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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access PERSISTENCE OF PROFENOPHOS AND TRIAZOPHOS IN SANDY LOAM SOIL UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS AND THEIR DISSIPATION IN/ON BRINJAL AND TOMATO FRUITS UNDER SUPERVISED FIELD TRIALS(AAU, Anand, 2014) RANA, GAJENDRA KUMAR; Shah, P. G.Vegetables are important ingredient of our food having a high nutritional value. Brinjal and tomato are important solanaceous crops of India, cultivated throughout the country and constitute an important part of human diet. The vegetable yield in India is considerably low because of several factors, the most important being the damage caused by various insect pests like fruit and shoot borer, jassids, aphids, leafminer etc. In order to protect the crops from such pest damage, former predominantly rely on chemical pesticides. Use of organochlorine (OC) group of pesticides is banned in agriculture primarily due to their persistence in the environment. However, use of organophosphate group of pesticides is on rise mainly due to their easy availability and quick degradation in the ecosystem. Of these, profenophos and triazophos have been found quite effective for the management of these pests. Triazophos (O, O-diethyl-O-1-phenyl-1H-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-yl phosphorothioate) is a contact and stomach insecticide. The chemical primarily controls sucking and chewing insects in many crops. In spite of being non-systemic, triazophos can penetrate deeply in the plant tissues due to its translaminar properties and can effectively control leaf miner. Triazophos is broken down in the environment and does not bioaccumulate, unlike certain organochlorine insecticides. The insecticide is dangerous to bees and harmful to fish, livestock, birds and other animals. Profenophos [O-4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl O-ethyl S-propyl phosphorohioate) is an insecticide and acaricide belonging to organophosphate group. It is an insecticide used on a wide variety of crops to control pests mainly Lepidoptera and mites. It was developed for those insect strains which developed resistant to other organophosphorus pesticides. It is selectively more toxic to insects as compared to mammals. For better production and high value, farmers are using a large amount of insecticides during the entire period of cultivation, even at fruiting stage. Quite often farmers also ignore the recommended dose and suggested waiting period between the harvest and last spray. Thus, injudicious use of pesticides could pose serious risk to the consumers besides contaminating the fields. Monitoring studies carried out worldwide have reported the residues of pesticide in fruits and vegetables. Though there is no label claim for profenophos and triazophos on tomato and brinjal in India, monitoring of pesticides residues in fruits and vegetable has revealed presence of these insecticide in/on brinjal and tomato fruits. The dissipation of these insecticides varies with their physical and chemical, dosage applied, number of applications, interval between applications, crop variety, agro climatic conditions, etc. Hence, a study entitled " Persistence of profenophos and triazophos in sandy loam soil under laboratory conditions and their dissipation in/on brinjal and tomato fruits under supervised field trials" was proposed to know the dissipation and persistence of profenophos and triazophos under laboratory as well as field conditions with the following objectives. 1. To study the recovery of profenophos and triazophos in sandy loam soil 2. To study the persistence of profenophos and triazophos in sandy loam soil under laboratory conditions 3. To study the recovery of profenophos and triazophos in tomato and brinjal fruits 4. To study the dissipation of profenophos and triazophos in tomato and brinjal fruits under field conditions 5. To study the effect of washing and cooking in the reduction of profenophos and triazophos residues in brinjal and tomato fruits A field experiment was conducted during Rahi 2012-13 at Main Vegetable Research Station, AAU, Anand (Gujarat), to study the dissipation of profenophos and triazophos in both brinjal and tomato fruits. The experiment was carried out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications along with a control plot. In brinjal and tomato, two sprays of profenophos and triazophos insecticides were applied during fruiting stage @ 500 g a.i. ha-1 at an interval of 10 days. An untreated control was maintained for comparison. Immediately after the last application (i.e. one hour after spray) fruit samples were drawn for 0 day. The subsequent sampling was carried out 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 10th day after second application. A laboratory trial was also carried out to determine the persistence of profenophos and triazophos in sandy loam soils. A representative 20 g (dry weight equivalent) sample of sandy loam soil in 50 mL polypropylene tube was taken and adjusted to 20 % moisture content by addition of distilled water. Solutions of the insecticides (profenophos and triazophos) in acetone were applied drop wise to the surface of the soil in each tube to obtained concentration 10 mg a.i. kg-1 The samples were drawn at 0 (1hr after application), 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after application. Residues of profenophos and triazophos were estimated by a validated GC-PFPD method.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS FOR YIELD AND COMPONENT CHARACTERS IN BREAD WHEAT(AAU, Anand, 2015) MANSUKHBHAI, RAIYANI ANKIT; Patel, D. A.The present investigation was conducted to study the heterosis, combining ability and gene effects for grain yield and yield attributing characters following diallel analysis involving ten purelines in wheat. The experimental material consisted of 56 genotypes representing 45 hybrids developed in diallel fashion excluding reciprocals, their 10 parents and standard check GW-496. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications at Regional Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genolypes for all the characters, indicating presence of sufficient amount of variability in the material studied. The per se performance of parents revealed that GAW-5, GAW-8, GAW-13 and GW-173 were found superior for grain yield per plant and some of the yield contributing characters. The hybrids GAW-4 x LOK-1, GAW-4 x GAW-8 and GW-322 x LOK-1 were promising for grain yield per plant. The superiority of these hybrids were observed due to higher mean values of either yield contributing characters like length of main spike, number of grains per main spike, grain yield of main spike, test weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index. The magnitude of heterotic effects was high for number of effective tillers per plant, grain yield of main spike, grain yield per plant, biological yield per plant and harvest index. The highest heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant was recorded by the cross GAW-1 x GAW-2 followed by GAW-4 x LOK-1 and GAW-2 X GW-366, while significant desirable standard heterosis was recorded in the crosses GAW-4 x LOK-1, GW-322 x LOK-1 and GAW-4 x GAW-8. High heterosis for grain yield was reflected mainly through its important components like number of effective tillers per plant, length of main spike, number of grains per main spike, test weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index. The analysis of variance for combining ability revealed the importance of both additive and non additive gene actions in the inheritance of all the characters except length of main spike, grain yield of main spike and protein content. However the ratio of gca to sea variance (o2gca / o2sca) indicated the preponderance of additive gene actions in the inheritance of days to maturity, plant height, length of main spike, peduncle length and number of grains per main spike and predominance of non additive gene action for the expression of days to 50 per cent flowering, number of effective tillers per plant, grain yield of main spike, grain yield per plant, test weight, biological yield per plant, harvest index and protein content. The estimates of gca effects indicated that the parents GAW-4, GAW-5 and GAW-8 were found good general combiners for grain yield per plant and some of the 3 yield contributing characters, hence these parents would be of immense value for future breeding program to develop high yielding genotypes. The parents LOK-1 and GW-173 were found to be good general combiners for days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity The good harmony was observed between per se performance of parents and their gca effects for grain yield and most of its traits. On the basis of per se performance, heterotic response and sea effects for yield and yield contributing characters, crosses GAW-4 X LOK-1, GW-322 x LOK-1 and GAW-4 x GAW-8 were found most promising, so these crosses may be advanced for isolating desirable segregants. Looking to the significance of both additive and non additive gene actions for most of the characters, biparental matings with reciprocal recurrent selection should be employed for further improvement of the traits in the population.ThesisItem Open Access PHYTOSTABILIZATION OF LEAD IN SOIL THROUGH FYM UNDER FODDER MAIZE(AAU, Anand, 2015) MALI, ROHITKUMAR HARESHBHAI; Patel, S. B.A pot experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2014-15 in the net house of the Micronutrient Research Project (I.C.A.R), Anand Agricultural University, Anand to carry out the study on "Phytostabilization of lead in soil through FYM under fodder maize". The pot experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (factorial) with three replications. Total twenty treatments comprising of five levels of Pb (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg kg-1) and two levels of FYM (0 and 20 t ha-1) and two varieties (GM-3 and African tall) of fodder maize, were evaluated to study their effect on germination count, plant stand, plant height, green forage and dry matter yield as well as lead availability and nutrient content (P, S ,Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) and soil properties (EC, pH, OC, S, DTPA-Fe and Zn) at the time of harvest. The experimental results indicate that with increasing Pb levels, significant decrease in the plant height (cm) at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS, green forage yield (g pot-1) and dry matter yield (g pot-1) of whole plant of maize was noted. The yield reduction started at lower level of Pb (50 mg kg-i soil) and reduction was rfiaximum when 200 mg kg-1 Pb was applied to soil. Significantly the highest green forage yield (71.03 g pot-1) was recorded under Pbo x F1 treatment. Among all treatment combinations, PboF1 recorded maximum dry matter yield (15.97 g pot-1), whereas the minimum yield (6.24 g pot-1) was noted under Pb2ooFo treatment combination. With increasing rates of Pb application, Pb content in shoot and root of maize was found to increase at 30 DAS and 60 DAS, whereas P, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were decreased in shoot and root of both the varieties at 60 DAS. The application of Pb from 0 to 200 mg kg-1 gave significantly higher Pb content in leaf at 30 DAS from 0.47 to 27.86 mg kg-1, 0.63 to 36.47 mg kg-1 in shoot and 0.86 to 83.11 mg kg-1 in roots. The application of Pb significantly increased EC and decreased pH value of soil. The Pb application increased DTPAPb of the soil with increasing rates of Pb. The OC, available S, DTPA- Fe and Zn were decreased with increasing rates of Pb to the soil. The highest value of Pb (46.16 mg kg-i) was found wherein Pb was applied at 200 mg kg-1. Addition of FYM @ 20 t ha-1 increased all nutrients contents in plant components except lead content. Yield parameters like plant height (cm) and plant stand at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS , green forage yield (g pot-1) and dry matter yield (g pot-1) of fodder maize were found to increase with the application of FYM @ 20 t ha-1 over no FYM. With the application of FYM @ 20 t ha-1, Pb content in shoot and root of maize was found to decrease at 30 DAS and 60 DAS, whereas P, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu contents were increased in shoot and root of both the varieties at 60 DAS over no FYM. Addition of FYM @ 20 t ha-1 increased EC and OC, while decreased soil pH and it had reduced the availability of Pb in the soil and significantly increased all nutrients viz., S, OC, Fe and Zn status in soil after harvest of crop. Interaction effect of FYM x Pb was found to be significant with respect of green fodder yield, dry matter yield, micronutrient contents Viz., Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu as well as P2O5 and S content. Growth and yield attributes, micronutrients and major nutrients were decreased with increasing levels of Pb but application of FYM @ 20 t ha-i increased nutrient content in plant and increase in growth and yield with respect to Pb content in plant. DTPA-Pb in soil was increased with increasing levels of Pb but application of FYM @ 20 t ha-i reduced the content and availability of Pb. The findings of the present study reveal that application of FYM @ 20 t ha-1 had significant mitigating effect on lead toxicity as it reduced its availability due to stabilization in soil. Between two varieties variation in stabilization of lead in plant was not large. The incubation result revealed that over the period, DTPAPb was reduced at each level of applied Pb, the maximum reduction of 28.2 per cent was recorded in case of Pb200 at 42nd day over 0 day. The application of FYM @ 20 t ha-1 showed fixation of lead to the extent of 2.2 per cent under Pb20o over no FYM application.ThesisItem Open Access Biology and management of Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua Walker on cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (Linnaeus) Walpers and its population dynamics on various pulse crops(AAU, Anand, 2015) DESAI, VIMAL HARIBHAI; PATEL, C. C.Present investigations were carried out on biology and management of Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua walker on cowpea and its population dynamics on various pulse crops at Anand Agricultural University, Anand during the year 2013-14. The female laid eggs in masses on lower surface of the upper as well as middle leaves of cowpea. The eggs were greenish in colour and look like seed of grape with flattened base and measured on an average 0.34 ± 0.04 mm in diameter. The mean incubation period was 3.68 ± 0.63 days with the hatching per cent ranged from 78 to 92. Newly hatched larvae feed gregariously on lower surface of leaves by scraping its surface which resulted into papery leaves. Larvae of third, fourth, fifth instars fed the whole leaves except veins and veinlets. Larva passed through six instars. The freshly hatched first instar larva was creamy whitish with shining brown head and having brown spots over entire body from which white hair arises which later turn black and transparent abdominal segment. Distinct three pairs of prologs were clearly observed. The larva in second instar slightly increased in size having light yellow colour body with brown markings on thoracic and last abdominal segment. Third instar larva was similar to second instar but the colouration of head and body segments were little darker compared to the second instar. The fourth instar larva was uniformly yellowish in colour as the segments were brown and tuft of brownish white hairs arose from reddish brown verrucae and the head turned dark brownish black. The fifth instar larva was dark yellow with reddish tinge in colour and the heads and thoracic shields were dark brown in colour while the legs were reddish brown. The full-grown sixth instar larva had dark black head with brownish legs and uniformly reddish brown body with brownish black verrucae on which there were whitish hairs. The average duration of first to sixth instar larvae was 3.12 ± 0.78, 3.44 ± 0.51, 3.56 ± 0.51, 2.56 ± 0.51, 3.72 ± 0.46 and 2.72 + 0.46 days, respectively. The lengths of first to sixth instar larvae were 4.54 ± 0.82, 7.56 ± 1.11, 9.90 ± 0.40, 18.34 + 0.80, 22.08 ± 1.91 and 26.29 +1.14 mm, respectively whereas its breaths were 0.79 ± 0.22, 1.59 ± 0.11, 2.01 ± 0.16, 2.36 + 0.28, 3.30 ± 0.56 and 5.10 + 0.56 mm. The widths of the head capsule of respective instars were 0.61 ± 0.11, 1.09 + 0.25, 1.68 + 0.19, 2.06 ± 0.14, 2.84 + 0.13 and 3.71 ± 0.41 mm, respectively. The prepupal period ranged from 2 to 3 days with an average of 2.60± 0.50 days. The average lengths and widths of the pre-pupae were 24.71 + 1.58 and 4.06 + 0.32 mm, respectively. The newly formed pupae were soft and green or pale brown in colour. The average pupal period of male and female were 9.04 + 0.73 and 9.36 + 0.49 days, respectively. Average lengths and breadths of male and female pupae were 21.02 + 1.90 and 5.54 + 0.43 mm and 22.19 + 0.84 and 5.73 + 0.48 mm, respectively. The adult moths were straw in colour with orange and brown streaks over the forewings, white streaks along the anterior margin and black spots on each abdominal segment. Average longevity of male and female moths were recorded to be 5.00 + 0.82 and 7.08 + 0.81 days, respectively. The average pre-oviposition, ovipostion and post ovipositon periods were 2.40 + 0.50, 5.16 + 0.85 and 2.84 + 0.75 days, respectively with, average fecundity of 976.84 + 194.58 eggs per female. Study on seasonal abundance of S. obliqua on various pulse crops revealed that the pest was active on various crops from 3rd week of July to 4th week of October. The higher activity on cowpea, green greim, black gram and soybean was found during pt week of August to 2nd week of October. The pest showed significantly positive correlation with bright sunshine hours and maximum temperature and while significantly negative correlation with evening relative humidity. The study on bio-efficacy of different insecticides in laboratory revealed that significantly maximum larval mortality (81.70 %) was found in treatment thiodicarb 75 WP. Chlorphyriphos 20 EC and fenvalerate 0.4 % DP were found to be next best insecticides. These insecticides also showed same type of effectiveness in the field experiment. Lowest leaf damage and highest yields were also recorded in the treatment of thiodicarb 75 WP which was followed by fenvalerate 0.4 % DP, chlorphyriphos 20 EC, methomyl 40 SP, novaluron 10 EC, quinalphos 25 EC and emamectin benzoate 5 SG, respectively. The data on economics showed that maximum NICER was obtained in the treatment of chlorpyriphos 20 EC which was followed by fenvalerate 0.4 % DP, thiodicarb 75 WP, quinalphos 25 EC, methomyl 40 SP and novaluron 10 EC.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PRIMING ON QUALITY PARAMETERS OF ONION SEEDS AFTER ARTIFICIAL AGEING(AAU, Anand, 2015) YADAV, AKSHAT; Sasidharan, N.The present investigation entitled "Effect of priming on quality parameters of onion seeds after artificial ageing" was carried out during 2013 to 2015 at Department of Seed Science and Technology, B. A. College of Agriculture, AAU,Anand (Gujarat). Onion is an important cash crop grown in India; major onion growing states being Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Tamil Nadu and Odisha. In Gujarat state onion cultivation have an area of 28.85 thousand hecteires £ind production about 704.38 metric tonnes. Among all these states Gujarat is having the highest productivity of 24.4 metric tonnes per hectare. Onion seed is however classified as a poor storer, since its seed loses viability within a year under ambient storage conditions. Major factors affecting the seed quality during storage are temperature and relative humidity, which results in drastic deterioration of seed quality. Seeds of eight onion genotypes were used in present investigation. They are Bhima shubhra, Bhima kiran, Bhima raj, Bhima red, Bhima super, Bhima shweta, N-2-4-1 and Gujarat white onion-1. Six seed lots containing 100 seeds each belonging to each genotype were subjected to artificial ageing treatments for 0 (control), 3, 5 and 7 days. The artificially aged seed lots were subjected to priming treatments viz., i) GA3 @ 150 ppm ii) GA3 @ 100 ppm iii) KNO3 @ 5% and iv) KNO3 @ 3% in petriplates under room temperature and dried back to the original moisture content for further experimentation. The experiment was done first in laboratory conditions and then repeated again in nursery conditions (sowing microplots). Observations recorded in the present study in laboratory and nursery conditions were germination percentage (12th day after germination), speed of germination, shoot and root length (cm), seedling length (cm), seedling fresh weight (mg), seedling dry weight (mg), seedling vigour index-I, seedling vigour index-II and seed leachete electrical conductivity (µ si cm-1g-1). The latter was not observed in nursery conditions.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.) UNDER MIDDLE GUJARAT CONDITIONS(AAU, Anand, 2015) CHAUDHARY, MAHENDRAKUMAR M.; Bhanvadia, A. S.The field experiment was conducted at College Agronomy Farm, Anand Agricultural University, Anand to study the "Effect of integrated nutrient management on cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) under middle Gujarat conditions" during rabi season of the year 2013-2014. The soil of experimental field was loamy sand in texture, low in organic carbon, medium in available phosphorus and available potash with a 7.8 and 7.7 pH at 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil depth, respectively. The experiment was laid out in RBD with four replications. The nutrient management treatments were 100 % RDN + FYM @ 20 t ha-1 (T1), 100 % RDN + FYM @ 20 t ha-1 + Azotobactor + PSB (T2), 100 % RDN + vermicompost @ 10 t ha-1 (T3), 100 % RDN + vermicompost @ 10 t ha-1 + Azotobactor + PSB (T4), 100 % RDN + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 (T5), 100 % RDN + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Azotobactor + PSB (T6), 75 % RDN + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 (T7), 75 % RDN + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Azotobactor + PSB (T8), 75 % RDN + vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 (T8) and 75 % RDN + vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobactor + PSB (T10). The results revealed that various treatments employed on the cabbage variety Golden Cross showed significant influence on growth attributes lAz., plant height at harvest and leaf area index as well as yield attributes viz., weight of cabbage head, volume of cabbage head and diameter of cabbage head. Significantly superior results were shown under application of 100 % RDN + vermicompost @ 10 t ha-1 + Azotobactor + PSB in the case of plant height at harvest, leaf area index, weight of cabbage head, volume of cabbage head and diameter of cabbage head. While, higher head compactness of cabbage was recorded under INM treatment Ty (100 % RDN + vermicompost @ 10 t ha-1). Head 3deld of cabbage was significantly higher under treatment T4 (100 % RDN + vermicompost @ 10 t ha-1 + Azotobactor + PSB), it increased 11.65 per cent yield over control treatment T1 (100 % RDN + FYM@20tha-1). Different INM treatments failed to reflect their significant effect on physico-chemical parameters of soil i.e., EC, pH, available phosphorus, available potash content and bulk density of soil after harvest of the crop except organic carbon content of soil after harvest of the crop. The economics calculated based on head yield indicated that, maximum net realization of ₹244467 ha-1 was observed under treatment T4 (100 % RDN + vermicompost @ 10 t ha-1 + Azotobactor + PSB) followed by the treatment T6 (100 % RDN + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Azotobactor + PSB) ₹243267 ha-1. Whereas, maximum BCR was observed under the treatment T6 (100 % RDN + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Azotobactor + PSB). Thus based on the results of the present investigation, it can be concluded that for maximizing the production and net returns an integrated approach can be adopted in cabbage (Golden Cross). Application of 100 % RDN + vermicompost @ 10 t ha-1 or FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Azotobactor + PSB was found superior for the cabbage crop under middle Gujarat conditions.ThesisItem Open Access RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF ISABGOL (Plantago ovata Forsk.) UNDER MIDDLE GUJARAT CONDITIONS(AAU, Anand, 2015) PATEL, DIPEN M.; PATEL, M. R.A field experiment was conducted at the College Agronomy Farm, Anand Agricultural University, Anand to find out the "Response of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on yield and quality of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.) under middle Gujarat conditions" during rabi season of 2013-14. The experiment consisted of eighteen treatments combinations comprised of three nitrogen levels (15, 30 and 45 Kg N ha-1), three phosphorus levels (0, 15 and 30 Kg P2O5 ha-1) and two potassium levels (0 and 30 Kg K2O ha-1). The soil of the experimental plot was loamy sand in texture. The soil was medium in available nitrogen and phosphorus and higher in available potash. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with four replications. The treatments comprised three levels of nitrogen viz., N1: 15 kg N ha-1; N2: 30 kg N ha-1 and N3: 45 kg N ha-1, three levels of phosphorus viz., P1: 0 kg P2O5 ha-1; Fa: 15 kg P2O5 ha-1 and P3: 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 and two levels of potassium viz., K1: 0 kg K2O ha-1 and K2: 30 kg K2O ha-1. In all, there were eighteen treatment combinations. The results revealed that the plant stand at 25 DAS and at harvest was found non-significant due to different levels of nitrogen. Significantly highest average plant height was recorded at 45 and 75 DAS and harvest with treatment N3 (45 kg N ha-1). Significantly highest number of tillers per plant, total number of spikes per plant and number of effective spikes per plant obtained with treatment N3 (45 kg N ha-1). The treatment N3 (45 kg N ha-1) gave significantly higher length of spike. However, it was at par with treatment N2 (30 kg N ha-1). Significantly highest test weight (g) obtained with N3 (45 kg N ha-1). The results revealed that the swelling factor (cc g -1) was found non-significant due to different levels of nitrogen. So far as the seed and straw yields of isabgol is concerned, the treatment N3 (45 kg N ha-1) recorded significantly the maximum seed (1243 kg ha-1) and straw (6459 kg ha-1) 3delds as compared to other treatments N1 (15 kg N ha-1) and N2 (30 kg N ha-1). The magnitude of increase in seed yield of isabgol under the treatments N3 (45 Kg N ha-1) and N2 (30 Kg N ha-1) were at the extent of 35.85 % and 21.86 %, respectively as compared to N1 (15 Kg N ha-1). The increase in straw yield of isabgol under the treatments N3 (45 Kg N ha-1) and N2 (30 Kg N ha-1) were at the extent of 28.64 % and 14.72 %, respectively as compared to N1 (15 Kg N ha-1).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PREPARATION AND ITS STORAGE BEHAVIOR OF BAEL (AEGLE MARMELOS CORREA) READY-TO-SERVE (R.T.S) BEVERAGE(AAU, Anand, 2015) GADHAVI, ANIRUDDHKUMAR VISHNUDAN; Vihol, N. J.The present study ''Studies on preparation and its storage behavior of bael {Aegle marmelos Correa) Ready-To- Serve (R.T.S) beverage" was conducted at the Fruit Processing Center, Department of Horticulture, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during May- 2013. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design with 6 treatments viz., T1: 10 % bael pulp + 5 ml lime juice +16 TSS, T2: 10 % bael pulp + 5 ml lime juice + 18 TSS, T3: 15 % bael pulp + 10 ml lime juice +16 TSS, T4: 15 % bael pulp + 10 ml lime juice +18 TSS, T5: 20 % bael pulp + 20 ml lime juice + 16 TSS and Te: 20 % bael pulp + 20 ml lime juice 18 TSS with four repetitions and 5 ml ginger extract was commonly added in all the treatments. Well matured, fresh, ripe and totally unblemished bael, selected ,washed, peeled, scooped, addition of water, syruping, bottling, crown corking cooling and storage were acid lime fruits and ginger fingers cut properly in small pieces, it was crushed and selected for preparation of bael RTS beverages. The dependent variables were bio-chemical characteristics like TSS, acidity, pH, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, total sugar, ascorbic acid, microbial activity and organoleptic score. The result indicated that as soon as the storage period prolong the characters viz., TSS, pH, reducing sugar, noreducing sugar and total sugar showed increasing trend, whereas it showed decreasing trend in ascorbic acid and acidity. There was no growth of microbial count like yeast and mould up to the 90 days of storage. Significantly the highest total soluble solids (18.87, 19.07 and 19.18 °Brix) at 30, 60 and 90 days after storage was recorded under the treatment T4 (15% bael pulp+ 10 ml lime juice + 5 ml ginger) + 1 8 TSS respectively. However, significantly the minimum pH at initial, 30, 60 and 90 days after storage, i.e. 3.76, 3.80, 3.85 and 3.86 was observed under the treatment T4 (15% bael pulp + 10 ml lime juice + 5 ml ginger) + 1 8 TSS respectively. The treatment T4 (15% bael pulp+ 10 ml lime juice + 5 ml ginger) + 1 8 TSS recorded significantly the minimum acidity i.e. 1.84, 1.64, 1.41 and 1.21 % at initial, 30, 60 and 90 days after storage, respectively. In case of ascorbic acid (mg / 100 ml juice) significantly the highest value was observed under the treatment T4 (15% bael pulp+ 10 ml lime juice + 5 ml ginger) + 18 TSS i.e. 2.30, 1.99, 1.80 and 1.40 mg / 100 ml at initial, 30, 60 and 90 days after storage periods, respectively. Similarly the maximum reducing sugar i.e. 5.30, 5.72, 6.11 and 6.60 % was recorded under the treatment T4 (15% bael pulp+ 10 ml lime juice + 5ml ginger) + 1 8 TSS at initial, 30, 60 and 90 days after storage periods respectively. Significantly the maximum non-reducing sugar was noted under the treatment T4 (15% bael pulp+ 10 ml lime juice + 5ml ginger) + 18 TSS i.e. 2.43 at initial, 2.16 at 30, 2.01 at 60 and 1.81 at 90 days after the storage respectively. Similar trend was also observed for total sugar in treatment T4 (15% bael pulp+ 10 ml lime juice + 5 ml ginger) + 18 TSS at all the respective storage period i.e 7.73, 7.88, 8.12 and 8.41% at initial 30, 60 and 90 days after storage respectively. The treatment T4 (15% bael pulp+ 10 ml lime juice + 5 ml ginger) + 1 8 TSS recorded significantly the minimum acidity i.e. 1.84, 1.64, 1.41 and 1.21 % at initial, 30, 60 and 90 days after storage, respectively. In case of ascorbic acid (mg / 100 ml juice) significantly the highest value was observed under the treatment T4 (15% bael pulp+ 10 ml lime juice + 5 ml ginger) + 18 TSS i.e. 2.30, 1.99, 1.80 and 1.40 mg / 100 ml at initial, 30, 60 and 90 days after storage periods, respectively. Similarly the maximum reducing sugar i.e. 5.30, 5.72, 6.11 and 6.60 % was recorded under the treatment T4 (15% bael pulp+ 10 ml lime juice + 5ml ginger) + 1 8 TSS at initial, 30, 60 and 90 days after storage periods respectively. Significantly the maximum non-reducing sugar was noted under the treatment T4 (15% bael pulp+ 10 ml lime juice + 5ml ginger) + 18 TSS i.e. 2.43 at initial, 2.16 at 30, 2.01 at 60 and 1.81 at 90 days after the storage respectively. Similar trend was also observed for total sugar in treatment T4 (15% bael pulp+ 10 ml lime juice + 5 ml ginger) + 18 TSS at all the respective storage period i.e 7.73, 7.88, 8.12 and 8.41% at initial 30, 60 and 90 days after storage respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of sulphur and zinc on growth, yield and quality of summer greengram (Vigna radiata L.) under middle Gujarat condition(AAU, Anand, 2014) ITALIYA, JIGNESH HARIBHAI; JADAV, N. J.The field experiment was carried out on loamy sand soil of Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat during summer season of 2013 to study the "Effect of sulphur and zinc on growth, yield and quality of summer greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilezeck) under middle Gujarat conditions". The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design, comprising of four levels of Sulphur (S) (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg S ha-1), and three levels of Zinc (Zn) (0, 10 and 20 kg Zn ha-1) in three replications. The experiment was conducted in loamy sand soil having alkaline in reaction (pHz.s 7.9) and normal with respect to salt contents [EC2.5 0.20 dSm-1). The soil was low in available nitrogen (N) (184.7 kg ha-1] and S (7.27 mg kg-1), medium in available phosphorus (P) (41.58 kg ha-1) and Zn (0.61 mg kg-1) and high in available potash (K) (310 kg ha-1). The greengram variety Meha was sown on 6th March, 2013 at 45 cm raw distance using grain rate of 15 kg ha^ and recommended fertilizers of 20-40-00:: N-P-K kg ha-1. The results revealed that application of S produced significant effect on growth and yield attributes viz., plant height, No. of branches per plant, No. of pods per plant, No. of grain per pod, test weight, No. of root nodules and its dry weight per plant of greengram. Significantly the higher values of these attributes were recorded under 30 kg S ha-i but they were at par with 20 kg S ha-1. Application of S @ 30 kg S ha-i registered significantly higher grain (1039 kg ha-1) and straw (1967 kg ha-1) yield as compared to control and 10 kg S ha-1, but statistically at par with that of 20 kg S ha-1. Application of 30 kg S ha-1 resulted generally in higher N, P, K, S and Zn concentration and uptake by grain and straw as well as protein content in grain, but it was at par with 20 kg S ha-1. The available P2O5, S and Zn in soil after harvest of crop was higher due to 30 kg S ha-i as compared to control and 10 kg S ha-1, but, it was at par with 20 kg S ha-1. Application of Zn produced significant effect on plant height. No. of branches per plant. No. of pods per plant. No. of grain per plant and No. of root nodules per plant. The values for these parameters noticed due to application of 2 kg Zn ha-1 was significantly higher than control and 1 kg Zn ha-1. Significantly the highest grain (1008 kg ha-1) and straw (1883 kg ha-1) yield was registered under the application of 2 kg Zn ha-1. Similarly the S and Zn content in grain and N, P, K, S and Zn content in straw were noticed higher under the application of Zn @ 2 kg Zn ha-1. In general, significantly the highest uptake of N, P, K, S and Zn by grain and straw as well as protein content in grain were registered under application of Zn @ 2 kg ha-i than rest of the levels of Zn. Application of 2 kg Zn ha-1 was found significantly superior to control and 1 kg Zn ha-i in case of available Zn in soil after harvest of crop. The S X Zn interaction was found significant on grain and straw yield of greengram. Treatment combination of 30 kg S and 2 kg Zn ha-1 (S3Zn2) recorded significantly the highest grain (1233 kg ha-1) and straw (2123 kg ha-1) yield. The similar treatment combination also recorded significantly higher S and Zn content in grain and straw, N uptake by straw, P uptake by grain and straw, K uptake by grain, S uptake by grain and straw and Zn uptake by grain. The increasing levels of both the factors generally recorded higher protein content indicating the synergistic effect of one on another. In the light of the results obtained from the present investigation, it is concluded that the application of 20 kg S ha-1 through gypsum (16.5% S) and 2 kg Zn ha-1 in form of zinc chloride (48% Zn) on loamy sand soil deficient in available S and medium in Zn increased the yield, protein and nutrient content in greengram crop besides sustaining soil fertility status.