Thumbnail Image

Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

Browse

2004 - 200723
Reset filters
Subject: Veterinary Pathology × End date: 2007 × Start date: 2004 × Type: Thesis ×
Reset filters

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 23
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    THE STUDY OF CANINE MAMMARY TUMORS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MUTATIONS IN p53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE BY PCR-SSCP
    (AAU, Anand, 2006) DHAYGUDE, VITTHAL SHRIRANG; Joshi, B. P.
    The present study entitled "The study of canine mammary tumors with special reference to mutations in p53 tumor suppressor gene by PCR-SSCP" was conducted to know the prevalence of canine neoplasms as well as mammary tumors by analyzing the data available at Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, Anand and to investigate the role of p53 gene in molecular pathogenesis of canine mammary tumors by mutational analysis using molecular technique PCR- SSCP. Epidemiological studies on canine neoplasms with special reference to mammary tumors were carried out by obtaining the autopsy/ biopsy records of last five years (January 2001- December 2004). Information like breed, age, sex and histopathological type was analyzed and classified year wise, age wise and breed wise to acertain the susceptibility of the canine mammary tumors. For study of mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene a total of sixteen cases of spontaneously occurring canine mammary tumors were collected by personal visits at clinics, hospitals and Dept. of Surgery at Veterinary College, Anand as well as Bombay Veterinary College, Mumbai with detailed history and gross observations of individual case. The tumor tissues were collected in two sets of vials from each individual case; one in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathological examination and other in liquid nitrogen (- 196°C) for DNA extraction and subsequent PCR- SSCP studies for detection of mutations in Exon 5, Exon 6 and Exon 5 to 7 of p53 tumor suppressor gene using gene specific primers. During the period from January 2001 to December 2005, a total of 124 autopsy / biopsy samples of various canine neoplasms were recorded. Among these, tumors of skin and soft tissues were recorded highest 74 (59.67 %) followed by mammary gland tumors 43 (34.67 %), transmissible venereal granulomas 3 (2.4 %) and tumors each of ovary and testes 2 (1.6 %). Among different breeds of canines, these neoplasms were recorded highest in Alsatian 27.41 % followed by Pomeranian 21.77%, Labrador 12.90 %, Mongrels 12.10%, Doberman 8.87 %, Spitz 8.5 %, Great-Dane, Cocker Spaniel, Tibetan Mastiff each of 2.42 % and Daschounds 1.6 %. Majority of tumors (70.15%) were recorded between 5-12 years of age. Overall there were 67.7 % tumors of benign nature while remaining 32.3 % tumors were malignant. A total of 43 mammary gland tumors were recorded during the period January 2001 to December 2005. All the tumors were recorded in female dogs with near equal frequency during last five years. Among different age groups the canine mammary tumors were recorded highest in the age group of 5 to 8 years (41.9%) followed by 9 to 12 years (37.2%), 13 to 16 years (11.6%) and 0 to 4 years (9.3%). Majority of the neoplasms (79.1%) were recorded between 5 to 12 years of age. Alsatian 37.2 % was found to be most susceptible to develop mammary tumors followed by Pomeranian 25.6 %, Doberman 13.9 %, Labrador 9.3 %, Spitz 6.9 % and Mongrels 6.9 %. Histopathologically out of a total 43 mammary tumors 48.8% were of benign nature while remaining 51.2 % were malignant. Benign neoplastic conditions recorded were adenoma simple & papillary (4), fibroadenoma (5) and mixed tumors involving myoepithelial cells, bone, cartilage and fibrous connective tissue (12). Malignant neoplastic conditions were adenocarcinoma solid, tubular and papillary (16) and mixed malignant tumors involving bone, cartilage and fibrous connective tissue (6). Out of a total 16 cases of mammary tumors collected for study of p53 gene mutations; majority of dogs (13/16) developed mammary tumors between the age of 8 to 10 years. Only three were spayed previously while in other 13 cases ovariohysterectomy was done at the time of surgical removal of the tumor. There was variation in size of the mammary tumor ranging between 2 cm X 1.5cm X 1 cm to 21cm X 15cm X 14cm. Shape of the tumors varied from ovoid, elongated, rounded to irregularly nodular. Maximum tumors were hard and firm in consistency. Mammary glands of the right side were found affected more in comparison to left side. The fourth (caudal abdominal) and fifth (inguinal) pairs of mammary gland were found more suscep*:ibie to develop mammary tumor. Histopathologically all the 16 tumors revealed six conditions of benign nature while remaining ten were of malignant nature. The benign neoplastic conditions diagnosed were mixed benign tumor involving myoepithelial cells, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue and glandular epithelial cells (5) and fibroadenoma (1). The malignant neoplastic conditions were diagnosed in 10 cases. They were adenocarcinoma (solid and papillary) in nine cases and squamous cell carcinoma in one case. DNA was extracted from 15 out of total 16 tumor samples by proteinase K and phenol method. PCR amplification of exon 5 and exon 7 of p53 tumor suppressor gene was obtained in all the 15 samples with separate gene specific primers for respective regions. The amplification of exon 6 could not be made by PCR with different annealing temperatures of 50 °C, 55 °C, 60 °C and 66°C. PCR using Hot start Taq Polymerase was also not successful. PCR- SSCP profile revealed aberrantly migrating bands suggestive of mutations in amplified exon 5 (codon 117-175) of p53 tumor suppressor gene in 20% cases of spontaneous canine mammary tumors. Sequencing in one case of papillary adenocarcinoma out of three with mutant bands revealed four mutations. These were represented as two silent mutations; one on codon No. 117 (CTC-> CTT), second on codon 137 (CCA—> CCG) as well as two missense mutations on codon 157 (ACC—>ACA) and codon 158 (GAG—>AAG) which resulted amino acid change from threonine to lysine and glutamine to lysine. All the above changes in nucleotides were heterozygous. Screening of amplified exon 5 (from codon 165) to exon 7 (upto codon 241) of p53 gene segment for detection of mutations with PCR-SSCP revealed similar band pattern for all samples suggesting no mutations when primer E 5-7 was used. The PCR-SSCP studies suggested that mutations in p53 gene might be invariably involved leading to its inactivation in canine mammary neoplastic condition.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF CANINE NEOPLASMS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF p53 GENE IN CANINE MAMMARY TUMORS BY PCR-SSCP
    (AAU, Anand, 2006) JIVAN, PAWAR SANJAY; Ghodasara, D. J.
    Epidemiological studies of canine neoplasms with special reference to mutational analysis ofp53 gene in canine mammary tumors by PCR-SSCP were carried out to know age, sex and breed wise incidence of neoplastic conditions in canine and to study the mutations in exon 4 and exon 8 of p53 gene segment in canine mammary tumors. The epidemiological study was conducted by analyzing available data of last ten years (1996- 2005) of 175 specimens of canine neoplasms at Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, Anand and PCR-SSCP based mutational analysis p53 gene segment was carried out on 16 canine mammary tumor specimens collected at Department of Surgery, Veterinary College, Anand and various clinics during surgical removal. The mutations were further confirmed by direct sequencing of PCR products by using Gene specific primers. During last ten years (1996-2005), Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, Anand has received 175 specimens of canine neoplasms for histopathology/ biopsy examinations. Data analysis of 175 specimens revealed occurrence of neoplastic conditions more in female (65.14%) than male (34.85%) dogs. Highest risk of development of various tumors was observed at age group between 7-9 years of age followed by 10-12 years, 4-6 years and 0-3 years. Frequency of occurrence of neoplasms was observed more in Alsatian breed (25.71%) followed by Pomerian (22.85%), Doberman (12%), Labrador (10.28%) and Mongrel (6.85%). Benign neoplastic conditions were observed in 51.42%o cases while malignant neoplasms were observed in 48.57 % cases. Rate of malignancy was noted higher in Alsatian, Pomerian and Doberman breed whereas, Labrador and Mongrel breed showed majority of benign cases. Age group between 4-12 years shows majority of malignant cases and mammary gland tumors in females was deciding factor. Maximum malignancy was observed in the age group between 7 to 9 years of age followed by 10 to 12 years. Adenocarcinoma was the most frequently observed neoplasm followed by fibroma, transmissible veneral granuloma, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Skin, mammary gland and genital organs were the most common sites for the neoplasms. The tumors of the muscles, bones, urinary tract and gastrointestinal tract showed relatively low incidence. Clinical diagnosis of 16 mammary gland tumors used for p53 gene mutational analysis showed more incidences in Alsatian breed followed by Pomerinian and Doberman. Majority of the mammary tumors were occurred in the age group between 7- 10 years (14/16). All of the tumors were observed in adult bitches. Risk of mammary tumor was greater in non spayed bitches (13/16) as compared to spayed bitches (3/16) indicating that hormonal imbalance may be major risk factor. Gross morphological examination of mammary tumors revealed majority of the tumors as spherical, ovoid or round and were nodular with hard consistency, some of which were contained inflammatory exudate. Fourth and fifth pair of mammary glands were the common mammary tumors occurring lands. The size of tumor was ranging from peanut to coconut size measuring from 1 to 12cm in diameter. Histopathological examinations showed six conditions of benign nature while remaining 10 were of malignant nature. Among the benign tumors, mixed tumor involving myoepithelial cells, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue and glandular epithelial cells were in five cases with single case of fibroadenoma. In malignant neoplasms adenocarcinoma (solid and papillary) and squamous cell carcinoma observed in nine and one case respectively. The exon 4 and exon 8 of p53 tumor suppressor gene was investigated for mutations in 16 spontaneous canine mammary neoplasms using PCR-SSCP with direct sequence analysis of PCR products. Genomic DNA was successfully extracted from 15 out of 16 tissues. PCR fragments having expected size of 233 bp were obtained from all 15 DNA samples. But PCR failed to amplify the target sequence with primer exon 8 inspite of using appropriate PCR conditions. Fifteen samples were screened for mutation detection on exon 4 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene by PCR-SSCP. Analysis revealed that 5 (30.3%) of 15 canine mammary tumors displayed aberrantly migrating bands indicative'of a p53 gene mutation. Variation in migration pattern in SSCP bands was obtained in sample No. 1 (adenocarcinoma), 5 (myoepithelioma), 7 (benign mixed), 13 (myoepithelioma) and 14 (papillary adenocarcinoma). Mutations detected by PCR-SSCP were further confirmed by sequence analysis in 3/5 samples. Sequence analysis of 3 tumor samples revealed 2 mutations in exon 4. One missense mutation on codon 106 (GCC—>GGC) was found in all three samples. Whereas Sample No. 13 presented one silent mutation at codon 58 (GAT—»GAA). The silent mutation in sample No. 13 was due to heterozygosity at third nucleotide (T) on codon 58. Mutations were present on highly conserved domain of p53 tumor suppressor gene suggesting importance of the region in apoptosis. These results demonstrated the involvement of p53 gene mutations in the development of the canine mammary tumors.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON ETIOLOGY OF VISCERAL GOUT IN BROILER CHICKS
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) Khodabhai, Patel Ashvinkumar; Ghodasara, D. J.
    Gout is a disorder of uric acid metabolism that allows uric acid to accumulate in the blood and tissues. Uric acid is the end product of protein and purine metabolism and is produced normally by the body during tissue remodeling and breakdown. The present epidemiological and experimental study was carried out to know the incidence of visceral gout in field condition and role of high protein, high calcium, water deprivation and diclofenac drug for causation of visceral gout as well as the role of allopurinol drug for treatment of visceral gout in broiler chicks. The available data on poultry autopsies from Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, Anand for a period of six years were analysed for epidemiological study. Based on autopsy records, incidence of visceral gout in broiler chicks up to three weeks of age was found to be 9.98 per cent with a yearly frequency of 6.52 to 19.50 per cent. Out of total cases of visceral gout recorded, 65.23 per cent (autopsy incidence) cases were recorded during colder months. The highest autopsy incidence of 94.99 per cent was recorded in Cobb breed of broiler. Of the susceptible age of first three weeks, the highest autopsy incidence of 57.03 per cent was recorded during the second week of age followed by 21.48 per cent each in third and first week of age. The experimental studies were carried out by conducting the two experiments. Experiment-I was conducted to know the role of marginal high protein (27%), high calcium (1.6%), water deprivation (for first 36 hours and than drinking water was given for one hour every day) and diclofenac drug (2.5 mg/kg body weight/day) for causation of visceral gout as well as the role of allopurinol drug (15mg/kg body weight/day) for treatment of visceral gout in broiler chicks. For this experiment 210 day old broiler chicks were divided in to seven different groups with different treatments and samples were collected on 3rd, 6th 9th 12th and 15th days of age from each group. Experiment II was carried out to know the effect of diclofenac drug at various durations for causation of visceral gout in broiler chicks. Diclofenac was given orally at the dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight/day for one, three, seven and fifteen days in group II, III, IV and V respectively. Blood samples and kidney tissue were collected from all the. birds on fifteenth days for plasma uric acid and histopathology. — The plasma uric acid concentrations were increased on 6th day onward with high protein diet (27 %). Histopathological investigation revealed mild congestion and haemorrhages of kidney parenchyma, degeneration of tubular epithelium and lymphoid aggregation at 12th day onward in high protein group. Increased level of plasma uric acid with high protein diet came to normal level when allopurinol (15 mg/kg body weight/day) treatment was given in high protein + allopurinol group. In water deprivation group the plasma uric acid concentrations were increased significantly at ninth day onward. The kidney body weight ratio gradually increased from first to fifth collection in water deprivation group. In high calcium fed group the concentration of plasma uric acid was increased three times at fifteenth day of age. The concentration of plasma creatinine was also significantly increased at 15th day of experiment. In high calcium group^ the microscopic lesions of the kidney were characterised by mild to moderate congestion and haemorrhages of kidney parenchyma, tubular degeneration, inter- tubular fibroblastic proliferation and focal infiltration of mononuclear cells. Diclofenac caused hyperuricemia and mortality due to visceral gout in broiler chicks by oral administration. The plasma uric acid concentration increased gradually from collection I to collection V in diclofenac treated group in experiment-I. The plasma uric acid levels in experiment II were also increased in ascending order according to the duration of diclofenac treatment. In experiment II maximum mortality due to visceral gout was observed in group V (12%) followed by group IV (8%) and III (4%). The lesions were characterised by varying degree of white chalky deposition on the serosal surfaces of visceral organs. Histopathologically radiating pattern of urate crystals were seen in the kidney parenchyma.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PATHOLOGiCAL AND SEROLOGICAL STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN COMMERCIAL BROILER CHICKS
    (AAU, Anand, 2004) Girdharbhai, Rank Chirag; Joshi, B. P.
    Epidemiological, serological and pathological studies on respiratory infections were carried out in ten commercial broiler farms in and around Anand district of Gujarat State. To know the prevalence of respiratory infections, autopsy records of the last three years i.e. Jan. 2001 to Dec. 2003 were analyzed. The available data of autopsy and farm mortality records were classified year wise, month wiss, age wise and breed wise to ascertain the susceptibility and incidence of disease. A total of 1,565 flocks were affected with respiratory infections out cf 3,940 flocks received for autopsy. The relative incidence of respiratory infections based on autopsy records was found to be 39.72 per cent with year wise frequency ranging from 36.50 to 42.49 per cent. Among these, the condition complicated chronic respiratory disease was recorded at highest rate of 90.86 per cent. There was meagre incidence of Ranikhet disease, aspergillosis and pneumonia. Month Vi^ise autopsy records showed higher incidence (45.17%) during the summer season. Among the affected flocks the highest incidence of 50.99 per cent was recorded in avian-34 breed of broilers followed by hubbard and hubchix constituting 46.61 and 41.57 per cent respectively. Age wise incidence showed tiiat tiie iiigliest number of cases at the rate of 55.62 per cent were recorded during 3rd week followed by fourth week (47.75%) and fifth week (43.98%) of age. Studies of the farm incidence at ten broiler farms totalling the population of 68,378 broiler birds showed an average mortality rate of 4.38 per cent with a range of 2.26 to 7.98 per cent. Farm wise mortality due to respiratory infections varied between 0.16 to 5.80 per cent with an average mortality rate of 1.86 per cent. Among tnese the condition colisepticaemia was recorded at the highest rate of 95.29 per cent. Week wise farm mortality showed the highest incidence of 0.64 per cent during the third week of age followed by fourth (0.57%), fifth (0.35%) and sixth (0.24%) week of age. Breed wise farm mortality due to respiratory infections showed the higher incidence in Hubbard (1.35%) in comparison to cobb (0.51%o) breed of broiler out of a total mortality of 1.86 per cent due to respiratory infections. The overall seroprevalence of infectious bronchitis (IB) was found to be 18.52 per cent (100/540 sera sample). The antibodies against IB were detected in 6 out of 10 farms (60.00%)). The individual farm wise seroprevalence ranged between 0.0 to 100 per cent. All the sera sample were negative for Mycoplasma gallisepticum antibodies. The Micro HI titres of Ranikhet disease in most of the farms were within the protective antibody levels. Escherichia coli organisms were isolated from all the 60 samples of colisepticaemia representing all the ten broiler farms. The important gross lesions observed in colisepticaemia were congestion of mucosa of nostrils, trachea and bronchi covered by thick mucous exudate. In majority of cases airsacculitis, presence of caseous plugs in the lumen of trachea and bronchi, fibrinous pericarditis and fibrinous perihepatitis were noticed. Lesions observed in aspergillosis were presence of grayish white nodules of varying sizes and numbeis on the lung parenchyma. The histopathological lesions in colisepticaemia were of the nature of variable degree of congestion, vacuolar degeneration and desquamation of epithelial cells and mild to moderate infiltration of heterophils and mononuclear cells in the tracheal and bronchial mucosa. The lesions in the lung parenchyma were comprised of mild to moderate oedema, mild to severe congestion, focal to diffuse haemorrhages, focal to diffuse infiltration of hererophils and mononuclear cells and presence of caseous exudate in the lumen of parabronchi. Air-sacs revealed mild oedema and heterophil infiltration with fibroblast proliferation and accumulation of caseous exudate. Liver and heart revealed thickening of the liver capsule and pericardium with deposition of fibrinous exudate along with mononuclear cells infiltration. Hepatic and cardiac parenchyma showed mild to severe congestion and haemorrhages, focal to diffuse areas of necrosis and focal to diffuse infiltration of mononuclear cells. The lesions in the lung were comprised of mild to moderate congestion, hyperplasia of reticulo-endothelial cells with lymphoid cell depletion and focal presence of bacterial colonies. On the basis of serological observations, isolation of Escherichia colt organisms as well as gross and microscopic lesions, it may be opined that the predominant respiratory infection is colisepticaemia which is of systemic involvement and may exist either alone or aggrevated in the presence of primary infection such as infectious bronchitis virus causing heavy mortality.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON COMPATIBILITY OF TIAMULIN, CHLORTETRACYCLINE AND TYLOSIN WITH SALINOMYCIN IN BROILER CHICKENS
    (AAU, Anand, 2006) Paneliya, Sanjaykumar Mansukhlal; Joshi, B. P.
    The present study was conducted on day old commercial broiler chicks to know the synergistic and adverse effects related to combination of drugs tiamulin, chlortetracycline and tylosin as antimycoplasmal agents when used along with salinomycin as feed treatment as anticoccidial agent for 42 days. The experiment was conducted in two replicates comprised of five groups with 50 birds in each experimental group. All the groups were fed salinomycin 12 % at the rate of 60 ppm from day one to forty two days of experiment. The groups A1 and A2 (A) were given tiamutin 45% (Tiamulin) at the rate of 5 gm per 200 liters of water for 1-21 days and at the rate of 10 gm per 200 liters of water for 21-42 days in drinking water and chlortetracycline 15 % at the rate of 670 mg per kg of feed for 1-42 days. The groups B1 and B2 (B) were given tylan soluble 100% at the rate of 5 gm per 1000 birds for 1-3 days and at the rate of 45 gm per 1000 birds at 20th day in drinking water. The groups C1 and C2 (C) which served as control group and were given only salinomycin 12% at the rate of 60 ppm in feed. The groups D1 and D2 (D) as well as E1 and E2 (E) were given tiamutin 45% (Tiamulin) at the rate of 1 gm per 2.3 liters of water for 1-3 days and at 21 -22 days respectively in drinking water. The weekly water and feed consumption, weekly body weight, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were recorded. The daily observations for any clinical signs and mortality were recorded. The blood samples were collected on 3rd, 22nd and 42nd day from each experimental group for biochemical estimations of AST, LDH and CK. Detailed post mortem examination was performed on birds belonged to group D on 3rd day and group E on 22nd day of both the replicates. On day 42, birds from groups A, B and C were euthenised humanely and observed for any gross pathological lesions and microscopic changes if any. There was marked reduction in weekly water and feed consumption in groups D and E i.e. tiamulin treated groups of both the replicates. The marked reduction in water and feed consumption was also observed in group A which was given additional chlortetracycline from fourth and fifth week onwards respectively in comparison to only salinomycin treated group C as well as tylan treated group B. There was no difference in water and feed consumption between tylan treated group B and only salinomycin treated group C during the period of experimentation. Among the different experimental groups FCR was found better in salinomycin treated group C as well as tylan treated group B in comparison to tiamulin treated groups A, D and E during both the replicates. The weekly mean live body weights showed significant reduction in experimental groups A, D and E of both the replicates at the end of 6th week as compared to groups B and C. The clinical signs were only observed in the groups D and E of both the replicates. They were observed within 24 to 48 hours after tiamulin water therapy and were of the nature of sudden depression, drastic reduction in water and feed consumption, difficult movement, lethargic, sternal recumbency with leg weakness. huddle together and paralysis of leg and wing. Amongst this paralysis and huddling were only observed in group D1 and D2. The clinical signs were gradually disappeared after discontinuation of tiamulin containing water. There was no treatment related mortality observed in all the groups and mortality of 1-2 birds in each group was of routine nature i.e. yolk sac infection and colibacillosis. The enzymes AST, LDH and CK showed similar pattern of alteration. The increased levels of all the three enzymes were observed in experimental groups A, B and D in comparison to control group C on 3rd day of experiment. On day 22nd and 42nd elevated levels were seen in all tiamulin as well as tylan treated groups A, B, D and E as compared to control group C. The elevated levels of these enzymes might be due to hepatic cell, skeletal muscle or other soft tissue damage. Gross pathological lesions were observed only in birds which belonged to experimental groups D and E which sacrificed on day 3rd and 22nd respectively. They were of the nature of mild to marked paleness of pectoral muscles. The internal organs like liver, heart, spleen and kidney did not reveal any gross pathological alterations in any groups during the study. The pectoral muscle lesions were correlated with time of drug given i.e. during 1-3 days and 21-22 days as well as higher dose levels of tiamulin. The histopathological lesions observed in liver parenchyma were of the nature of mild to moderate congestion, mild to severe fatty changes, focal infiltration of mononuclear cells and mild perivascular connective tissue proliferation. These lesions were observed with more severity in tiamulin treated groups and indicated its toxic effect while undergoing metabolism in the liver. The severity of hepatic lesions was less in tylan treated group and suggested that tylan water therapy is more compatible than tiamulin water treatment in the presence of salinomycin in feed as anticoccidial agent. The lesions in heart observed during the study were only of the nature of mild congestion and found not of much significance. The splenic lesions in different experimental groups were of the nature of mild to moderate congestion and mild RE cell hyperplasia. The lesions were observed with varied severity in the entire experimental group including control and assumed that they might be in response to birds immunological response in combating the antimicrobial agents. The renal parenchyma showed mild to moderate congestion, focal areas of intertubular haemorrhages, mild to moderate tubular vacuolar degeneration, cystic tubular dilatation and mononuclear cells infiltration. The overall nature of renal lesions gave impression that renal tubular epithelium could be damaged with tiamulin and tylan water medication. The pectoral muscles showed lesions only in the experimental groups D and E of both the replicates. These were of the nature of swelling of muscle fibers, hyalinization of muscle fibers and destruction of sarcoplasm. The lesions suggested that tiamulin treatment is not compatible when salinomycin is used in feed as anticoccidial agent. The present study provided the guidelines to the broiler farmers that tiamulin therapy is not recommended when salinomycin is used in the feed as anticoccidial agent. However further research is needed to decide dose level of tiamulin and chlortetracycline combination along with salinomycin which can prevent adverse effect on performance as well as control the mycoplasma infection which is very much prevalent in the broiler birds.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON INCIDENCE AND ETIOPATHOLOGY OF PULMONARY AFFECTIONS IN SLAUGHTERED SHEEP
    (AAU, Anand, 2007) VAHORA, SAJIDBHAI PIRMAHAMMAD; Ghodasara, D. J.
    The present study was carried out to find out the incidence of pulmonary lesions in slaughtered sheep with pathomorphological study of various pulmonary lesions, primary isolation of bacterial agents and their antibiotic .sensitivity pattern. A total of 1000 sheep slaughtered at local slaughterhouse of Anand located in Anand District of Central Gujarat were examined for pulnumary lesions. Out of total sheep examined at slaughter, 94 (9.4%) sheep showed grossly appreciable pulmonary lesions. The distribution of pulmonary lesions, revealed involvement of both lungs in 53.19% sheep were as right lung were affected in 31.91% and left in 14.89% cases. Among the different lobes, apical lobes were affected in 65.95% sheep followed by diaphragmatic (51.06%). middle (26.59%) and accessory lobe (29.78 %). The different pulmonary affections on the basis of appreciable gross lesions, included pneumonia alone in 5.5% sheep followed by pulmonar\ haemorrhages (1.4%). pulmonary emphysema (1.2%). pulmonary oedema (0.6%) and pulmonary cyst (0.7%). Out of 55 cases of pneumonia, broncho-pneumonia alone was accounted for 46.80 per cent cases whereas; interstitial pneumonia was seen in 11.70 per cent cases. Bronchopneumonia was further classified into acute (37.23%) and sub acute (9.57 %) bronchopneumonia. Acute bronchopneumonia comprised of 22 (23.40%) case of suppurative and 13(13.82%) cases fibrinous pneumonia. Bronchopneumonia, in general, grossly characterized by varying degree of cranio-ventral consolidation with red hepatization especially of apical and middle lobes. Microscopic picture characterized by accumulation of pink stained exudates in alveoli and marked infiltration of inflammatory cells with congestion of alveolar capillary. Interstitial pneumonia was observed in 11.70 per cent cases, Lung with Interstitial pneumonia were grossly shrunken, red or pale grey in colour with elastic and rubbery texture microscopically, the lesions were characterized by thickening of interaveolar septa due to infiltration of mononuclear cells along with proliferation of fibroblasts. Primary isolation of bacterial agents from 50 pneumonic lungs revealed 43 (83%)) samples culturally positive for various bacterial isolates, which comprised 1 5 (34.88%) Staphylococcus. 12 (27.90%) Escherichia coli. 08 (18.60%)) Pseiuloimmas. 06 (13.95%)) proteus and 02 (4.65%)) Slreplococciis. The enrofloxacin was found to be highly sensitive to various bacterial isolates (86.04) followed by geniamicin (81.39). chloramphenicol (76.74). tetracycline (60.46). amoxicillin (58.13). cotrimoxazole (55.81). cephalaxin (39.53).and erythromycin (34.88).
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PATHOLOGY OF CANINE MAMMARY TUMORS AND USEFULNESS OF AgNOR IN DIFFERENTIATING BENIGN AND MALIGNANT CANINE MAMMARY TUMORS
    (AAU, Anand, 2007) REKHA., M. T.; Prajapati, K. S.
    The present work on "Pathology of canine mammary tumors and usefulness of AgNOR in differentiating benign and malignant canine mammary tumors" designed to study the incidence of canine mammary tumors and to differentiate benign and malignant varieties by using AgNOR staining technique. Biopsy/Autopsy tissues received for the diagnosis in the Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, Anand during 1999-2006 were analysed to ascertain the relative incidence of canine mammary tumor. Seventy one canine mammary tumor samples were collected from various veterinary'hospitals for histopathology and AgNOR staining along with patient's history. Data generated were analysed and interpreted to draw the conclusion. Analysis of past records of all canine tumors revealed one third incidence of mammary tumors. Incidence of mammary tumors was more than 60% in the age group of 6 to 10 years. It was very low in dogs aged <4 years and >12 years. Alsatian and Pomeranians dogs had high incidence compared to other breeds. No mammary tumor was defected in male dog. There was an increasing frequency of mammary tumors from cranial thoracic to inguinal pairs with highest incidence in inguinal glands (35.21%). Two caudal most pairs of glands (caudal abdominal and inguinal) accounted for a 61.97% of incidence. Majorities (90.14%) of bitches affected were intact while few (9.86%) were neutered. The size of the tumor ranged between 2 cm X 1.5cm X 1 cm to 21cm X 15cm X 14cm. The shape of these tumors varied from ovoid, elongated, rounded to irregularly nodular. Malignant mammary tumors were found in 54.93% cases while 45.07% were benign. Benign conditions diagnosed were adenoma (simple, papillary, cystic and fibro), benign mixed tumor (adenochondroma, adenoosteochondroma and fibroosteoadenoma), myoepithelioma, fibroma and osteoma. Malignant neoplastic conditions were carcinoma (Solid, mucinous scirrhous and squamous cell), malignant mixed and malignant myoepithelioma. Benign canine mammary tumors had an average of 2.66 (2.20-3.30) AgNORs per cell with highest count in adenoosteochondroma (3.30). Similarly malignant canine mammary tumors had an average of 5.58 (4.18-6.25) AgNORs per cell with highest count in papillary adenocarcinoma (6.25). There was a significant difference in the average number of AgNORs per cell between malignant and benign canine mammary tumors (p<0.01). There was a significant difference among AgNORs per cell between different benign tumor types (F-6.68) and between different malignant canine mammary tumor types (F-4.84). The AgNORs in malignant canine mammary tumors were smaller in size, irregular in shape and dispersed throughout the nucleus, where as in benign tumors these were large, rounded, sharply defined and usually confining to the nucleolus. AgNOR staining was found very useful in differentiating benign and malignant mammary tumors.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL FEEDING OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM IN BROILERS
    (AAU, Anand, 2006) GAJERA, ASHISH BABUBHAI; Prajapati, K. S.
    Pathological studies on experimental feeding of diclofenac sodium in broilers were carried out to know the role of diclofenac sodium in causation of visceral gout in broiler chicks. Plasma uric acid levels were monitored to know the effects on kidney functions. Dose and strain effect was also studied. Diclofenac sodium was administered through feed with different doses from day old to 15 days of age to Cobb-100 and Hubbard commercial broiler chicks. Total five experimental groups viz. Group-I (Control), Group-II (2.5 ppm diclofenac), Group-III (5 ppm diclofenac), Group-IV (10 ppm diclofenac) and Group-V (15 ppm diclofenac) were made with each group containing 20 chicks of both the strains. Replicates of each study were performed. Clinical signs and mortality were recorded during the experiment and the surviving birds were sacrificed on 16th day morning to know the pathological changes. In Group-I 85 Group-II of both the strains did not show observable clinical signs and mortality during the experiment. Group- III, Group-IV and Group-V from both the strains showed similar clinical signs which characterized by dullness, depression, apathy, ruffled feathers and decline to move due to lameness. Clinical signs particularly lameness was more severe and more frequent in high dose group. Mortality was observed only in Groups III, IV and V in both the strains. Cobb-100 showed mortality between 5 to 12 days while Hubbard between 6 to 12 days of age. There was no mortality later on inspite of the drug being continued in the feed. Highest mortality of 42.5% in Cobb-100 was noticed in Group-V followed by 37.5 % in Group-IV and 15 % in Group-III. Highest mortality of 37.5% in Hubbard was noticed in Group-V followed by 22.5 % in Group-lV and 15 % in Group-lII. Increase in the dose of diclofenac from 5 ppm to 10 ppm and from 10 ppm to 15 ppm the mortality has also increased in both the commercial strains. Birds died during the experiment showed characteristic gross and microscopic lesions of visceral gout. The gross lesion of chalky white urate deposits on all the visceral organs were prominent. The urate deposits were found on serosal surfaces of heart, liver, proventriculus, gizzard, intestines, lungs, and air sacs. Involvements of joints were seen in birds of Group-V. Histopathological lesions in kidney, liver, heart and lungs were maiinly of the nature of variable degrees of congestion, mild to severe haemorrhages and deposition of urates in form of amorphous material or radiating crystalline rosette pattern. Plasma uric acid levels in surviving birds after feeding of diclofenac continuously for 15 days showed significant increase compared to control group. Mean plasma uric acid levels (mg/dl) in Cobb-100 were 11.93±0.21, 11.65±0.45, 17.35±0.19, 25.5±0.51 and 34.5±0.81 in Group-1, Group-Il, Group-Ill, Group-lV and Group-V respectively. The corresponding values for Hubbard were 8.97±0.87, 11.7±0.03, 15.85±0.19, 21.6±0.11 and 32.65±0.14.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ETIO-IMMUNO-PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CHICKEN INFECTIOUS ANEMIA - GANGRENOUS DERMATITIS SYNDROME IN PULLETS
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) VACHHANI, KAPILKUMAR VINODBHAI; Prajapati, K. S.
    Etio-Immuno-Pathological studies on natural outbreaks of Chicken infectious anemia - gangrenous dermatitis syndrome (CIA - GDS) were carried out in 17 flocks at 11 farms with a total population of 1,23,097 birds during the period of November 2002 to October 2004. The age at which outbreaks appeared, system of management, season, and mortality rate were recorded. A total of 170 post-mortems were carried out and samples were processed for bacterial isolation, organ to body weight ratio, histopathology and virus detection by PCR assay. The Blood samples from 10 affected birds from each flock were collected for haematological studies and serum for ND HI titer to assess humoral immunity. DNCB test were conducted in birds of affected flocks to assess cell mediated immunity. All the 17 flocks were reared in cage system and had over all mortality of 8.12 per cent which ranged from 2.55 to 22.94 per cent between different flocks. Gross pathological lesions in CIA-GDS were characterized by purple skin with loss of feathers particularly in rump, breast, wing, head and thigh area. The skin was moist and soft with haemorrhages and necrosis. Accumulation of serosanguineous exudates was noticed in subcutaneous tissues and muscles. The bursa, thymus and spleen were atrophied while liver showed enlargement. In some birds the necrotic foci on liver and spleen were noticed. There were diffuse or petechial haemorrhages on heart in some birds. The bone marrow was variably pinkish to whitish yellow. The kidneys were pale and enlarged. Histopathologicaly, skin showed necrosis, haemorrhages with heterophil infiltration and bacterial microcolonies in dermis and epidermis. Bursa of Fabricius showed atrophy of follicle with lymphoid depletion and interfolicular connective tissue proliferation. Spleen showed lymphoid depletion, necrotic foci, bacterial emboli and RE cell hyperplasia. The thymus showed severe lymphoid depletion and loss of demarcation between cortex and medulla. The bone marrow showed atrophy of haematopoietic lineage with accumulation of lypocytes as clear vacuoles. The relative organ weights of thymus, bursa and spleen compared to body weight showed significant decline as compared to that of normal healthy birds. This supported the gross and microscopic lesion of atrophy. The liver to body weight ratio was higher compared to normal. The haematologic data like Hb, PCV, RBC's and WBC's counts were found significantly decreased compare to that of normal birds indicating anemic condition of birds and affect on bone marrow. The DLC showed higher value of hetrophil and lower value of lymphocyte. The bacterial isolation from the skin as well as spleen, liver and muscles revealed S. aureus indicating gangrenous dermatitis in all the flocks studied. The electrophoresis of genomic DNA showed large scaie apoptosis in tissues indicating apoptosis as one of the important phenomenon during CIA-GDS infection. The pooled tissues of thymus, bursa, spleen, liver and bone marrow showed presence of CIAV by PCR assay. The Restricted Enzyme analysis showed similar pattern of fragments that of Bangladesh strain viz. BD-3 CAV. From the present study, it is concluded that infection with CIAV is prevalent in the pullet flocks of Anand district. This infection by causing immunosuppression predisposes birds to gangrenous dermatitis. CIA - GDS cause high mortality and heavy economic losses and has emerged as an economically important disease of cage reared replacement. Pullets.