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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad
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ThesisItem Open Access IMMUNE RESPONSE TO COMBINED FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE, HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA AND BLACK QUARTER VACCINE AND THEIR RESPECTIVE MONOVALENT VACCINES IN CATTLE(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2001) RAJKUMAR, K.Immune response to combined Foot and Mouth Disease, Haemorrhagic Septicaemia and Black Quarter vaccine and to their respective individual vaccine were studied. Group I animals were vaccinated with combined FMD, HS and BQ oil adjuvant vaccine. Group II animals were vaccinated with FMD polyvalent oil adjuvant vaccine and combined HS, BQ gel vaccine. Group III animals were vaccinated with polyvalent FMD oil adjuvant vaccine, HS gel vaccine and BQ gel vaccine. Vaccinations were done in unvaccinated calves above four month of age. Booster vaccination were carried out after nine month after primary vaccination for oil adjuvant vaccine and six month after primary vaccination for gel vaccine in all group animals. Monthly assessment of antibody titres against O, A, C and Asia-1 antigens were made by liquid phase blocking ELISA and Pasteurella multocida and Clostridium chauvoei by Indirect ELISA. All the three groups maintained protective antibody titre for FMD virus type 'O', 'A', 'C^ 'Asia-1', Pasteurella multocida and Clostridium chauvoei antibody litres throughout the study period. All the three groups did not show any significant variation in antibody litres against FMDV type, 'O', 'A', 'C and 'Asia-l'and Pasteurella multocida and Clostridium chauvoei though they are well above protective litres. From this observation it is concluded that 1. All the three schedule of vaccination provides sufficient protective litre for FMDV type, 'O', 'A', 'C and 'Asia l'and Pasteurella multocida and Clostridium chauvoei though they are well above protective litres. 2. Combined vaccine performance is equally good as that of individual vaccine. 3. Combined vaccine reduces labour cost for injection, number of visit and stress to the animals to a very great extent. There fore combined vaccine may be preferred when compared to individual vaccine.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CERTAIN BACTERIAL AND VIRAL DISEASES CAUSING NEONATAL MORTALITYIN PUPS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2004) INDU., S.NAMPUTHIRIThe present study was conducted to assess the role of bacterial and certain viral etiology, to conduct antibiogram and to estimate the nonspecific factors associated with neonatal mortality in pups.The bacterial isolates from milk of bitches were identified as Staphylococcus aureus (29 per cent) Staphylococcus intermedius (six per cent), Klebsiella pneumoniae (47 per cent), Proteus vulgaris (12 per cent) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (six per cent). Antibiogram of the isolates showed that majority of the isolates from milk were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (71 per cent), followed by amoxycillin (65per cent), gentamicin (41per cent), enrofloxacin (59 per cent), norfloxacin (18 per cent) chloramphenicol (12 per cent) and amoxy-clav (6 per cent).Blood samples taken from two bitches yielded bacterial growth, which were identified as Staphylococcus aureus (50 per cent) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (50 per cent). The bacterial isolates from blood were lOOper cent sensitive to ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol, 50 per cent to gentamicin, 50 per cent to amoxycillin and resistant to enrofloxacin and norfloxacin. The bacteria isolated from the vaginal samples were identified as Hafnia alvei (Enterobacter a/ve/)(six per cent), Klebsiella pneumoniae (35 per cent), Staphylococcus aureus (12 per cent), Escherichia coli (12 per cent), Proteus vulgaris (23 per cent), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (six per cent) and Staphylococcus intermedius (six per cent). The vaginal isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (88 per cent), gentamicin (53 per cent), amoxycillin (59 per cent), enrofloxacin (71 per cent), chloramphenicol (59 per cent) and norfloxacin (35 per cent). None of the milk, blood or vaginal swabs taken from the control group yielded any bacterial growth. Isolates were obtained from heart blood and from liver and lung of pups. These included Proteus vulgaris{20 per cent),Pseudomonas aeruginosa{40 per cent) and Klebsiella pneumoniae{40 per cent). Fourty per cent of the bacterial isolates from pups were sensitive to gentamicin and chloramphenicol, 80 per cent to ciprofloxacin, 60 per cent to amoxycillin and 20 per cent to norfloxacin and enrofloxacin. The role of parvovirus as a causative agent for neonatal mortality was studied by subjecting the liver, lung,intestine spleen and kidney tissue of dead pups to AGID and HA for detection of parvoviral antigen and one sample was positive by HA. This was confirmed by haemagglutination inhibition test. None of the serum from the bitches gave positive result for antibodies against parvoviral antigen in agar gel immunodiffusion test. The titre of antibodies of bitches were assessed by HI. HI titre of the vaccinated bitches ranged from eight to 64.Only one bitch was having the protective titre. All the unvaccinated bitches were not having any titre of antibodies against parvo by HI testThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON DERMATOMYCOSIS IN DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2004) DEVI., T.; vijayakumar, KThe present study was mainly focused on epidemiological, diagnostic and clinico-therapeutic aspects of dermatomycosis in dogs. A total of 94 animals showed positive results for the presence of arthrospores on direct microscopic examination, out of the total 11016 animals brought to University Veterinary Hospitals Kokkalai and Mannuthy from April 2003 to March 2004, were included in the infected group. No age, sex, breed predilection and seasonal variation for dermatophyte infection were observed. Clinical signs of the infected group are non-specific and quite variable, hence the diagnosis mainly relied on the examination of skin scrapings by direct microscopy and cultural method. Direct microscopic examination is considered to be an ideal method of diagnosis for detecting dermatophytes, since cultural method requires minimum of three weeks time and delays the treatment, even though, it is conclusive. Isolates of Microsporum spp and Trichophyton spp were identified by cultural method using Sabouraud's dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide supplement. Haematological abnormalities recorded were low haemoglobin content and leucopaenia and serum biochemistry revealed increased levels of total protein, albumin, globulin and A/G ratio in infected group compared to that of control group. No significant variations were observed on serum minerals such as copper, iron and zinc contents in infected group compared to control group. But mean values of copper and iron in infected and control groups were lower than the respective normal range in canine, where as zinc levels in both the groups were within the normal range. Three different therapeutic trials were conducted in three different experimental groups. Group 1 animals treated with ketoconazole at the dose rate of 5 mg per kg bodyweight daily orally for two weeks, showed a dramatic clinical response. Clinical examination of dogs at the end of treatment, revealed complete remission of lesions and signs of regrowth of hairs in almost all affected areas in all the animals. Terbinafme at the dose rate of 4 mg per kg body weight once daily orally given in-group 2 animals was proved to be very effective in treatment of dermatophyte infected dogs. Combination of intramuscular injection of "Biocan M" vaccine adsorbed with aluminium hydroxide and topical application of ketoconazole shampoo in-group 3 animals was not found to be effective. Hence the results of present study confirms the importance of the diagnosis of dermatophyte infections by direct microscopy, applicability of the cultural method of isolation of dermatophytes and proved the efficacy of ketoconazole and terbinafme as the good choice of drugs for the effective treatment of dermatomycosis.ThesisItem Open Access SEROCONVERSION OF THREE DIFFERENT FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VACCINES IN CATTLE(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 2001-04-11) BIPIN., K. C.; Tresamol, P.V.Seroconversion of three different commercial inactivated quadrivalent Foot-and-Mouth disease vaccines were studied. One aluminium hydroxide gel vaccine and two oil-adjuvanted vaccines were used for the study in three groups of cattle. Monthly assessment of antibody titres against O, A, C and Asia-1 antigens were made by liquid phase blocking-ELISA (LPB-ELISA). Unvaccinated calves of four months and above age were grouped into three and vaccinations were made as per manufacturer's regime. Group I and group II animals did not showed significant difference m type O antibody titres throughout the study period except following booster vaccination of group I in seventh month. Both groups mamtained protective titres except in the fourth and fifth months of study. Group III showed a lower level of antibody titres throughout the study period. Protective type A antibody titres were maintained by group I and group II animals during the entire study period except in the fifth month. No significant difference between these two groups observed except following the second booster vaccination in group II. Group III showed comparatively lower antibody titres against type A FMD antigen. All the three groups showed protective mean type C antibody titres throughout the study period. But group III showed an antibody titre below protective level during fourth month. Group I and group II did not show significant variation in antibody titres except following respective booster vaccinations. Group I and group II maintained a protective level of type Asiarl antibody titres except during fifth month. Group III showed significantly low Asia-1 antibody titres throughout the study period. The booster vaccinations produced anamnestic response in group I and group II in almost all cases. Group III animals showed lower antibody titres against all the four virus types when compared to group I and group II and response to booster vaccinations were poor m group III. Comparison between the three vaccines in terms of cost required for immunising a single ammal for the first one year revealed that oil-adjuvanted vaccine II required the lowest cost while oil-adjuvanted vaccine III required the highest cost for the first one year.ThesisItem Open Access SEROPREVALENCE OF INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS IN CROSSBRED CATTLE OF KERALA(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 2001-04-26) RAJESH, J. B.; Tresamol, P.VSeroprevalence of IBR in 719 crossbred cattle of Kerala was studied using Avidin-Biotin ELISA. Sera samples were collected from cattle belongmg to different places of Kerala covermg all the districts. Samples were collected randomly from cattle of different age, managemental practice, breed, sex, panty, different health status and also from different farms. Samples were subjected to Avidin-Biotin ELISA for detecting antibodies against BHV-1 infection. Out of 719 sera samples tested 14.88 per cent gave positive result for BHV-1 antibodies. Animals reared under rural farming system showed high seropositivity (18.75%) to BHV-1 infection than animals under organised farms. Seroprevalence of BHV-1 antibodies was more in animals with some history of disease (22.6%) than apparently healthy animals. This result is highly significant (P<0.01). Prevalence of BHV-1 antibodies is found to be more in crossbred cattle when compared to non-descript cattle. Seroprevalence of IBR m various age group revealed that percentage of positiveness to BHV-1 was more m animals above three years of age. Serological evidence of IBR is very less in younger animals. Also animals after one panty and above had a high percentage of seroprevalence than heifers and calves. Animals from different farms were tested for antibodies against BHV-1 infection. Private farms had a high seroprevalence of IBR infection than University farms and Government farms. There is significant difference between private farms and other farms. Seroprevalence of IBR among cattle with different clinicalmanifestations were tested. High percentage of seroprevalence noted in respiratory form of infection (33.33%). Seroprevalence of IBR m crossbred cattle of Kerala detected as 14.88%. MO HIThesisItem Open Access PREVALENCE, HAEMATOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF STRONGYLOSIS IN GOATS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 2001-04-27) ARUN SHAJU., T.; Saseendranath, M.RPrevalence of strongylosis in goats were studied by examining 782 faecal samples collected during June 1999 to June 2000. Strongylosis was present in 283 (36.19 per cent) goats. No seasonal influence on the prevalence of strongylosis was observed. Similarly infections with Strongyhides, Trichuris, Moniezia and Eimeria were also found in all seasons Kaiparamba panchayat of Thrissur district recorded the highest prevalence for strongylosis. I' A significant decrease (P<0.01) in the incidence of caprine strongylosis in University goat and sheep farm, Mannuthy was noticed dunng June 2000, when compared to June 1999. No influence of sex was observed on the prevalence of strongylosis m goats. Haematological examination of strongyle infected goats, revealed a significant change (P<0.05) m the mean values of PCV and eosmophils, when compared to that of control goats Levamisole given orally, was found most effective (100 per cent) while Closantel was least effective (86.17 per cent) against naturally occurring strongylosis in goats. Oral Levamisole was found superior to parenteral Levamisole m efficacy against caprine strongylosis in goats.