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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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Subject: Veterinary Surgery × Start date: 1960 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE HEALING PROCESS OF SEVERED SUPERFICIAL DIGITAL AND DEEP DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDONS IN CALVES REPAIRED BY CARBON FIBRE FILAMENTS ( Grafil-AS ) AND 24 G MONOFILAMENT STAINLESS STEEL WIRE
    (AAU, Anand, 1987) Rao, N. Madhu; PATEL, M. R.
    The main purpose of the investigations on the healing process of severed superficial and deep digital flexor tendons repaired by carbon fibre and stainless steel wire in crossbred male calves was to evaluate the efficacy of suture implants in the repair and collagen fibre formation. In all 126 animals were divided into two groups and each group, further divided into three sub-groups having 21 animals in each for observation of healing process at 20, 40 and 80 days, respectively. Trifluropromazine (Siquil) was given intravenously as pre-anaesthetic at the dose rate of 0.15 mg/kg body weight and chloral hydrate solution (10%) intravenously to effect and operation performed. The evaluation of the healing process in the sectioned tendons was done clinically, and by using radiography, angiography, biomestry, biomechanics, biochemistry, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The fasciography on 20th P.O.D. did not reveal any difference between the groups. On 40th day, except for the thickness of the tendon in the first group, no changes were observed. On 80th P.O.D., nearly completion of healing process could be observed. The arteriographic studies revealed extensive proliferation of blood vessels on 20th P.O.D. in both the groups. Vascularization existed on 40th and 80th P.O.D. in both the groups. This indicated on-going repairing process. Tendon biometry revealed that the stump measurement values were more in CF group in all the three periods than in SS group. A definite increase was observed in the width of SDF and DDF tendons in both the groups. However, the width was more in CF group than in SS group. Analysis of variance showed that effects of type of suture and normal versus repaired tendon were found statistically significant (P <0.05) and interaction effects were also significant (P < 0.05). Thus indicated that use of CF filaments enhanced collagen fibre formation and thus the repair. Considerable increase in the cross measurement of repaired SDF and DDF tendons was observed in both the groups at 20, 40 and 80 days P.O.D. Increase in the tendon measurement was observed as the post-operative interval increased. This indicated that transected tendon had healed clinically. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of type of suture was nonsignificant and effects normal versus repaired tendon was statistically significant (P < 0 . 0 5 ) . This meant that in the groups under reference had no difference in the healing process irrespective of the suture materials used. The measurements of tendon lengths at repaired zone were considerably increased in all the periods of observation in both the groups. The analysis of variance revealed that effects of suture material, normal versus repaired were statistically significant (Pv<0.05). In the groups under reference, the type of suture material had a effect on the healing process in the repaired tendon. Biochemical studies revealed, significantly higher effects of S-GOT in the CP group when compared to SS group. S-GOT levels gradually increased and reached a peak by 20th P.O.D. However, in the 40th day group, the values were significantly higher (P<0.01) in SS group when compared to CF group. On 80th P.O.D., the S-GOT levels were significantly higher (P< 0.01) in CF group when compared to SS group. The levels of S-GOT observed in the animals were in close association with progressive healing process to normalcy. The trend in S-GPT levels was similar to that of S-GOT levels upto 20th P.O.D. However, significantly higher levels were observed between material used and post-operative time intervals. On 40th day, the reverse trend was observed in S-GPT levels. Analysis of variance showed that material used and post-operative time intervals were statistically significant (P <0.05) and interaction effects were also significant (P<0.05). On 80th P.O.P., there were significantly higher (P <0.01) levels of S-GPT in the GF group than SS group. The effects of suture material used, the groups and the periods were found statistically significant {P<0.01). The levels of S-GPT demonstrated that the type of suture material used, animal groups and periods were influenced by these parameters. The S-AKP levels showed gradual increase upto 65th day and then declined in all the three groups. Statistical analysis revealed that material used was nonsignificant at 80 days. The relation with time intervals were significantly higher (P <0.01) in all the three periods of study. This meant that when final healing at 80th P.O.D. is considered, type of suture material was more important. A general decrease in the levels of S-LDH was observed at 20 and 40 days period in both the groups. The material used and post-operative intervals were statistically significant (P <0.05) in all the three periods. The interaction between the materials and time intervals was statistically nonsignificant in 20 days studies and significant (P <0.05) at 40 and 80 days P.O.P. This clearly showed that the use of type of suture material was more important. Biomechanical studies revealed increase in tendon length in both the groups as evident from the measurement taken on 20th P.O.P. Analysis of variance between animals had significant (P <0.05) effects on tendon length. Interaction effects were also significant (P<0.05). Under the study, biomechanical measurements of the tendon length helped in knowing the regaining of the healing. Measurement of cross sectional area of tendon helped in assessing the healing progress of the tendon. The analysis of variance showed between the groups, time intervals and normal versus repaired was found statistically significant (P<0.05) for their effects. Interactions with main effects viz., periods, normal versus repaired and materials was also found significant (P<0.05). A considerable decrease in UTL in both the groups, was observed at 20 and 40 days P.O.P. The UTL values were increased in both the groups by 80th P.O.P. The analysis of variance showed that experimental groups,periods, repaired versus normal and their effects were statistically significant (P <0.05). The decrease in UTL at 20th and 40th P.O.P. indicated that the repair of the sutured tendon was not complete. However, by 80th P.O.P., an increase in UTL in both the groups, indicated that clinically the tendon had healed and was able to bear the weight for normal activity. The tensile strength decreased considerably at all the periods in both the groups. The analysis of variance showed main characters and interaction between periods, normal versus repaired and material was statistically significant (P<0.05) effects on tensile strength. Decrease in the tensile strength after repair might be due to the disarranged arrangement of the collagen fibres in the healing tissue. The decrease in the modulus of elasticity was observed in all the periods of both the groups. The analysis of variance showed main characters and interaction between period, normal versus repaired and material used was statistically significant (P<0.05). Decrease in the modulus of elasticity was indicative of weakness of the replaced tissue even by 80th P.O.P. tendon which had not regained its normal strength. Histomorphologically and histochemical studies revealed that first healing process was characterized by a proliferation of young granulation tissue characterized by plumpy fibroblast. There was intense staining reaction by PAS-AB indicating intense activity for the formation of ground substance. At 40 days CF group, the CF filaments separated from implanted CF bundles and were surrounded by fibroblast, macrophages and collagen fibres. In both the groups, there was intense activity of PAS-AB indicating collagen production. At 80 days P.O.P. in both the groups, the transected tendon almost appeared structurally like a normal tendon. SEM studies revealed at 20 days P.O.P., the gap at the transected tendon ends was filled by granulation tissue wilthout evoking tissue reaction and necrotic changes. CF filament did not evoke tissue reaction. The healing process was quicker in CF group when compared to SS group. At 40 days P.O.P. in SS group, the transected ends were completely joined by the granulation tissue and collagen fibre was present. The healing was qomplete at 40 days P.O.P. In the case of CF group, collagen fibre was more in number and wavy in pattern. At 80 days in SS group, the transected tendon end had completely joined. The collagen bundle was parallel to the long axis of the tendon. In CF group, the collagen bundles were thicker, more wavy and anastamosis between them was also more when compared to SS group. TEM studies revealed that there was no tissue reaction in both the groups. In the granulation tissue fibroblast surrounded by amorphous ground substance were seen at 40 days P.O.P. The collagen fibrils were arranged in parallel to one another and, also they were parallel to the long axis of the fibroblast. At 80 days P.O.P., axial periodicity consisted of one dark and one light segment at regular intervals in the collagen fibrils was seen. This axial periodicity was more in CF group as compared to SS group. The carbon fibre filament incited more tissue reaction in the initial stages. It assisted in the early healing of the sectioned tendons, and modulated the healed tendon to normalcy in the latter stages. It assisted in the early healing of the sectioned tendons, and modulated the healed tendon to normalcy in the latter stages. The results of clinical, biometrical, biomechanical, histomorphological, SEM and TEM studies showed that the carbon fibre filament to be a better replacement to SS wire for the repair of sectioned tendons.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICAL STUDIES ON ETIOPATHOLOGY AND MEDICO SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT GENITAL PROLAPSE IN COWS
    (AAU, Anand, 2011) BADGUJAR, CHANDRAVADAN LAXMAN; TANK, P. H.
    Incidences of pertparturient cervico-vaginal prolapse (CVP) have been recorded in dairy cows all over the world by many workers. However, rarely there has been a mention of cases of chronic prolapse occurring beyond three months of parturition. On the contrary, it was experienced to be occurring in high number in the Gaushalas and Panjarapoles of Gujarat. A majority of the affected cows were from Gir or Kankrej breeds and their crosses. They had suffered repeated episodes of the problem. Conventional methods of treatment were unsuccessful to address this problem. Hence, a clinical study was undertaken to evaluate various aspects of CVP including medicosurgical management by different approaches in 46 cows of Gaushalas and Panjarapoles in Saurashtra region of Gujarat. A novel method of 100 point score for each character was evolved to assess the health of cow and severity of prolapse. The cows that fell in the range of aggregate points between 0-25, were graded as Grade-I; between 26-50, graded as Grade-II; between 51-75, graded as Grade-Ill, and cows with score from 75-100, were graded as Grade-IV. None of the cases under study fall in the Grade I category. The cases of Grade-II were subjected to surgical treatment utilizing Technique No. 1 (Fixation to prepubic tendon) or No. 2 (Button suture fixation). Cases falling under the Grade-Ill were treated with the use of surgical Technique No. 3 (Amputation of prolapsed mass) or No. 4 (Submucosal resection of vagina). In cases of Grade-Ill, the cows that had irreducible adhesions of the prolapsed mass or abnormalities of os cervix in the form of kinked, hardened, fibrosed or extensive enlarged cervix were subjected to Technique No. 3 (Amputation of prolapsed mass). Cases of Grade-III that had less changes of the os cervix as mentioned but had more of vaginal proliferation and fibrosis were subjected to Technique No. 4 (Submucosal resection of vagina). The cases of Grade-IV were put to treatment by Technique No. 5 (Pervaginum Panhysterectomy). These cases were advanced, unmanageable, highly suffering and with non-viable appearance of prolapse. Those cows which showed ovarian abnormalities were subjected to Technique No. 6 (Pervaginum Bilateral ovariectomy). They came in Grade II prolapse. After supportive therapy, anaesthesia was performed in the form of caudal epidural analgesia and pudendal nerve block under xylazine sedation. Appropriate surgical treatment was applied to each cow. The 46 affected cows were grouped as per the surgical technique provided from Group 1 to VI. In Group I to V, eight cases were operated, while in Group VI, six cases were operated. In addition to this, blood and serum samples were collected for comparison, from eight healthy lactating normal cows as a control group. For fixation of vagina to prepubic tendon, insertion of the needle in the prepubic tendon required lot of skill to retrieve the needle back between the main and lateral branch of the prepubic tendon. Although this technique appeared very promising, the entire procedure was to be performed blindly only by palpation in the cul-de-sac of vagina. In view of a limited bite in tlie vaginal floor and the prepubic tendon, the chances of rupture of the suture or the tearing of the vaginal wall could not be overlooked. Considering the complexity in execution, this technique is recommended only in the hands of an experienced worker. Button suture fixation was used on 8 cows. Commercially available suture needle (triangular and straight needle No.l) worked satisfactorily to put these sutures. Since the vaginal insertion of the suture was preplaced on the prolapsed mass, there was adequate visibility and a very little haemorrhage occurred in the placement of the suture. Amputation of prolapsed mass was easy in this technique as the entire mass was presented at the vulva for handling. However, due to the large size and irreparable changes in the vagina and the cervix, the wall of the organ was considerably thick making it difficult to cut. Submucosal resection of vagina was fairly simple than amputation. As the surgical dissection was restricted only to the submucosa of the exposed portion, haemorrhage from the dissection was comparatively less. Since the technique did not involve extensive dissection or ligation of blood vessels, the procedure could be completed in comparatively lesser time. In cases of per vaginum panhysterectomy, the dorsal wall of the vagina bled considerably. Further dissection for the uterine junction and ovarian stumps had to be done blindly by palpation with fingers. It was felt necessary to put two ligatures on the stump to ensure complete obliteration of the ovarian blood vessels. After having completed this procedure, small length of vagina was left behind so that there was no chance of recurrence of prolapse. Per vaginum bilateral ovariectomy was performed in the similar manner as in pervaginum panhysterectomy. The uterus and cervix were left intact. For performing the ovariectomy, a specially designed Richards' ovariotome was used to crush the ovarian blood vessels and to cut the pedicle. Suturing of the vaginal incision (colpotomy) did not pose major problem and the entire surgery could be completed in 20 to 30 minutes. In Group 1 and II, recurrence of prolapse was noted in one cow each due to rupture of sutures. In one more case of group II, pyometra was noted due to foreign body i.e. buttons. In Group III, all the animals showed mild to moderate bleeding from vagina .and mild straining. This was treated by local infusion of Betadine solution and application of Ceftriaxone powder. This bleeding disappeared towards 7-8 days and effectively stopped at 10 days. One cow showed recurrence of prolapse. In Group IV, minor haemorrhage through vagina was noted in all the cases for 1 or 2 post-operative days. All the animals recovered uneventfully, except one cow that suffered prolapse at 24th post-operative day. In Group V, all the animals, except one cow, showed slight haemorrhage for a period of 3 to 4 days followed by slight mucous discharge for next 3 to 4 days, but recovered uneventfully by 15 days. Prepubic tendon fixation and Button suture fixation were performed in those cows where the prolapse was mild to moderate type (Grade II) with no complications like oedema, necrosis, gangrene and other secondary complications like maggots infestation. As such these two techniques were useful in conserving the genitalia. However, button suture fixation method was preferred to address the clinical condition. Two cows treated with button fixation technique conceived subsequently. Thus, these animals would have become useful for reproduction in future. Submucmosal resection was comparatively easier to perform and resulted into less serious haemorrhage. In those cases where the changes in the prolapsed organ appeared irreversible, it was decided to remove entire reproductive tract per vaginum (Panhysterectomy). This surgical technique also was quite demanding owing to large number of engorged blood vessels in the dissection. Per vaginum bilateral ovariectomy was reserved for those cases where ovarian changes were marked. It was postulated that the prolapse was primarily due to ovarian dysfunction. This was proved when the ovariectomy was performed and the prolapse was repositioned. No recurrence was noted in any of the six cases until eight days. However, this procedure was performed in ox cases and only had moderate Grade II prolapse. Therefore it requires further study. Haemato-biochemical and serum endocrinological assessment paved a clinical way of understanding the etiopathology, stress and therapeutic resolution of this complex malady in cows by contemplating the findings to the clinical merits of the cases retrospectively. Various micro organisms were isolated from the vaginal swabs from these cows. Antibiotic sensitivity test indicated that Ceftriaxone and Enrofloxacin were both effective against these organisms while Amoxirum was not as effective. Urinalysis can be used as one indictor to assess pre-operative status and effect of surgical treatment. Histopathological studies of genital tissue on surgical removal in Group I and II, did not show significant lesions while Group III, IV and V cases revealed, variable degrees of inflammatory lesions, characterized by degeneration, edema necrosis and fibrosis. Moderate to severe infiltration of mononuclear cells in the vaginal and cervical mucosa were found in groups III and IV. Group V indicated necrosis of superficial mucosal lining with the presence of bacterial colonies. Hyperplasia of glands of vaginal and cervical mucosa showed neutrophils and mononuclear cells infiltration with cystic dilatation. The group V cases revealed chronic inflammatory changes of adhesions, lacerations, necrosis and perivascular fibrosis, hyperplasia of uterine glands along with congestion and haemorrhage. The group VI cases, (with abnormalities of ovaries) revealed cystic dilation with fluid filled cavity, with single layered cysts. Few specimens revealed multicystic ovaries which had thick, multilayered wall and cyst within the wall. The histological signs correlated with the clinical signs and helped in prognosis of repair and cure of the case.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PREVENTION OF INTRA ABDOMINAL ADHESIONS IN COW CALVES
    (AAU, Anand, 2001) Shukla, Brahma Prakash; PATIL, D. B.
    An experimental study was conducted on 30 healthy cow calves to assess the effectiveness of sodium cromoglycate (SCG), hyaluronic acid (HA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and their combination in prevention of intra abdominal adhesions in an evolved model of ileal adhesions of transmural etiology. Intra abdomioal adhesions were induced by subjecting a 60 cm loop of ileum to 70 minutes of ischaemia by ligating the mesenteric vessels and lumen at either end of the ileal loop. Animals were randomly allotted to five groups of six each. Group I (control) animals remained untreated, while the animals of Groups II, III and IV were subjected to pre-peri-&-post operative instillation of sodium cromoglycate (@ 2 mg/kg body wt. in 20 ml solution.), hyaluronic acid (20 ml of 0.1% solution) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (100 ml, 30% solution), respectively over the ischaemic ileal segment. In animals of Group V, a combination of SCG, HA and PVP were used during pre-peri-&-post operative periods, respectively. Clinical signs like rectal temperature, abdominal pain, incisional swelling, appetite and behaviour were recorded daily. Venous blood samples were collected before operation and post operatively on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 and 12 and analysed for plasma fibrinogen, serum total proteins, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, creatinine, creatine phosphokinase and urea nitrogen. Re-exploration following euthanasia was done on day 12 to assess the degree of adhesions and to collect tissue of ileum and adjacent mesentery for histopathological examination and degranulated mast cells counting, respectively. Signs of abdominal pain were noticed throughout the period of ischaemia and normalcy was restored soon after the release of ligatures. Two animals in Group I were not able to pass the faeces after 24 hours of surgery and were given soap water enema. Significant (P < 0.05) differences were noticed in the mean values of plasma fibrinogen, serum total proteins, calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, creatine phosphokinase and urea nitrogen in almost all the groups, whereas between the groups, significant (P < 0.05) differences were seen in plasma fibrinogen, serum calcium, phosphorus, creatine phosphokinase and urea nitrogen. Grossly, intra abdominal adhesions of varying degree and severity were noticed in Groups I,II, III and V. The declining trend with regard to severity and degree of adhesion formation were seen in Groups I, II, III and V, whereas Group IV remained free from any adhesions in all the animals, except for one, in which localised flimsy adhesions were observed. Histopathological assessment of sections of ileum showed +3 serosal thickening with proliferation of fibroblast in almost all the animals in Groups I^ II and III. The histopathological profile of sections of ileum in Group V showed variable lesions. Further, +2, '0' and ± thickening of serosa was noticed in three, two and one animal, respectively. In Group IV (PVP treated) serosal thickening was absent in five animals. However, in one animal +1 serosal thickening was seen. On counting of degranulated mast cells in different groups, declining trend of number of mast cells/5 high power fields was observed in control group followed by SCG, HA and mixed groups. In PVP group, least count was observed. It can be safely concluded that polyvinylpyrrolidone at the concentration of 30 per cent (100 ml solution) is highly effective in preventing intra abdominal adhesions in cow calves.