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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access B-Mode Ocular Ultrasonography in Dogs and Horses(AAU, Anand, 2012) Kumar, Dharmendra; PARIKH, P. V.The present clinical study entitled "B-Mode Ocular Ultrasonography in Dogs and Horses" was undertaken in 135 dogs (4 months -15 years) and 50 horses (1-15 years) of either sex from 01st April, 2011 to 31st March, 2012 at university clinic, Anand. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the normal and affected eyes was done using linear transducer (7.5-18 MHz) by transcomeal (129 dogs) and transpalpebral (six dogs) approaches. In 50 horses ocular ultrasonography (US) was performed by transpalpebral approach. In all animals corneal anesthesia was achieved with proparacaine HCl 0.5% instilled directly on cornea. Age wise distribution of canine cases revealed maximum incidence of ophthalmic affections in the age group of 5-10 years (39.26%, 53) followed by 10-15 years (28.89%, 39), 1-5 years (22.22%, 30) and 0-1 years (9.63%, 13). Breed wise ophthalmic affections were maximum in Pomeranian (59.26%, 80) followed by Labrador retriever (13.33%, 18), German shepherd (11.11%, 15), Beagle (5.18%, 7), Dalmatian, Golden retriever (2.96%, 4 in each), Doberman (2.22%, 3), Lhasa apso (1.48%, 2), Boxer and Pug (0.74%, 1 each). Sex wise distribution showed more affections in male (57.03%, 77) than females (42.97%, 58). Age wise distribution of equine cases revealed maximum ophthalmic affections in 5-10 years (36%, 18) followed by 10-15 years (30%, 15), 1-5 years (24%, 12) and 0-1 years (10%), 05). Breed wise incidence of ophthalmic affections was maximum in Kathiawadi and Marwari horses (40%, 20 each) followed by Sindhi (20%, 10). Sex wise distribution showed more affections in females (54%, 27) than males (46%, 23). In dogs and horses different ophthalmic parameters like anterior chamber depth, anterio-posterior depth of the lens, latero-medial diameter of the lens, vitreous depth and axial length were studied according to age, sex, breed, left and right eyes and normal and abnormal eyes. Different parameters of eye increased in dogs of age group greater than five years than 0-1 year. Parameters of eye like anterior chamber depth, vitreous depth and axial length were significantly longer in male dogs than female. Whereas anterioposterior depth and latero-medial diameter of the lens differed non significantly. According to breed, anterior chamber depth and latero-medial diameter of lens differed nonsignificantly, but anterio-posterior depth of the lens in Dalmatian and German shepherd differed significantly. Axial length in Dalmatian differed significantly than German shepherd and Labrador retriever. An insignificant difference was observed for different parameters between left and right eyes. In normal and abnormal eyes, anterior chamber depth differed nonsignificantly, but all other parameters like anterio-posterior depth of the lens, latero-medial diameter of the lens, vitreous depth and axial length differed significantly. Among types of canine cataracts, different ophthalmic parameters differed non significantly in 5-10 years age group, but all the eye parameters in morgagnian cataract differed significantly fi-om immature, mature and hypermature cataracts in 10-15 years of age group. Out of 50 horses, five were of 0-1 year age group, 12 of 1-5 years, 18 of 5-10 years and 15 of 10-15 years. Anterior chamber depth, anterio-posterior depth of the lens, latero-medial diameter of the lens, vitreous depth and axial length increased with age. Different parameters of eyes in male and female, breed, left and right eye and normal and affected eyes varied non significantly. In dogs ophthalmic affections like cataract, luxation of lens, vitreous degeneration and (RD) were diagnosed. Secondary luxation of lens was seen in five cases of which two had anterior luxation and rest posterior luxation. Detached vitreous revealed multicurved lines with different varying reflectors in 18 dogs; of which, four dogs had bilateral vitreous degeneration and in the rest (14) unilateral. Vitreal syneresis was observed in one dog. Vitreous degeneration was more in males than females. Fourteen cases of RD were diagnosed on US, of which five cases were in Pomeranian, with bilateral involvement in one case; four cases in Labrador retriever with bilateral involvement in two cases, one case each in Pug, Beagle, Golden retriever and German shepherd. In four cases close- close type of RD was found and in nine cases open-close type. In horse, five cases of RD were diagnosed, of which four were Kathiawadi and one Marwari. All cases revealed open-close type of RD. Eight horses diagnosed with Setaria eye worm in anterior chamber (6 cases) and vitreous body (2 cases). Thus ultrasonography is a safe and non-invasive method which can be used m diagnosis of ocular disorders as complementary to routine ophthalmic examinations in dogs and horses. Further this study established ocular echobiometry dimensions for certain breeds of dogs and horses bred in India.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON IMPLANTATION OF INTRAOCULAR LENS IN THE EYES AND OCULAR LENS MATERIAL IN THE MUSCLES OF RABBITS (Oryctolagus cuniculus)(AAU, Anand, 2012) RISHI, DEEPIKA DEV; PATIL, D. B.Intraocular lens (lOL) implantation after cataract operation has become widespread practice while its clinical results are generally satisfying. Despite this development, there still exist various problems in the design, materials and operative methods. Intraocular lenses are primarily located in the immediate vicinity of uveal tissue and are in direct contact with lens capsule tissue; this can cause a pathophysiologic reaction comprising inflammatory cells and lens epithelial cells. The reactive patterns of both types of tissue are generally considered indicators of lOL biocompatibility. The Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), Acrylic hydrophobic and Acrylic hydrophilic test implants were compared with the control implants in six healthy New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. The ocular lens materials were implanted surgically into the body of paravertebral muscle. After the observation period of one month, the animals were sacrificed. The implant together with sufficient unaffected tissue was excised and subjected to histopathological evaluation. The PMMA IOLs were implanted in the eyes of the rabbit following lens extraction by extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) technique and the contralateral 6 right eyes were implanted with Acrylic hydrophilic foldable IOLs by Phacoemulsification technique. The rabbits were observed for a period of one month and the operated eyes were examined grossly and by slit lamp biomicroscopy. Grossly, tissue reactions like hematoma, edema, and encapsulation were not recorded at the paravertebral muscle implant sites. Histopathological examination of the implanted muscle sites arid the implant material revealed no vascularization, fatty infiltration, granuloma formation or inflammatory cells. All the PMMA and Acrylic hydrophilic foldable IOLs were successfiiUy implanted in the bag in the twelve eyes of six rabbits. Intraoperative complications observed were miosis and iris damage (1 eye). All rabbits were subjected to slit lamp examination. Post-operatively, slit lamp biomicroscopy revealed anteriorly dislocated lens (1 eye), neovascularization with corneal edema (1 eye), generalized corneal edema with AC flare and posterior synechiae (1 eye), Posterior capsular opacification, graded 1 (1 eye). Ophthalmic reflexes were present in 11 eyes and absent in 1 eye. Intraocular pressure (IOP) of the operated eyes was within the normal range of 18 to 22 mmHg for all the 11 eyes and buphthalmia with IOP 32 mmHg for 1 eye. Rabbits could successfully be used as models for the implantation studies of IOLs in the eyes following ECCE and phacoemulsification. Intramuscular biocompatibility testing of the ocular lens material in the paravertebral muscles of the rabbits bestowed the benefit of the test article being in a well-vascularized tissue, and this afforded the body the maximum opportunity to react with the test article.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON IMMOBILIZATION OF TIBIAL FRACTURES USING BILATERAL EXTERNAL FIXATOR-TYPE II APPARATUS IN DOGS(AAU, Anand, 2012) Javia, Chiragkumar Babulal; Tank, P. H.A clinical study on Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus technique for immobilization of tibial fractures in dogs was carried out with multiple objectives of knowing the epidemiological status of various orthopaedic affections, standardizing the application of 'Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus technique' for external immobilization of tibial fractures on cadaver models and lastly, applying and comparing the Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus technique with inframeduUary pinning for immobilization of tibial fractures in dogs. Last three years' retrospective information was retrieved by scrutinizing the data bank of the College Hospital. During that period, a total of 9,630 canine cases were registered out of which 550 (5.71%) cases were having orthopaedic maladies. Amongst those, the cases of fractures were 391 that accounted for nearly 71.09% cases of the reported orthopaedic maladies. Majority of the fractures involved femur 131 (33.50%) followed by radio-ulna 98 (25.06%), tibia-fibula 90 (23.01%) and humems 47 (12.02%). Cadaveric tibiae were used for standardization of the Bilateral External Fixator- Type II Apparatus technique. The diaphyses of tibiae were sawed in a manner to mimic different fractures and these fractures were immobilized using Bilateral External Fixator- Type II Apparatus technique to get hands on training. To evaluate the feasibility of the Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus technique in the treatment of tibial diaphyseal fracture in dogs, a study was carried out in 12 clinical cases of tibial fractures. The cases were randomly divided into two groups based upon the fracture stabilization technique used, viz.. Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus technique (Group I, n=6) and intramedullary pirming (Group II, n=6). Serosanguinous type exudation at pin tract site was seen in group I whereas mild exudation was observed in few cases of group II. Partial weight bearing was seen as early as 2nd postoperative day in group I as against 7th postoperative day in group II. Complete weight bearing was observed from the 8th postoperative day in majority cases of group I as compared to 24th postoperative day in group II. The earlier restoration of the functional usage of the limb could be attributed to the closed reduction, no external infection and axial stability of the Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus except in one case. In majority cases of group I joint mobility was earlier, seen from the 2nd post operative day whereas limited joint mobility was seen in the first week which gradually improved in all the cases of group II. Radiological examination was done at weekly intervals. Most of the dogs belonging to both the groups showed proper reduction and good alignment of the bone fragment immediately after the operation. Callus formation was earlier i.e. within 50 days in majority cases of group I as against 54 days in all cases of group II. One case of group I did not show any bridging between the fractured fragments. Minimum or no periosteal reaction was seen around fracture site in group I whereas considerable periosteal reaction was seen around the fracture site in group II. Mild periosteal reaction was seen around the pin insertion sites in group I by 4th postoperative week. Postoperative complications observed in group I were mild pin tract infection which subsided with proper antibiotic dressing. In group I, majority of cases healed completely except two cases in which anatomical reduction was poor. In group II, occasional limping was observed inspite of complete weight bearing. This might have been due to irritation to soft tissues around the entry site of Steinmann pin while flexing and extending the stifle joint. Infection was seen in one case of group II at the incision site and mild rotation of the distal fragments were seen in few cases. Removal of the Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus or pin was carried out at 7-8 weeks in group I and 8-9 weeks in group II. This was done when clinical healing was observed in the form of fiinctional limb use and endosteal and/or periosteal bridging was evident on radiographs. The Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus provided better anatomical reduction, axial stability of the fractured fragments, greater joint mobility and functional weight bearing. This technique also prevented muscle atrophy and rotational instability unlike intramedullary pinning. Hence Bilateral External Fixator-Type II Apparatus is better suited for treating tibial fractures than intramedullary pinning.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INCIDENCE, DIAGNOSIS AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF MILK FLOW DISORDERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THELORESECTOSCOPY IN DAIRY ANIMALS.(AAU, Anand, 2012) JHALA, S. K.; PARIKH, P. V.The present study was done to record the incidence of milk flow disorders (MFD) in dairy animals in and around Anand and to evaluate the efficacy of conventional surgery/theloresectoscopy for the management of teat disorders. Out of 1972 animals reviewed for MFD, hard milkers were recorded in 44 cows and 62 buffaloes, whereas teat spider in 36 cows and 15 buffaloes. Out of these, 29 cattle and 21 buffaloes with MFD were subjected to detailed investigations using radiography, ultrasonography and theloscopy. Prevalence of MFD was highest in the age group of 6 - 7 years, during the 3rd or 4th lactation. Clinical examination revealed rear quarters to be more affected than fore in both cattle and buffaloes. In cattle proximal and middle portions of the teat were more involved than distal, whereas in buffaloes the distal part was more affected. The site of obstruction i.e., middle to proximal part of the teat (16 teats) and at Furstenberg's rosette (04 teats) were diagnosed using contrast (iopromide) radiography. B mode ultrasonography was performed in 30 teats, wherein anatomical and pathological details of the affected teats were best obtained using 7.5 MHz linear array transducer. Visualization of teat cistern was superior with contact gel technique and that of distal portion of teat with water bath technique. Theloscopy offered direct visualization of internal teat cavity and accurate determination of lesions in 30 teats. During theloscopy better visualization was obtained after rinsing with sterile saline and removal of residual alveolar milk following intravenous oxytocin administration. Conventional surgical technique using BP blade No. 15 was optimal in treating hard milkers (28 cases). Twenty two cases of membranous teat obstructions (teat spiders) were successfully resected using theloresectoscopy restoring the patency for milk flow. Theloresectoscopy facilitated fulguration of membranous obstructions (teat spider) in 22 cases using a loop cautery connected to monopolar electrosurgical unit. On cultural examination of milk samples, isolates of Staphylococcus spp., Streptococci spp., Arcanobacterium spp. and Escherichia spp were obtained which on antibiogram were sensitive to Gentamicin, Ceftriaxone, Enrofloxacin, Oflaxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Amoxycillin, Penicillin, Streptomycin and Cefixime. The milk samples collected at immediate postoperative period showed high somatic cell count which decreased to near normal by 21st post operative day in majority of the cases. Theloscopy facilitated non-invasive direct visualization of the internal teat structures, while theloresectoscopy fulguration of teat spider.ThesisItem Open Access B-Mode Ocular Ultrasonography in Dogs and Horses(AAU, Anand, 2012) Kumar, Dharmendra; PARIKH, P. V.The present clinical study entitled "B-Mode Ocular Ultrasonography in Dogs and Horses" was undertaken in 135 dogs (4 months -15 years) and 50 horses (1-15 years) of either sex from 01st April, 2011 to 31st March, 2012 at university clinic, Anand. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the normal and affected eyes was done using linear transducer (7.5-18 MHz) by transcomeal (129 dogs) and transpalpebral (six dogs) approaches. In 50 horses ocular ultrasonography (US) was performed by transpalpebral approach. In all animals corneal anesthesia was achieved with proparacaine HCl 0.5% instilled directly on cornea. Age wise distribution of canine cases revealed maximum incidence of ophthalmic affections in the age group of 5-10 years (39.26%, 53) followed by 10-15 years (28.89%, 39), 1-5 years (22.22%), 30) and 0-1 years (9.63%, 13). Breed wise ophthalmic affections were maximum in Pomeranian (59.26%, 80) followed by Labrador retriever (13.33%, 18), German shepherd (11.11%, 15), Beagle (5.18%, 7), Dalmatian, Golden retriever (2.96%, 4 in each), Doberman (2.22%, 3), Lhasa apso (1.48%, 2), Boxer and Pug (0.74%, 1 each). Sex wise distribution showed more affections in male (57.03%, 77) than females (42.97%, 58). Age wise distribution of equine cases revealed maximum ophthalmic affections in 5-10 years (36%, 18) followed by 10-15 years (30%, 15), 1-5 years (24%, 12) and 0-1 years (10%, 05). Breed wise incidence of ophthalmic affections was maximum in Kathiawadi and Marwari horses (40%), 20 each) followed by Sindhi (20%), 10). Sex wise distribution showed more affections in females (54%), 27) than males (46%, 23). In dogs and horses different ophthalmic parameters like anterior chamber depth, anterio-posterior depth of the lens, latero-medial diameter of the lens, vitreous depth and axial length were studied according to age, sex, breed, left and right eyes and normal and abnormal eyes. Different parameters of eye increased in dogs of age group greater than five years than 0-1 year. Parameters of eye like anterior chamber depth, vitreous depth and axial length were significantly longer in male dogs than female. Whereas anterioposterior depth and latero-medial diameter of the lens differed non significantly. According to breed, anterior chamber depth and latero-medial diameter of lens differed nonsignificantly, but anterio-posterior depth of the lens in Dalmatian and German shepherd differed significantly. Axial length in Dalmatian differed significantly than German shepherd and Labrador retriever. An insignificant difference was observed for different parameters between left and right eyes. In normal and abnormal eyes, anterior chamber depth differed nonsignificantly, but all other parameters like anterio-posterior depth of the lens, latero-medial diameter of the lens, vitreous depth and axial length differed significantly. Among types of canine cataracts, different ophthalmic parameters differed non significantly in 5-10 years age group, but all the eye parameters in morgagnian cataract differed significantly from immature, mature and hypermature cataracts in 10-15 years of age group. Out of 50 horses, five were of 0-1 year age group, 12 of 1-5 years, 18 of 5-10 years and 15 of 10-15 years. Anterior chamber depth, anterio-posterior depth of the lens, latero-medial diameter of the lens, vitreous depth and axial length increased with age. Different parameters of eyes in male and female, breed, left and right eye and normal and affected eyes varied non significantly. In dogs ophthalmic affections like cataract, luxation of lens, vitreous degeneration and (RD) were diagnosed. Secondary luxation of lens was seen in five cases, of which two had anterior luxation and rest posterior luxation. Detached vitreous revealed multicurved lines with different varying reflectors in 18 dogs; of which, four dogs had bilateral vitreous degeneration and in the rest (14) unilateral. Vitreal syneresis was observed in one dog. Vitreous degeneration was more in males than females. Fourteen cases of RD were diagnosed on US, of which five cases were in Pomeranian, with bilateral involvement in one case; four cases in Labrador retriever with bilateral involvement in two cases, one case each in Pug, Beagle, Golden retriever and German shepherd. In four cases close- close type of RD was found and in nine cases open-close type. In horse, five cases of RD were diagnosed, of which four were Kathiawadi and one Marwari. All cases revealed open-close type of RD. Eight horses diagnosed with Setaria eye worm in anterior chamber (6 cases) and vitreous body (2 cases). Thus ultrasonography is a safe and non-invasive method which can be used in diagnosis of ocular disorders as complementary to routine ophthalmic examinations in dogs and horses. Further this study established ocular echobiometry dimensions for certain breeds of dogs and horses bred in India.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INCIDENCE, DIAGNOSIS AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF MILK FLOW DISORDERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THELORESECTOSCOPY IN DAIRY ANIMALS(AAU, Anand, 2012) JHALA, SHIVRAJSINH KISHORSINH; PARIKH, P. V.The present study was done to record the incidence of milk flow disorders (MFD) in dairy animals in and around Anand and to evaluate the efficacy of conventional surgery/theloresectoscopy for the management of teat disorders. Out of 1972 animals reviewed for MFD, hard milkers were recorded in 44 cows and 62 buffaloes, whereas teat spider in 36 cows and 15 buffaloes. Out of these, 29 cattle and 21 buffaloes with MFD were subjected to detailed investigations using radiography, ultrasonography and theloscopy. Prevalence of MFD was highest in the age group of 6 - 7 years, during the 3rd or 4th lactation. Clinical examination revealed rear quarters to be more affected than fore in both cattle and buffaloes. In cattle proximal and middle portions of the teat were more involved than distal, whereas in buffaloes the distal part was more affected. The site of obstruction i.e., middle to proximal part of the teat (16 teats) and at Furstenberg's rosette (04 teats) were diagnosed using contrast (iopromide) radiography. B mode ultrasonography was performed in 30 teats, wherein anatomical and pathological details of the affected teats were best obtained using 7.5 MHz linear array transducer. Visualization of teat cistern was superior with contact gel technique and that of distal portion of teat with water bath technique. Theloscopy offered direct visualization of internal teat cavity and accurate determination of lesions in 30 teats. During theloscopy better visualization was obtained after rinsing with sterile saline and removal of residual alveolar milk following intravenous oxytocin administration. Conventional surgical technique using BP blade No. 15 was optimal in treating hard milkers (28 cases). Twenty two cases of membranous teat obstructions (teat spiders) were successfully resected using theloresectoscopy restoring the patency for milk flow. Theloresectoscopy facilitated fulguration of membranous obstructions (teat spider) in 22 cases using a loop cautery connected to monopolar electrosurgical unit. On cultural examination of milk samples, isolates of Staphylococcus spp., Streptococci spp., Arcanobacterium spp. and Escherichia spp were obtained which on antibiogram were sensitive to Gentamicin, Ceftriaxone, Enrofloxacin, Oflaxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Amoxycillin, Penicillin, Streptomycin and Cefixime. The milk samples collected at immediate postoperative period showed high somatic cell count which decreased to near normal by 21st post operative day in majority of the cases. Theloscopy facilitated non-invasive direct visualization of the internal teat structures, while theloresectoscopy fulguration of teat spider.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON MEDICO – SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT GENITAL PROLAPSE IN COWS(AAU, Anand, 2012) Desai Bharatkumar Devidasbhai; Dr. P.H. TANKA clinical study on recurrent genital prolapse and its management in cows was carried out. The objectives of the present clinical study were to document clinical details, categorize and classify the pattern of genital prolapse as well as to apply and assess various therapeutic and surgical modalities for clinical management of the recurrent genital prolapse in cows. A clinical survey was conducted at different Gaushalas across the Saurashtra region of Gujarat to record clinical details and to categorize and classify pattern of genital prolapse of the cows. The detail of history regarding age, occurrence, duration and degree of prolapse were recorded. Total 774 cows were surveyed amongst them 50 cows were found to be affected with genital prolapse. The prevalence rate of genital prolapse was 6.4 per cent. These included: 31(62%) Gir, 8(16%) Kankrej and 11(22%) nondescript cows. Twenty four cows having chronic genital prolapse varing between 2nd to 4th degrees were selected for further study. Based on the nature and degree of prolapse mass various surgical and therapeutic management strategies were instituted.ThesisItem Open Access Sono- and- Electrolocation Guided Blockade of Axillary Brachial Plexus and Femoral Nerve Using Bupivacaine and Ropivacaine in Dogs and Goats(AAU, 2012) Mehraj, din dar; Dr. D.B. PatilThesisItem Open Access ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT SURGICAL DISORDERS IN BOVINES(AAU, 2012) TIWARI, DEEPAK KUMAR; Dr. P. V. PARIKH