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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON ILIZAROV TECHNIQUE FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF TIBIAL FRACTURES IN DOGS(AAU, Anand, 2010) Bhatia, Ami Sandip; TANK, P. H.A clinical study on Ilizarov technique for immobilization of tibial fractures in dogs was carried out with multiple objectives of knowing the epidemiological status of various orthopaedic affections, standardizing the application of 'Ilizarov technique' for external immobilization of tibial fractures on cadaver models and lastly, applying and comparing the Ilizarov technique with intramedullary pinning for immobilization tibial fractures in dogs. Last three years' retrospective information was retrieved by scrutinizing the data bank of the College Hospital. During that period, a total of 8790 canine cases were registered out of which 486 (5.53%) cases were having orthopaedic maladies. Amongst those, the cases of fractures were 378 that accounted for nearly 78% cases of the reported orthopaedic maladies. Majority of the fractures involved radio-ulna (29.36%) followed by femur (28.30%), tibia-fibula (23.80%) and humerus (14.55%). Cadaveric tibiae were used for standardization of the Ilizarov technique. The diaphyses of tibiae were sawed in a manner to mimic different fractures and these fractures were immobilized using Ilizarov technique of circular external fixation to get hands on training. To evaluate the feasibility of the Ilizarov technique in the treatment of tibial diaphyseal fracture in dogs, a study was carried out in 12 clinical cases of tibial fractures. The cases were randomly divided into two groups based upon the fracture stabilization technique used, viz., Ilizarov technique (Group I, n=6) and Intramedullary pinning (Group II, n=6). No exudation was seen in group I whereas mild exudation was observed in few cases of group II. Partial weight bearing was seen as early as 2nd postoperative day in group I as against 7th postoperative day in group II. Complete weight bearing was observed from the 6th postoperative day in majority cases of group I as compared to 24th postoperative day in group II. The earlier restoration of the functional usage of the limb could be attributed to the closed reduction, no external infection and axial stability of the Ilizarov apparatus. In majority cases of group I joint mobility was earlier, seen from the 2nd post operative day whereas limited joint mobility was seen in the first week which gradually improved in all the cases of group II. Radiological examination was done at weekly intervals. Most of the dogs belonging to both the groups showed proper reduction and good alignment of the bone fragment immediately after the operation. Callus fomiation was earlier i.e. within 45 days in majority cases of group I as against 54 days in all cases of group II. One case of group I did not show any bridging between the fractured fragments. Minimum or no periosteal reaction was seen around fracture site in group I whereas considerable periosteal reaction was seen around the fracture site in group II. Mild periosteal reaction was seen around the K wire insertion sites in group I by 4th postoperative week. Postoperative complications observed in group I were mild wire tract infection which subsided with proper antibiotic dressing. In group I, majority of cases healed completely except one case in which the animal took off the apparatus within 15 days of operation. Also, one case did not show bridging between the fractured ends. This could have been due to preoperative infection at the fractured site. Few cases showed mild wire tract infection. In group II, occasional limping was observed inspite of complete weight bearing. This might have been due to irritation to soft tissues around the entry site of Steinmann pin while flexing and extending the stifle joint. Infection was seen in one case of group II at the incision site and mild rotation of the distal fragments were seen in few cases. Removal of the Ilizarov apparatus or pin was carried out at 5-7 weeks in group I and 7-8 weeks in group II. This was done when clinical healing was observed in the fomi of functional limb use and endosteal and/or periosteal bridging was evident on radiographs. The Ilizarov apparatus, using external circular transosseous fixation provided better anatomic reduction, axial stability of the fractured fragments, greater joint mobility and functional weight bearing. This technique also prevented muscle atrophy and rotational instability unlike intramedullary pinning. Hence Ilizarov technique is better suited for treating tibial fractures than intramedullary pinning.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON ETIOPATHOLOGY AND MEDICO SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT GENITAL PROLAPSE IN COWS(AAU, Anand, 2011) BADGUJAR, CHANDRAVADAN LAXMAN; TANK, P. H.Incidences of pertparturient cervico-vaginal prolapse (CVP) have been recorded in dairy cows all over the world by many workers. However, rarely there has been a mention of cases of chronic prolapse occurring beyond three months of parturition. On the contrary, it was experienced to be occurring in high number in the Gaushalas and Panjarapoles of Gujarat. A majority of the affected cows were from Gir or Kankrej breeds and their crosses. They had suffered repeated episodes of the problem. Conventional methods of treatment were unsuccessful to address this problem. Hence, a clinical study was undertaken to evaluate various aspects of CVP including medicosurgical management by different approaches in 46 cows of Gaushalas and Panjarapoles in Saurashtra region of Gujarat. A novel method of 100 point score for each character was evolved to assess the health of cow and severity of prolapse. The cows that fell in the range of aggregate points between 0-25, were graded as Grade-I; between 26-50, graded as Grade-II; between 51-75, graded as Grade-Ill, and cows with score from 75-100, were graded as Grade-IV. None of the cases under study fall in the Grade I category. The cases of Grade-II were subjected to surgical treatment utilizing Technique No. 1 (Fixation to prepubic tendon) or No. 2 (Button suture fixation). Cases falling under the Grade-Ill were treated with the use of surgical Technique No. 3 (Amputation of prolapsed mass) or No. 4 (Submucosal resection of vagina). In cases of Grade-Ill, the cows that had irreducible adhesions of the prolapsed mass or abnormalities of os cervix in the form of kinked, hardened, fibrosed or extensive enlarged cervix were subjected to Technique No. 3 (Amputation of prolapsed mass). Cases of Grade-III that had less changes of the os cervix as mentioned but had more of vaginal proliferation and fibrosis were subjected to Technique No. 4 (Submucosal resection of vagina). The cases of Grade-IV were put to treatment by Technique No. 5 (Pervaginum Panhysterectomy). These cases were advanced, unmanageable, highly suffering and with non-viable appearance of prolapse. Those cows which showed ovarian abnormalities were subjected to Technique No. 6 (Pervaginum Bilateral ovariectomy). They came in Grade II prolapse. After supportive therapy, anaesthesia was performed in the form of caudal epidural analgesia and pudendal nerve block under xylazine sedation. Appropriate surgical treatment was applied to each cow. The 46 affected cows were grouped as per the surgical technique provided from Group 1 to VI. In Group I to V, eight cases were operated, while in Group VI, six cases were operated. In addition to this, blood and serum samples were collected for comparison, from eight healthy lactating normal cows as a control group. For fixation of vagina to prepubic tendon, insertion of the needle in the prepubic tendon required lot of skill to retrieve the needle back between the main and lateral branch of the prepubic tendon. Although this technique appeared very promising, the entire procedure was to be performed blindly only by palpation in the cul-de-sac of vagina. In view of a limited bite in tlie vaginal floor and the prepubic tendon, the chances of rupture of the suture or the tearing of the vaginal wall could not be overlooked. Considering the complexity in execution, this technique is recommended only in the hands of an experienced worker. Button suture fixation was used on 8 cows. Commercially available suture needle (triangular and straight needle No.l) worked satisfactorily to put these sutures. Since the vaginal insertion of the suture was preplaced on the prolapsed mass, there was adequate visibility and a very little haemorrhage occurred in the placement of the suture. Amputation of prolapsed mass was easy in this technique as the entire mass was presented at the vulva for handling. However, due to the large size and irreparable changes in the vagina and the cervix, the wall of the organ was considerably thick making it difficult to cut. Submucosal resection of vagina was fairly simple than amputation. As the surgical dissection was restricted only to the submucosa of the exposed portion, haemorrhage from the dissection was comparatively less. Since the technique did not involve extensive dissection or ligation of blood vessels, the procedure could be completed in comparatively lesser time. In cases of per vaginum panhysterectomy, the dorsal wall of the vagina bled considerably. Further dissection for the uterine junction and ovarian stumps had to be done blindly by palpation with fingers. It was felt necessary to put two ligatures on the stump to ensure complete obliteration of the ovarian blood vessels. After having completed this procedure, small length of vagina was left behind so that there was no chance of recurrence of prolapse. Per vaginum bilateral ovariectomy was performed in the similar manner as in pervaginum panhysterectomy. The uterus and cervix were left intact. For performing the ovariectomy, a specially designed Richards' ovariotome was used to crush the ovarian blood vessels and to cut the pedicle. Suturing of the vaginal incision (colpotomy) did not pose major problem and the entire surgery could be completed in 20 to 30 minutes. In Group 1 and II, recurrence of prolapse was noted in one cow each due to rupture of sutures. In one more case of group II, pyometra was noted due to foreign body i.e. buttons. In Group III, all the animals showed mild to moderate bleeding from vagina .and mild straining. This was treated by local infusion of Betadine solution and application of Ceftriaxone powder. This bleeding disappeared towards 7-8 days and effectively stopped at 10 days. One cow showed recurrence of prolapse. In Group IV, minor haemorrhage through vagina was noted in all the cases for 1 or 2 post-operative days. All the animals recovered uneventfully, except one cow that suffered prolapse at 24th post-operative day. In Group V, all the animals, except one cow, showed slight haemorrhage for a period of 3 to 4 days followed by slight mucous discharge for next 3 to 4 days, but recovered uneventfully by 15 days. Prepubic tendon fixation and Button suture fixation were performed in those cows where the prolapse was mild to moderate type (Grade II) with no complications like oedema, necrosis, gangrene and other secondary complications like maggots infestation. As such these two techniques were useful in conserving the genitalia. However, button suture fixation method was preferred to address the clinical condition. Two cows treated with button fixation technique conceived subsequently. Thus, these animals would have become useful for reproduction in future. Submucmosal resection was comparatively easier to perform and resulted into less serious haemorrhage. In those cases where the changes in the prolapsed organ appeared irreversible, it was decided to remove entire reproductive tract per vaginum (Panhysterectomy). This surgical technique also was quite demanding owing to large number of engorged blood vessels in the dissection. Per vaginum bilateral ovariectomy was reserved for those cases where ovarian changes were marked. It was postulated that the prolapse was primarily due to ovarian dysfunction. This was proved when the ovariectomy was performed and the prolapse was repositioned. No recurrence was noted in any of the six cases until eight days. However, this procedure was performed in ox cases and only had moderate Grade II prolapse. Therefore it requires further study. Haemato-biochemical and serum endocrinological assessment paved a clinical way of understanding the etiopathology, stress and therapeutic resolution of this complex malady in cows by contemplating the findings to the clinical merits of the cases retrospectively. Various micro organisms were isolated from the vaginal swabs from these cows. Antibiotic sensitivity test indicated that Ceftriaxone and Enrofloxacin were both effective against these organisms while Amoxirum was not as effective. Urinalysis can be used as one indictor to assess pre-operative status and effect of surgical treatment. Histopathological studies of genital tissue on surgical removal in Group I and II, did not show significant lesions while Group III, IV and V cases revealed, variable degrees of inflammatory lesions, characterized by degeneration, edema necrosis and fibrosis. Moderate to severe infiltration of mononuclear cells in the vaginal and cervical mucosa were found in groups III and IV. Group V indicated necrosis of superficial mucosal lining with the presence of bacterial colonies. Hyperplasia of glands of vaginal and cervical mucosa showed neutrophils and mononuclear cells infiltration with cystic dilatation. The group V cases revealed chronic inflammatory changes of adhesions, lacerations, necrosis and perivascular fibrosis, hyperplasia of uterine glands along with congestion and haemorrhage. The group VI cases, (with abnormalities of ovaries) revealed cystic dilation with fluid filled cavity, with single layered cysts. Few specimens revealed multicystic ovaries which had thick, multilayered wall and cyst within the wall. The histological signs correlated with the clinical signs and helped in prognosis of repair and cure of the case.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECTS OF MONOPOLAR AND BIPOLAR ELECTROSURGICAL UNIT ON ABDOMINAL WALL, MESENTERIC ARTERIES AND SMALL INTESTINE OF RABBITS (Oryctolagus cuniculus)(AAU, Anand, 2011) ALASE, ASHWINI LAXMAN; PATIL, D. B.Electrosurgery is one of the most often and routinely used surgical tool for tissue cutting and coagulation, with thermal damage extending to hundreds of micrometers. The desired therapeutic result of electrosurgery is controlled tissue destruction at the site of the active electrode, with no effect at any other location, including the site of the dispersive electrode. However, the degree of thermal damage produced by this instrument is often suspected to be extensive. This study was undertaken to assess the thermal damage caused by Monopolar and Bipolar electrocoagulation at clinically relevant different power outputs and durations of applications on mesenteric arteries having 2 mm diameter, small intestine and abdominal wall in rabbits in order to avoid the side effects for the safer surgery without hazards. After the rabbits were anesthetized with xylazine-ketamine-diazepam mixture, and laparotomy performed. Monopolar and Bipolar electrodes were applied on the muscular part of the abdominal wall without skin, mesenteric arteries and jejunum. Each of the different power outputs viz., 24 Watts (W), 56 W and 72 W were applied for 1 second (sec), 2 sec and 3 sec. The animals were sacrificed and the tissue samples were fixed and embedded in paraffin before sections were taken and stained. Using light microscopy and morphometric imaging analysis, the area of lateral thermal damage of Aabdominal muscles was measured at the point of application of electrode. The quality of coagulation and thermal damage in mesenteric arteries, jejunum, and abdominal muscles were statistically evaluated for differences between Monopolar electrocoagulation and Bipolar electrocoagulation at different power outputs and durations of applications (Univariant analysis). In mesenteric arteries with 2 mm diameter, good quality of coagulation with minimum thermal damage was achieved at 24 Watts for 2 and 3 seconds of application and at 56 W for 1 second application by Monopolar electrocoagulation. Bipolar electrocoagulation showed good quality of coagulation with minimum thermal damage at 24 W for 3 seconds application and at 56 W for 1 and 2 seconds of application. Monopolar electrocoagulation of jejunal serosa caused more thermal damage to the wall of jejunum than Bipolar electrocoagulation and the damage extended upto tunica musculosa at lowest power output (24 W) and upto tunica mucosa at highest setting (72 W). The mean area of abdominal muscle damage caused by Monopolar electrocoagulation was significantly greater than that of Bipolar electrocoagulation. Irrespective of the tissue, based on histopathology and morphometry. Monopolar electrocoagulation caused greater thermal damage as compared to that of Bipolar electrocoagulation and the thermal damage increased with increase in power output and duration of application. Thus, whenever Monopolar Electrosurgical unit is to be used, the power output and the duration of application should be kept as low as possible.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MANAGEMENT OF CANINE MAMMARY TUMOURS WITH DENDRITIC CELL THERAPY(AAU, Anand, 2016) VALA ARSHI KALUBHAI; Dr. P. V. PARIKHThe present study was carried out with multiple objectives to standardize the treatment protocol for dendritic cell therapy for mammary gland tumours, to study the safety and tolerability of dendritic cell based therapy for the treatment of mammary gland tumour in dogs, and to evaluation of efficacy of dendritic cell therapy in dogs. Twenty three cases of canine mammary tumours were studied in detail. The highest occurrence of canine mammary tumour cases was found in the dogs aged 8 to 12 years (47.82 %) followed by those aged 4 to 8 years (39.13 %). It was least (8.69 %) in older dogs above 12 years and intermediate (4.30 %) in younger dogs less than 4 years of age. Breed wise higher occurrence was found in German Shepherd and Labrador Retriever as compared to other breeds. Cases of mammary tumours were observed only in females (100 %). There was an increasing frequency of canine mammary tumour from cranial thoracic to inguinal pairs with the highest incidence in caudal abdominal (41.17 %) and the least in caudal thoracic pair (2.94 %). Out of the 23 bitches, 95.65 per cent were intact and others were neutered. Radiography of thorax was performed to diagnose tumour metastasis in lung. It revealed absent of metastases in all the cases. Ultrasonography revealed size, irregularities of margins as well as echogenicity of mammary tumour masses with vasculature, helping to differentiate their nature and clinical significance. Haematobiochemical parameters did not show any remarkable variation in the cases of mammary tumours. Dendritic cells immunotherapy (Group 1) was performed in 8 cases. After one month of completion of therapy, size of tumour mass was increased gradually in four cases, in three cases growth remained constant in size and in one case it disappeared. Results of MTT assay and IFNG+ indicated that DC therapy potentiate CMI response in this group of animals. Surgical removal of mammary tumour (Group 2) was performed in 7 cases with good success and recurrence was noticed 2 months later in one case. Surgery followed by DC immunotherapy (Group 3) was performed in 8 cases. After completion of therapeutic protocol every case recovered uneventfully and no recurrence was observed. Data of MTT assay and IFNG+ indicated that DC therapy potentiate CMI response in this group of animals. Based on result, Surgery followed by DC therapy group was proved good compared to immunotherapy group and surgical group. Histopathology of selected 12 cases and FNAB of selected 6 cases of canine mammary tumours studied, 10 (55.55 %) cases were confirmed as benign mammary tumours like Cystic papillary adenoma, Benign mixed mammary tumour, Papillary fibroadenoma, Chondro fibro adenoma and Intra ductal papilloma, while 8 (44.44 %) were malignant mammary tumours like Papillary adenocarcinoma, Malignant myoepithelioma, Solid carcinoma and Malignant mix tumour. From the above study it can be concluded that DC therapy was observed to be safe and well tolerated in all animals without any adverse effects or toxicity. Study provided novel insights on the benefit of DC based cellular immunotherapy for managing mammary tumours in canines. Further studies to improve the therapeutic efficacy of DC therapy in canines are required in the future.ThesisItem Open Access “ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF UDDER AND TEAT IN DAIRY ANIMALS(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2016) NIRAVKUMAR RAMANBHAI AMIN; Dr. D. B. PATILThe present clinical study was undertaken to record the normal and abnormal ultrasonographic appearance of udder and teats in dairy animals in and around Anand. A total of 38 bovines (cow-26; and buffalo-12) were examined clinically including normal (n=24) and affected (n=24) udder and teats.ThesisItem Open Access “STUDIES ON BALANCED ANAESTHESIA USING BUTORPHANOL – ACEPROMAZINE – GLYCOPYRROLATE (BAG) AS PREANAESTHETIC TO KETAMINE - DIAZEPAM, KETAMINE -MIDAZOLAM, PROPOFOL AND ISOFLURANE MAINTENANCE IN CANINES(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2010) KAVECHIYA VIPULKUMAR PRAHLADBHAI; Dr. D. R. BarvaliaWhen the animals are scheduled to undergo a surgical procedure, thought may be of the risk entailed an anesthesia. This is perfectly natural as the risks of general anaesthesia are usually greater than that of surgery itself. All veterinarians know and most of them have a great deal of empathy for concerns. Veterinarians are fortunate in a respect that now older and less practicable anaesthetics have been replaced by compounds those are very effective and safe when used properly. Injectable anaesthetics have their specific reversal agents and gas anaesthetics are eliminated through ventilation quickly. These agents have dramatically reduced anaesthetic risk to animalsThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON PREPUTIAL PROLAPSE AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN GIR BULLS(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2010) Karle Anshuman Sitaram; Dr. P. H. TANKA clinical study on preputial prolapse and its management in Gir bulls was carried out. The objectives of the present clinical study were to document and categorize the various pathological stages of preputial prolapse in Gir bulls, to study etiopathology of the malady and to evolve and standardize its clinical and surgical management.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON ILIZAROV TECHNIQUE FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF TIBIAL FRACTURES IN DOGS(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2010) Bhatia Ami Sandip; Dr. P. H. TANKA clinical study on Ilizarov technique for immobilization of tibial fractures in dogs was carried out with multiple objectives of knowing the epidemiological status of various orthopaedic affections, standardizing the application of ‘Ilizarov technique’ for external immobilization of tibial fractures on cadaver models and lastly, applying and comparing the Ilizarov technique with intramedullary pinning for immobilization tibial fractures in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access STANDARDIZATION OF MODEL FOR THELORESECTOSCOPY AND CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF MILK FLOW DISORDERS IN DAIRY ANIMALS(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2010) PRAJAPATI BHARAT GOPALBHAI; Dr. P. V. PARIKHThe present clinical study evaluated management of milk flow disorders (MFD) in twenty dairy animals using conventional technique (n=13) and theloresectoscopy (n=7). The incidence of MFD was more in the age group of 7 - 9 years followed by 4 - 6 years with average age of 7.35±0.33 years. Parity wise highest incidence was observed in 3rd lactation followed by 4th and 2nd and least incidence in 1st and 5th lactations with average post calving days of 15.55±4.78. Average milk production of the affected animal was 7.57±0.22 liters/day. Hind quarters were more affected than fore quarter with more involvement of distal third of the teat. Radiography was done in five cases using iopromide. Ultrasonography using 7.5 MHz transducer performed in 10 cases provided better imaging of internal structure of the teat. Prior to clinical theloscopy and theloresectoscopy, hands on model for endoscopic teat surgery was evolved. In this buffalo teats (n=24, in pairs) were collected from slaughter house