from 1.573 X 10-6 M to 1.926 X 10-6 M with a mean value of 1.74 X 10-6 M and pD2 value of 5.759. For solifenacin, the IC50 value varied from 6.25 X 10-7 M to 8.20 X 10-7 M with a mean value of 7.16 X 10-7 M and pD2 value of 6.145. There was a significant increase in the EC50 values of ACh in presence of atropine and pirenzepine compared to EC50 value of ACh alone. Also, there was a significant increase in the EC50 value of ACh in presence of atropine when compared to EC50 of ACh in presence of solifenacin. This indicates that the muscarinic receptor subtypes responsible for contraction of small intestine in Japanese quail is contributed by both M2 and M3 muscarinic receptor subtypes since M1 receptor is absent in them just like other avian species as evidenced by a negative result in PCR. It was also being found that EC50 of ACh is increased 3.48 times in presence of atropine, 2.65 times in presence of pirenzepine and 1.56 times in presence of solifenacin. This indicates that the muscarinic receptor subtypes responsible for contraction of small intestine in Japanese quail is contributed by both M2 and M3 muscarinic receptor subtypes and molecular studies have revealed the absence of M1 receptor gene in Japanese quail.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF Hordeum vulgare AND Pergularia daemia IN TRIPLE NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER CELLS
    (College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 2019) AKHIL G.H.; Bibu John Kariyil
    The present study was aimed to evaluate the anticancer activity of methanol extract of germinated seeds of Hordeum vulgare (Barley) and leaves of Pergularia daemia (Veliparuthi) in MDA-MB-231 cell line. Qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroids, glycosides, diterpenes, triterpenes and saponins in H. vulgare whereas tannins and flavonoids were additionally detected in P. daemia. The RP-HPLC analysis showed the presence of hordenine and lupeol in H. vulgare and P. daemia respectively. In vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts by DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays showed a significant (p<0.05) concentration-dependent antioxidant activity for both the extracts. The IC50 values for DPPH assay were found to be 112.75±5.74 and 100.67±7.9 μg/mL for H. vulgare and P. daemia respectively and for superoxide radical scavenging assay, the IC50 values were found to be 28.90±1.85 and 39.63±1.41 μg/mL for H. vulgare and P. daemia respectively. Cytotoxicity assay revealed that both the extracts produced potent cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 41.28±0.30 and 35.95 35.95±3.57 μg/mL for H. vulgare and P. daemia respectively. Morphological evaluation produced similar cytotoxic morphological changes in cells treated with standard hordenine and lupeol when compared with their respective extracts exhibiting morphological alterations such as reduction in cell population, presence of apoptotic bodies, cell shrinkage and vacuole formation. Both the extracts produced early apoptosis as evident by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining characterised by yellowgreen fluorescence. Hoechst staining revealed that both the extracts altered nuclear morphology indicative of apoptosis with features such as nuclear marginalisation and fragmentation. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assessed by JC-1 staining revealed that H. vulgare partially altered MMP whereas P. daemia completely altered MMP. The results of the comet assay revealed that P. daemia alone was able to cause DNA damage significantly (p<0.01). The results of western blotting showed a significant (p<0.01) downregulation of Bcl-2 expression in P. daemia treated cells whereas caspase-8 expression was significantly (p<0.01) upregulated in H. vulgare treated cells. Thus, the study revealed that H. vulgare and P. daemia produced apoptosis by extrinsic and intrinsic pathway respectively.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IN VITRO HEPATIC METABOLISM OF THE PHYTOBIOTIC 1,8- CINEOLE IN DOMESTIC FOWL
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2018) MAHESH D. M.; Sanis Juliet
    Chickens reared under intensive systems are likely to be exposed to feed additives and various xenobiotics. Phytobiotics, especially essential oils (EOs), are a new class of feed additives that have attracted attention due to their attributed antimicrobial and growth promoter properties. 1,8- cineole is a naturally occurring monocyclic monoterpene ether with an aromatic and camphor like odour and is one of the EO components used in poultry feed as phytobiotic. Even though the metabolism of 1,8-cineole is studied in rats, rabbits, koala and brushtail possum and humans, its fate in poultry is not yet reported. The present study was conducted in vitro to identify the cytochrome P450 enzyme orthologs involved in the biotransformation of 1,8-cineole in chicken hepatic S9 and microsomal fractions. The approaches used included the use of specific cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) inhibitors and the correlation of prototype substrate activities with the formation of the hydroxylated metabolite of 1,8-cineole. Nifedipine and phenacetin were used as specific substrates for the CYP3A and CYP1A isoforms and ketoconazole was used as an inhibitor. A high performance liquid chromatography method was validated and applied for the determination of nifedipine, phenacetin and their formed metabolites nifedipine oxide and acetaminophen in hepatic microsomes and S9 fractions. Analysis of 1,8-cineole and its metabolite was done by gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry(GC-MS). No significant difference in metabolic activity of specific probes and 1,8-cineole was noted between the male and female birds. Incubation of 1,8-cineole in the hepatic S9 fraction with a protein concentration of 7 mg/ml up to 180 min did not exhibit any significant decrease in the concentration of the parent compound compared to samples at ‘zero’ minutes. On the contrary, 1,8 cineole was significantly metabolized by the microsomal fraction with a linear decrease in the concentration of the drug. The formation of nifedipine oxide at different incubation times indicated the existence of chicken CYP ortholog of the human enzyme studied. Phenacetin was not metabolized by the hepatic cytosolic enzymes till 180 minutes. However, both phenacetin and 1,8- cineole was metabolised in the S9 fraction 6 hours post incubation. The study indicated that CYP3A isoform catalyzed the hydroxylation of 1,8-cineole in chicken liver microsomes with the formation of 2α-hydroxy-1,8-cineole. The human isoenzyme CYP3A specific inhibitor ketoconazole significantly inhibited the metabolisms of nifedipine and 1,8-cineole in chicken liver microsomes. Since ketoconazole is also reported as a nonspecific inhibitor of CYP 1A in chickens, the role of CYP 1A2 in the metabolism of 1,8-cineole in chicken in the present study cannot be ruled out.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF Tribulus terrestris (NJERINJIL) IN CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE TOXICITY ON REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF MALE RATS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2018) KARTHIKA P. R.; Sujith. S
    The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Tribulus terrestris (Njerinjil) in cyclophosphamide toxicity on reproductive system of male rats. The fruits of T. terrestris were procured locally, identified, dried in shade and pulverized. Ethanolic extract was prepared by soxhlet extraction and qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extract was performed to determine the active components. Forty adult male Wistar rats were procured from Small Animal Breeding Station, Mannuthy and divided into five groups of eight animals each. Group I served as normal control, while group II, III, IV and V received cyclophosphamide (CP) orally at the rate of 15 mg/ kg twice weekly for 30 days. Groups III, IV and V were supplemented with ethanolic extract of T. terrestris fruit daily at the dose rates of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively orally for 30 days along with cyclophosphamide. Body weight of all the animals were recorded on days 0, 15 and 30. On day 30, all the rats were sacrificed and dissected. After taking testes weight, size and volume, the left testis and epididymis from each animal were used for semen collection and for histopathological samples. The semen samples from cauda epidiymis were used for estimation of semen parameters like mass activity, sperm progressive motility, count, morphology, vital staining and acrosome integrity. The other testis and epididymis were collected immediately on ice cooled bags for the assessment of antioxidant assay of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) and functional marker enzyme levels such as acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH). Representative samples of testes, epididymis, liver, kidney and heart were fixed in 10 per cent neutral buffered formalin and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological screening. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of T. terrestris revealed the presence of various active principles like steroids, alkaloids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, terpenes and saponins. Administration of cyclophosphamide significantly reduced body weight, relative testes weight, testes size, testes volume, mass activity, sperm motility, sperm count, sperm viability and acrosome integrity, SOD, GSH, ACP and ALP. There was also significant increase in per cent of abnormal sperms, LDH, SDH and LPO levels. Histopathological studies in testis and epididymis confirmed reproductive toxicity in the form of degeneration and loss of germinal epithelium within the seminiferous tubules giving a washed out appearance. Liver showed centrilobular necrosis, fatty degeneration and hepatocellular cytoplasmic vacuolation. Tubular epithelial degeneration, interstitial haemorrhages, atrophy of glomerular tufts and formation of casts within the lumen were observed in kidney. Sections of heart in GII animals revealed myocardial degeneration, disruption and separation of cardiac muscle fibres. Treatment with ethanolic extract of T. terrestris at various doses significantly increased body weight, relative testes weight, size and volume, mass activity, sperm progressive motility, sperm count, acrosome integrity, SOD, GSH, ACP and ALP. There was also a significant dose dependant decrease in per cent of abnormal sperms, LDH, SDH and LPO levels with maximum protective effect at 500 mg/kg of the extract. Histopathological examination showed a dose dependant regeneration and restoration of seminiferous tubular epithelium in testes and ciliated lining epithelium in epididymis. Reversion of hepatic and renal architecture to normal were observed in T. terrestris extract supplemented groups. GIII, GIV and GV revealed normal cardiac myocytes with centrally located nuclei having abundant cytoplasm outlined by distinct and intact cell walls which was comparable to GI . Therefore, it could be concluded that ethanolic extract of T. terrestris has protective effect and antioxidant potential in cyclophosphamide induced reproductive toxicity in rats.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ECLIPTA PROSTRATA (L.) L. LEAVES ON EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED AFLATOXICOSIS IN BROILER CHICKEN
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2018) PRIYA. K; Preethy John
    The study was aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of E. prostrata (Kayyonni) leaf powder on experimentally induced aflatoxicosis in broiler chicken. The leaf powder was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening to find out the active principles present in it. Aflatoxin was produced in maize using the culture Aspergillus flavus NRRL 6513. The maize culture powder yielded 143.48 ppm of aflatoxin. This mouldy maize was incorporated in experimental feed to arrive 500 ppb of aflatoxin. Sixty Cobb400 day old broiler chicks weighing 50 ± 5 g were randomly divided into six groups comprising 10 birds in each group. The birds were maintained under deep litter system and provided with ad libitum water and feed throughout the experimental period. All the birds were vaccinated as per the standard schedule. Aflatoxicosis was experimentally induced in all groups except T1 and T3 by giving 500 ppb of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from eighth day of age onwards. The group T1 was kept as normal control and T2 as toxic control. T3 was fed with E. prostata leaf powder at 0.2 per cent level. The leaf powder of E. prostrata was given to T4, T5 and T6 at dose rates of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 per cent respectively. Body weight was recorded at weekly intervals and the blood was collected from the wing vein on days 7, 21 and 42. Serum was separated and used for the estimation of biochemical parameters such as aspartate transaminase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), cholesterol and total proteins. On the day 42, all the birds were sacrificed; detailed post- mortem examination was conducted. Liver samples were taken to estimate antioxidant parameters such as lipid peroxidation (LPO) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Representative liver samples were also taken and preserved with 10 per cent neutral buffered formalin for histopathological examination. The preliminary phytochemical screening of E. prostrata leaf powder revealed the presence of steroid, tannins, flavonoids, diterpenes, tripterpenes and saponin. Treatment with E. prostrata leaves powder revealed hepatoprotection in dose dependent manner which is indicated by significant (P<0.05) reduction in the level of serum AST and increase in the level of cholesterol and total protein. The oxidative stress induced by aflatoxin in liver was reduced to a great extend as indicated by the increased level of reduced glutathione and decrease in the lipid peroxidation. Histopathological examination of liver showed regenerative changes in a dose dependent manner when compared with that of normal control group. Thus, it could be concluded that E .prostrata leaf powder had marked antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect on experimentally induced aflatoxicosis in broiler chicken.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ACARICIDAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS AND THE FRACTIONS OF ARTEMISIA NILAGIRICA (CLARKE) PAMP. AND CLERODENDRUM PHILIPPINUM SCHAUER. AGAINST RHIPICEPHALUS (BOOPHILUS) ANNULATUS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2014) DARSANA U.; Suresh N. Nair
    The present study is envisaged to find out the acaricidal potential of the extract / fractions / subfractions of the plants Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp and C. philippinum Schauer. Safety of the extract were assessed by oral (rats) and dermal (rabbits) toxicity studies using relevant OECD guidelines. The efficacy of crude ethanolic extract of A. nilagirica and C. philippinum against R. (B.) annulatus females were assessed by estimating the per cent larval mortality by larval packet test and per cent adult mortality, inhibition of fecundity and larval hatching rate by adult immersion test. The ethanolic extract of A. nilagirica was positive for flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, fixed oils and fats. The ethanolic extracts of A. nilagirica produced concentration dependent larvicidal activity, adult tick mortality, inhibition of fecundity and highly significant inhibition of hatching. The hexane fraction of this extract retained the acaricidal properties of the extract. The subfraction FA1c was acaricidal among the eight subfractions separated from hexane fraction. Crude extract of C. philippinum demonstrated concentration dependent adult tick mortality and also a significant inhibition of hatching of eggs. The n-butanol fraction of this extract retained the eclosion blocking properties. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of C. philippinum revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, phenolic compound, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, fixed oils and fats. The subfraction FC3a obtained from the n-butanol fraction of C. philippinum showed significant acaricidal activity. Acute oral, acute and sub-acute dermal toxicity studies did not reveal any toxicity of these two plants. The present work imply that FA1c of hexane fraction of A. nilagirica and FC3a of n-butanol fraction of C. philippinum possessed significant acaricidal activity. The subfraction could be new drug leads for development of promising acaricides.