Thumbnail Image

Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

Browse

2010 - 201420
Reset filters
Subject: Veterinary Parasitology × End date: 2014 × Start date: 2010 ×
Reset filters

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 20
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Transcriptome Analysis of Paramphistomum cervi of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) using next generation sequencing
    (AAU, Anand, 2013) CHOURASIA, REETIKA; PATEL, P. V.
    Rumen flukes are economically important parasites (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda: Digenea) that attack livestock adversely thereby affecting their productivity. In spite of its economic importance, molecular biology of the Paramphistomum cervi and its interaction with its hosts is still unknown. Advances in transcriptomic and bioinformatics provide biologically relevant insights into parasites, their developmental stages and their relationships with their hosts at the molecular level. The present study elucidates the first transcriptome and gene expression profiling of the adult stage of Paramphistomum cervi using next-generation (high throughput) sequencing and advanced in silico analyses. Expression level for predicted proteins of Paramphistomum cervi of buffalo were determined and classified based on homology, gene ontology and pathway mapping. These findings are expected to provide new insights into the genetic architecture and pathophysiology of Paramphistomum cervi and for the development of improved interventions for disease control. It will also facilitate a more fundamental understanding of Paramphistomes biology, evolution and the host-parasite interplay. Moiphological characteristics of adult fluke were identified as conical shape, elongate, curved ventrally, with evenly curved dorsal and ventral borders. Cuticle is provided with prominent tubercules/papillae on anterior l/3rd to half of the body. Tubercles are more extensive ventrally. Acetabulum is subtemiinal. hitestinal caeca have 7 nearly identical bends with ventrally directed temiinal part. Testes are tandem, oval or angularly oval or spherical and are deeply lobed. Gross examination of affected rumen showed, anaemic rumen with atrophied, degenerated and sloughing tips of villi. Removal of flukes revealed marked knobs at the attachment sites. Histopathology of rumen revealed proliferation of epithelium in the vicinity of flukes, along with villous atrophy and infiltration of macrophages and eosinophils. Transcriptome analysis of adult stage of Paramphistomum ceni was carried out at Department of Animal Biotechnology. Total RNA was extracted from parasites using TRIzol® (Invitrogen, UK)/ RNeasy® mini kit and mRNA isolation from the total RNA was carried out by using mRNA isolation kit. The quality and quantity of RNA and mRNA checked by running the sample on NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer. Concentration of RNA of adult fluke was 2,608 ng/µl and mRNA was 100 ng/µl. The cDNA library was constructed using the Ion Total RNA-Seq Kit v2. According to Qubit®Fluorometer, concentration of cDNA was 1.19 ng/µl and based on Aligent 2100 Bioanalyzer concentration of cDNA is 1.25 ng/µl.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON GASTRO-INTESTINAL PARASITES OF POULTRY IN ANAND DISTRICT
    (AAU, Anand, 2012) Gupta, Yogesh Kumar; Hasnani, J. J.
    Studies on prevalence of GI parasites on commercial poultry farms under deep litter and cage system of housing with it's effect on haemato-biochemical profile and histopathology were imdertaken during July 2011 to June 2012. Studies involved 600 birds dropping, 30 carcasses and 100 blood samples from 30 Commercial layer and broiler farms in 6 talukas of Anand district. The overall prevalence of GI parasites on the farm basis was found 46.67 % m 30 farms of 6 taluka. Out of these overall taluka-wise prevalence was found 20% in layer farms, while 26.67% in broiler farms. However, incidence was lowest overall and among the farm and bird basis in Anand taluka, while it was highest in Umreth and Petlad taluka. Among the layers, lower incidence was observed on birds-basis in Anand and highest in Borsad taluka. The overall prevalence was found higher in deep litter than the cage reared birds/farms and also in broilers as compared to layers. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic eggs/oocyst in chickens in commercial layer as well as broiler was 9.17% on the basis of faecal/litter dropping among 600 samples. Out of these 7.67% prevalence was in layers and 10.67% in broilers. The prevalence of GI parasitic infection was higher in overall poultry birds during monsoon season (12.50%), followed by winter season (8.50%), and summer (6.50%), whereas month-wise prevalence was found to be the highest in the month of July (17.07%), while lowest incidence was found in the month of April (5.66%). A total of 4 species of gastrointestinal parasitic eggs/oocyst were identified. All of these Coccidia were the most predominant parasites followed by nematode and cestodes. The following Parasitic eggs/oocysts were found in layer birds: Eimeria spp. (3.33%), Ascaridia galli (1.33%) and Heterakis gallinarum (0.67%). some cestodes identified were: Raillietina spp. (2.33%). The following Parasitic eggs/oocysts were found in Broiler birds: Eimeria spp. (4.33%), Ascaridia galli (3.33%)), Heterakis gallinarum (1.33%) and Raillietina spp. (1.67%). No significant differences in the intensity of endoparasitic infection was observed between broiler and layer chickens. Among the layer birds the prevalence of GI parasites in the age group of 0-8, 9-20 and 21-72 weeks was 1.33, 4.67 and 1.67 %, respectively on the basis of faecal samples examination. The findings revealed that the incidence was highest in the age group of 9- 20 weeks, lowest in the age group of younger birds of 0-8 weeks and intermediate in the 21-72 weeks age group on the basis of faecal samples examination. Among the broiler birds, the prevalence of GI parasites was found to increase gradually with the advancing age from 1-4 weeks in the range of 4.00% and 5-6 weeks was 6.67 %, respectively. Overall incidence was higher for broiler birds in the age group of 5-6 weeks as compared to those in 1-4 weeks. Haematological studies revealed the haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume significantly lower in GI parasitic infected group compared to the healthy groups of birds (9.02±0.13 vs 10.93±0.20 gm% and 24.83±0.28 vs 31.60±0.31%) irrespective of type of birds or system of rearing; where as total leucocytes count and different leucocytes count were increased significantly. The overall mean total leucocytes count (TLC) for the healthy and infected group of birds was 28.58±0.22 and 31.74±0.32 thousand/mm^, respectively. In overall GI parasitic infected cases, heterophils were significantly (P< 0.05) higher (41.82±0.19%) when compared with that of uninfected (37.13±0.25%) birds. The percentage of lymphocytes (34.03±0.20) were significantly (P<0.05) lower in overall helminths affected birds than uninfected (47.26±0.33) birds. Statistical analysis revealed significant (P<0.05) eosinophilia (13.03±0.21%) in GI parasitic infected birds. The average percentage of eosinophils in uninfected birds was 7.82±0.17. The average monocyte count in birds affected with helminths was 9.60±0.20 % and in uninfected birds was 5.92±0.11 %. Studies on biochemical profile revealed significantly (P< 0.05) lower serum total protein concentration due to GI parasitic infection as compared to healthy birds. The overall mean total serum protein recorded in GI parasitic infected birds was significant (P<0.05) lower as compared to healthy birds (2.64±0.7 and 3.71±0.04 gm %). The overall mean value of AST and ALT in GI parasites infected birds was 72.36±0.25 and 8.51±0.09 U/I, and in healthy birds 68.41±0.42 and 6.71±0.10 U/I, respectively. The overall mean serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity recorded in infected birds was 814.54±4.39 and in healthy birds it was 764.09±1.91 KAU/100 ml. The overall mean serum acid phosphatase (ACP) activity recorded in infected birds was 35.22±0.28 KAU/100 ml and in healthy birds it was 23.28±0.30 KAU/100 ml. A non-significant increase in AST, ALT, AKP and ACP activities was noticed in infected birds as compared to healthy birds. The overall means A: G ratio recorded in infected birds was 0.61±0.01 and in healthy birds it was 0.75±0.04. Histopathologically, gross lesions in Raillietina spp. infection was characterized by nodule formation on duodenal mucosa. Necrotic foci, pin point haemorrhages, rough and pale mucosa of duodenimi. Microscopical lesions included villous atrophy, desquamation of epitheliimi, catarrhal enteritis, granuloma formation in duodenum, congestion, cellular infiltration, desquamation of submucosal glands and haemorrhagic exudate were observed. In case of Ascaridia galli infection, lesions were characterized by haemorrhagic enteritis, anaemia, severe diarrhoea, young parasites penetrate the duodenal or jejimal mucosa, inflammation and thickening of intestinal mucosa were found due to continuous penetration done by young larvae. Necrotic foci were seen over the intestinal mucosa whereas the embedded larvae cause haemorrhage and extensive destruction of the glandular epitheliimi. hi case of Heterakis gallinarum, the macroscopical lesions were thickening of caecal wall, hemorrhagic exudate and cheesy core in caecal lumen. Severity grades of microscopical lesions were: severe hyperplasia of tunica muscularis, massive lymphocyte, heterophil and macrophage infiltration with coagulative necrosis. In case of intestinal coccidiosis, the exterior of intestine showed reddish white pinpoint foci on its wall, especially in the initial part of the small intestine. The intestinal contents were liquid and mixed with variable quantity of mucous, while some show streaky haemorrhages. Catarrhal enteritis with blood tinged mucous exudates during moderately heavy infections of coccidia in birds and diffused or localized areas of coagulation, necrosis and sloughing of the mucosa in severe infections. In case of caecal coccidiosis, gross lesions were characterized by distention of caecal pouches with blood clots and reddish brown contents in haemorrhagic type of infection. Caecal walls were thickened, congested, extensive vacuolations in the glandular epithelial cells with increased goblet cells activity were observed. Histopathologically, intense hyperaemia of the caecal mucosa and patchy areas of haemorrhages were observed.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON PREVALENCE, HAEMATO- BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AMPHISTOMOSIS IN SLAUGHTERED BUFFALOES.
    (AAU, Anand, 2014) CHAUHAN, VANDIP D.; PATEL, P. V.
    The study was carried out to a certain the prevalence, haemato-biochemical and histopathological aspects of amphistoniosis in slaughtered buffaloes at Anand and Ahmedabad Districts of Gujarat for the period of twelve months from March-2013 to February-2014. The faecal samples and intestinal contents were collected in small and clean sterilized polythene bags from the buffaloes brought to the slaughter house of Anand and Ahrnedabad districts and brought to the department of Parasitology and processed for standard qualitative examination. The direct, sedimentation and floatation technique were used to detect the presence and identification of amphistome eggs in the samples. Blood samples from 50 amphisiomes infected as well as 50 non-infected buffaloes were taken during the anti-mortem examination for hematological analysis and to separate serum for analysis. Various serum, biochemical parameters like Total protein. Albumin, Globulin, A:G ratio. Alkaline Phosphatase (AKP),Acid Phosphatase (ACP), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Total Bilirubin along with various hematological parameters like TEC, TLC, DLC, PCV and Hb were analysed through automatic analyser. For Histopathological study, a total of 30 positive amphistomes infected liver, rumen and intestine were collected from slaughter houses of Anand and Ahmedabad districts. Tissue pieces of rumen and liver preserved in 10% neutral buffered formal saline solution and were processed by paraffin embedding method and stained with Ehrlich's Haematoxylin aad Eosin. Formalin preserved parasites were processed by paraffin embedding method and stained by H & E stain as per Luna (1968). The prepared sections were examined by microscopy and-microphotography in order to identify anterior and posterior suckers, pharynx, uterus etc. A total of 758 faecal and 721 liver/rumen samples were collected at Anand district out of which 214 faecal and 198 liver/rumen samples were found positive with the seasonal prevalence of 21% (summer), 29.62% (monsoon) and 32.84% (winter) for the faecal samples and 20.11% (summer), 28.57% (monsoon) and 34.66% (winter) for the liver/'rumen samples. A total of 798 faecal and 790 liver/rumen samples were collected at Ahmedabad district out of which 221 faecal and 228 liver/rumen samples were found positive with the seasonal prevalence of 19.73% (summer), 29,43%) (monsoon) and 32.29% (winter) for the faecal samples and 24.15% (summer), 28.94%) (monsoon) and 32.63% (winter) for the liver/rumen samples. The overall prevalence rate was found to be 28.23% (214) and 27.46%) (198) for the faecal and liver samples at Anand district and 27.69% (221) and 28.86% (228) for faecal and liver samples at Ahmedabad district.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Diagnosis of Tropical Theileriosis in cattle and buffaloes using advanced molecular tools
    (AAU, Anand, 2013) KUNDAVE, V. R.; PATEL, P. V.
    The study on "Diagnosis of Tropical Theileriosis in cattle and buffaloes using advanced molecular tools" was carried out to effectively diagnose Theileria annulata by Poljmierase Chain Reaction and its quantification by real-time PCR assay in infected and carrier animals. Bovine tropical theileriosis caused by Theileria annulata is a tick-borne disease, associated with high morbidity and mortality rate in the livestock and pose a great threat to the farmers and dairy industry in India. The diagnosis by microscopic examination, has low sensitivity and it is difficult to detect the piroplasms in the carriers, while the PCR based assays are more sensitive. In this study a total of 116 samples, were collected from infected as well as apparently healthy cattle and buffaloes, 74 samples (63.79 per cent) were positive for Theileria annulata by PCR, which includes 15 samples that were positive by giemsa staining. The primers were designed to amplify the Tamsl gene encoding the 30- kDa major merozoite surface antigen of T. annulata. A product size of 430-bp afi:er amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Highestprevalence was recorded in cattle above 5 years of age (82.35 percent) and the lowest prevalence was recorded in calves less than 1 year of age (14.28 per cent). A SYBR Green-based real-time PCR assay was carried out to quantify the load of parasites in positive samples. The parasitic load ranged from 1000 to 34,00,000 and 300 to 29,000 per microlitre of blood in cattle and buffalo samples, respectively, indicating the sensitivity of the diagnostic assay and also the degree of infection in the infected as well as carrier animals. The clinical signs suggestive of tropical theileriosis were more prominent in the acute phase of infection, which was also characterized by high levels of parasitaemia while their occurance in low level was found in the blood of carrier animals. The study undertaken suggests that the difficulties faced in detection and differentiation of Theileria piroplasms by conventional staining method could be overcome by the molecular methods like PCR. Real-time PCR assay could be used as a sensitive and accurate method to detect and quantify the parasitic load in the blood of cattle and buffaloes. PCR assays are advantageous since it has the ability to detect the disease in carrier animals and animals in chronic phase of theileriosis.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON HELMINTH PARASITES OF BUFFALOES BROUGHT TO AHMEDABAD SLAUGHTER HOUSE
    (AAU, Anand, 2012) PATEL, HARISHKUMAR CHATURBHAI; Hasnani, J. J.
    Gujarat is one of the leading states in agriculture and showing high growth rate since last few years. Animal husbandry had played crucial and vital role in achieving such attractive growth rate. Present study was planned and executed in order to help the progressive farmer of state and findings may help to make their animal rearing profitable. On based of this study, the general prevalence rate of helminth parasites in buffaloes was found to 64.67% on screening of 150 samples, like faecal sample, affected tissues, abomasal content and other samples as per necropsy lesions were collected with proper care. On class wise analysis it was revealed that 64 % cases are of trematodes, followed by nematodes and cestodes with 26% and 10%, respectively. On species wise analysis, it was found that the prevalence of Fasciola gigantica was the highest (15.33%) and that of Moniezia benedeni was the least (2.66%) among eight observed species. On quantitative examination of faecal samples, it was revealed that the egg counts for all observed species were ranged between 100 to 1400; with maximum count for F.gigantca and lowest for Sirongyle group . On age wise analysis, it was revealed that the prevalence of helminth was maximum (46.39%) in young age group; followed by adult (27.83%). and old animals (25.77%). On season wise analysis, it was observed that the rainy season (51.54%) has highest prevalence followed by winter (34.02%) and summer (14.43%)); similar findings were also observed for faecal egg counts. On gross examination; rumen, bile duct, intestine and liver were found infested with various helminth parasites viz; Fasciola giganica, Paraamphistomum cervi, Gigantocotyle explanatum etc. And on histopathological examination various changes like infiltration of lymphocytes, the thickening of hepatic capsule, presence of mononuclear cells, proliferation of fibroblasts etc. were noticed.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF COCCIDIOSTATS ON EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED EIMERIA TENELLA INFECTION ALONG WITH EFFECTS ON GROWTH HAEMATO-BIOCHEMISTRY AND PATHOLOGY IN BROILERS
    (AAU, Anand, 2014) HIRANI, NITINKUMAR DEVRAJBHAI; Hasnani, J. J.
    The efficacy of three commonly used feed coccidiostats named Diclazuril (T1) Salinomycin (T2), Diclazuril + Salinomycin (T3) in shuttle programme and Maduramicin (T4) on experimentally induced Eimeria tenella coccidial infection and their effects on growth, haematology, biochemical and histopathological changes were undertaken in three hundred Cobb400 strain of broiler at University Poultry Complex, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during year 2012. Birds were given feed containing Diclazuril (T1), Salinomycin (T2), and Maduramicin (T4) coccidiostats at dose rate of 1 ppm, 60 ppm and 5 ppm upto 42 days. Weekly body weight and feed consumption were recorded. Various parameters considered for comparative efficacy were studied. Experimental infection of 50,000 oocysts of E.tenella was given on 22nd day of age. Blood was collected before experimental infection at 3 weeks and after experimental infection at 4 weeks of age for haemato-biochemical study. The results of faecal score, oocyst per gram (OPG), lesion score, oocyst index value and mortality indicated better efficacy of coccidiostats as compared to non medicated birds in experimental infection with better efficacy of Maduramicin and Salinomycin as compare to Diclazuril and Diclazuril + Salinomycin shuttle treatment. Coccidiostats proved to have growth promoting action in broiler chickens during the experimental infection. Birds fed with Maduramicin medicated (5 ppm) performed well in terms of live weight gain and feed conversion ratio and it was followed by salinomycin (60 ppm) for weight gain and Diclazuril (Ippm) for feed efficiency in broiler birds. Result of sensitivity against E. tenella indicated good efficacy of Maduramicin (82%), whereas limited efficacy of Salinomycin (76%), Diclazuril (74%) and Diclazuril + Salinomycin Shuttle group (71%)) on the basis of Global index value (GINNC % ) Haematological studies revealed that haemoglobin concentration, packed cell' volume and total erythrocytes counts were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced, while total leukocytes counts were significantly increased on account of coccidial infection in all coccidiostat treatment and infected non treated groups. Different Leukocytes Count (DLC) value revealed significant increase in heterophills, lymphocytes and eosinophills and significant decrease in monocytes and basophills on account of coccidial infection. Results on haematological studies indicated comparatively less pathological damage by Salinomycin. Studies on biochemical profile revealed significantly (P < 0.05) lower serum glucose and serum total protein, while significant increase in serum total cholesterol. Serum Glutamic Oxalo-acetic Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (AKP) activities was observed due to coccidial infection as compared to pre infection levels in birds. Results of biochemical studies indicated comparative less pathological damage by coccidiostats treatment as compared to infected non treated group, but there was no consistent trend for drug choice. From histopathological study it was clear that the Maduramicin and Salinomycin treated group showed very less mechanical damage to tissue hence it could be used as a curative remedy against the caecal coccidiosis. The presence of clusters of large schizonts in the caecum was pathognonomic for E. tenella. The magnitude of infection type and dose of coccidiostat and stage of development of the disease could be established by histopathological observation.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HELMINTH PARASITES OF CAMELS
    (AAU, Anand, 2011) SOLANKI, JAYESH BABULAL; Hasnani, J. J.
    In the present study, a total of 2604 faecal samples of camels were collected from Anand, Vadodara, Kheda, Ahmedabad and Panchmahal districts of middle Gujarat during the period from June-2008 to May-2009 and were examined for the presence of helminth parasites. The results revealed that the overall prevalence of helminthic infection was 68.01 per cent. The overall prevalence of nematodes, frematodes and cestodes was 89.01, 5.25 and 5.65 per cent, respectively. Among trematodes, Fasciola spp. eggs were detected in 93 (5.25%) samples. Regarding cestodes, the prevalence of Moniezia spp. was 5.65 per cent. The prevalence of Haemonchus spp. was maximum, while that of Cooperia spp., Ostertagia spp. and Oesophagostomum spp. was the least. The overall maximum prevalence of helminths was observed in the month of July (87.56%) and minimum in the month of May (42.40%) in middle Gujarat. The highest gastrointestinal nematode infection was observed in the month of July (91.58%) and the lowest in the month of May (85.87%) in middle Gujarat. In all the districts of middle Gujarat, the highest infection of Haemonchus spp. was observed in the month of July. The overall lowest (16.99%) infection of Haemonchus spp. was recorded in the month of January. The overall Trichostrongylus spp. infection was also highest (28.42%) in the month of July and minimum in the month of February. The maximum intensity of GIT nematodes was observed for Trichostrongyliid group (891.43 mean epg) with range 50- 4550 epg. The mean epg for Strongyloides spp. and Trichuris spp. was 638.41 (50- 1450) and 198.94 (50-1700), respectively. The overall maximum intensity of Trichostrongyliid group was observed in the month of July with mean epg of 1483.97 50 and minimum in the month of February with mean epg of 638.25. The overall prevalence of Strongyloides spp. was found to be low throughout the year. The overall intensity of Strongyloides spp. was maximum in the month of November with mean epg of 907.47 and minimum in the month of May with mean epg of 405.92. The infection of Trichuris spp. was found common throughout the year ranging from 7-15 per cent in middle Gujarat. The highest prevalence (15.03%) and intensity (mean epg 357.38) of Trichuris spp. was observed in the month of June and the lowest prevalence (7.61%) and intensity (mean epg 96.40) was observed in the month of May. The per cent prevalence of Nematodims spp. was the highest in the month of December (13.10%) and zero in the month of May. Very low grade infection (5.25%) of Fasciola spp. was observed with zero prevalence in the month of March and April. Season, age and sex of the animal had significant influence on the prevalence of helminths in camels. Maximirai prevalence of helminths was recorded in monsoon (81.22%) and minimum in summer (55.07%). The maximum (90.48%) prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes was recorded in the winter season with almost similar prevalence in summer (88.49%) and monsoon (88.37%). The Fasciola spp. infection was maximum (7.66%) in monsoon and minimum (1.88%) in summer. The Moniezia spp. infection was found maximum (9.62%) in summer and minimum (3.97%) in monsoon. The overall maximum intensity of Trichostrongyliid group was observed in monsoon with mean epg of 1122.38 . Maximum intensity of Strongyloides spp. and Trichuris spp. was observed in winter with mean epg of 868.09 and 243.21, respectively.The helminthic infection was the highest (81.62%) in camels of 2-5 years of age and the lowest (47.37%) in camel calves ageing below 2 years of age. The GIT nematode infection was highest (91.22%) in camels of 5-10 years of age and lowest (71.60%) in camel calves ageing below 2 years. The prevalence of Trichistrongyliid group infection was on increasing trend with advancement of age. The Fasciola spp. infection was highest (6.37%) in camels above 10 years of age and lowest (4.32%) in camels below 5 years of age. The Moniezia spp. infection was on decreasing ebb with advancement of age with maximum prevalence (24.07%) in camel calves ageing below 2 years of age.The overall prevalence of helminths was higher in females (74.96%) than males (61.48%). No influence of sex was found on prevalence of GIT nematodes. The Moniezia spp. infection was higher in males (7.27%) than females (4.23%). Almost similar prevalence was recorded in males (5.21%) and females (5.29%) for fasciolosis in camels of middle Gujarat. After coproculture, camels were determined to be infected with third stage larvae of Trichostrongylus spp., Ostertagia spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Haemonchus spp., Nematodirus spp., Trichuris spp., Strongyloides spp. and Cooperia species. Haematological study conducted on helminths infected camels revealed statistically significant decrease in haemoglobin concentration, total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume and lymphocyte, with significant increase in the total leucocyte count, MCHC, neutrophils and eosinophils. No difference was observed in the monocytic coimt of helminths infected and vminfected camels. Biochemical study carried out on helminths infected camels revealed significant decrease in glucose, total protein, total cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus, calcium and magnesium concentration. There was non-significant difference in the creatinine level of helminths infected and uninfected camels. There was significant increase in the enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SCOT) in helminths infected camels. Macroscopically, abomasum showed varying degrees of ulceration, congestion of mucosa, thickened walls and oedematous folds associated with haemorrhagic foci due to presence oi Haemonchus. spp. worms. Histopathologically, there were hyperemia in the abomasal mucosa and hyperplasia of the abomasal glands with cellular infiltration mainly of lymphocytes and eosinophils. Small intestine infected with Strongyloides spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. worms showed oedematous and congested mucosa with small petecheal haemorrhages. Histopathologically, there were loss of intestinal villi, thickened mucosa and heavy infiltration of inflammatory cells in mucosa and submucosa of the duodenvim. Large intestine infected with Trichuris spp. revealed thickened and oedematous mucosa with haemorrhagic foci. There was ulcer and nodule formation with thickening of the duodenal wall. On histopathological examination, intestine revealed catarrhal inflammation and necrosis of gland with eosinophilic infiltration. Liver showed irregularly distributed haemorrhages with grayish to pale white colour areas on gross examination. Microscopically, there was fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver. Lungs showed emphysema and congestion with pale white raised areas.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Transcriptome Analysis of Paramphistomum cervi in Sheep (Ovis aries) Using Next Generation Sequencing
    (AAU, Anand, 2013) VIJAYATA; Hasnani, J. J.
    Rumen fluke, Paramphistomum cervi, is responsible for production losses to the livestock (mainly sheep, goat and buffalo) and meat industries due to clinical disease, reduced weight gain and milk production, and deaths. Surprisingly, despite the massive economic loss, knowledge of the fiindamental molecular biology of Paramphistomum cervi is scanty. Currently, there is a need to focus on the development of new approaches for the prevention and control of Paramphistomosis in livestock. Paramphistomum cervi were found mainly in the rumen and were light pink in colour with a sucker at the tip of the cone and another sucker ventrally at the posterior end. The body of P. cervi was pear-shaped, slightly concave ventrally (conical) and convex dorsally. Caeca were wide, pursued a serpentine course and reached anterior margin of posterior sucker (acetabulum) with blind ends more dorsal than lateral. Genital pore was situated behind intestinal bifiircation. Histological peculiarities of the muscular organs such as a liorchis type pharynx, gracile type genital opening, Paramphistomum type acetabulum in median sagittal section and distinctly lobed testes, situated a little obliquely tandem were also supported the histological diagnosis. The present study explores, for the first time, the transcriptome and proteome of the adult stage of the rumen fluke, Paramphistomum cenn of sheep using Ion Torrent PGM sequencing and in silico analysis, and also provides a basis for applied outcomes such as the development of drug and vaccines against this neglected parasite of veterinary importance. Transcriptome analysis oi Paramphistomum cenn of sheep was carried out to study identification of differentially expressed genes. Relative levels of transcription determined for individual molecules, were also characterized on basis of homology, gene ontology and pathway mapping. Total of 2,944,061 reads were generated and after removing low quality reads 2,178,136 (73.98%) sequences remained. These 2,178,136 reads fi-om the cDNA library of sheep Paramphistomes were then mapped with reference file data. Out of 11,593 sequences, 11,588 sequences were mapped and classified based on homology searches, protein motifs, gene ontology and biological pathway mapping. BLASTx manual annotation revealed 11,582 sequences displaying significant similarity to known genes in NCBI (99.94% of total P. cervi sequences). Species distribution of BLAST hits based on the BLASTx analysis showed that most of sequences matched to species of Trematode parasites, mainly to Clonorchis sinensis. Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma haematobium, Fasciola hepatica. A significant proportion (56.6%) of the transcriptome of Paramphistomum cervi was inferred to encode 6,562 conserved protein domains or family signatures. Amongst the InterPro domains identified 'protein kinase-like domain' (130, 2.9%) 'Protein kinase, catalytic domain' (109, 2.4%), 'WD40/YVTN repeat-like-containing domain' (91. 2.0%), 'armadillo-like helical' (74. 1.6%), 'armadillo-type fold' (72.1.6%)) and WD40-repeat-containing domain' (69, 1.5%)) were most abundant. KEGG annotated a total of 1,926 (16.6%) sequences were fiirther classified into 108 pathways by using the pathway identification tool in Blast2G0. Total 14 parent pathways were identified and categorized into four types, with metabolic pathways being the most abundant, followed by genetic information processing, environmental processing and organismal systems. Based on the annotation, based on conserved domains and protein families, total 6,527 sequences (56.32%)) were assigned to GO term. GO annotation of the Paramphistomum cervi predicted peptides revealed 4,473 different GO teniis, which were assigned to three main GO categories of biological process (2,645 GO terms; 59.1%), cellular component (644 GO terms; 14.4%) and molecular function (1,184 GO terms; 26.5%). The integration of transcriptomic and proteomic datasets generated herein sets the scene for fiiture studies, aimed at exploring the potential roles of molecules which may play at the host-parasite interface and for estabhshing novel strategies for the treatment or control of parasitic fluke infections. Recent transcriptome analysis of Paramphistomum cervi has identified novel genes and genes not previously reported for Paramphistomes, as well as the identification of the molecular mechanisms for host-dependent maturation, immune evasion, development and signaling.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON PREVALENCE, HAEMATO – BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FASCIOLOSIS IN SLAUGHTERED BUFFALOES
    (AAU, Anand, 2014) Suchit S. Pandya; Dr. J. J. Hasnani
    A total of 760 faecal and 701 liver samples were collected at Anand district out of which 151 faecal and 164 liver samples were found positive with the seasonal prevalence of 12.83% (summer), 21.54% (monsoon) and 23.95% (winter) for the faecal samples and 15.34% (summer), 24.34% (monsoon) and 28.62% (winter) for the liver samples. A total of 792 faecal and 743 liver samples were collected at Ahmedabad district out of which 163 faecal and 157 liver samples were found positive with the seasonal prevalence of 16.93% (summer), 21.83% (monsoon) and 22.61% (winter) for the faecal samples (Table 6, Figure 7) and 17.60% (summer), 22.08% (monsoon) and 23.37% (winter) for the liver samples. The overall prevalence rate was found to be 19.87% (151) and 23.39% (164) for the faecal and liver samples at Anand district and 20.58% (163) and 21.13% (157) for faecal and liver samples at Ahmedabad district. Fasciolosis affects the haematological values of the host. The haematological parameters viz. haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocytes count (TLC), different leukocyte count (DLC) were studied from Fasciola infected and non-infected buffaloes. A total number of 50 Fasciola infected and 50 non-infected blood samples were collected and studied for haematological parameters. Following results were found in the study. The infected buffaloes showed a significant reduction in the mean Hb. (7.29 ± 0.21 g/dl), TEC (5.15 ± 0.19 106/μl), PCV (24.82 ± 0.88 percent), lymphocyte (47.59 ± 0.75 percent) and increased TLC (12.78 ± 0.37 103/ μl), neutrophil (42.43 ± 0.84 percent) and eosinophil (8.29 ± 0.26 percent). The monocytes level decreased and basophils levels increased non-significantly in infected buffaloes and recorded as, 2.78 ± 0.16 and 0.38 ± 0.05 percent, respectively. A total number of 50 infected and 50 non-infected serum samples were collected and studied. The biochemical profile included Total protein, Albumin, Globulin, A:G ratio, Alkaline Phosphatase (AKP), Acid Phosphatase (ACP), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Total Bilirubin levels of infected and non-infected buffaloes and the results are presented as follows. Significantly reduction in the values of total serum protein (7.37 ± 0.09 g/dl), total albumin (1.92 ± 0.06 g/dl) and A:G ratio (0.36 ± 0.02) and increased in AST/ SGOT (305.82 ± 13.40 IU/L), total globulin (5.44 ± 0.09 g/dl), ALT/ SGPT (79.25 ± 2.24 IU/L), ACP (4.30 ± 0.20 IU/L), alkaline phosphatase (189.50 ± 6.31 IU/L) and total bilirubin (1.93 ± 0.13 IU/L) level reported. The histopathological changes in Fasciolosis in buffaloes were observed during study period. A total of 30 positive fasciola infected liver was collected from slaughter houses of Anand and Ahmedabad districts. The gross lesions in Fasciolosis were, the body cavities of slaughtered buffaloes were found to contain large amount of straw colored fluid with fibrin flakes. There was oedema in brisket and dewlap region and petechial haemorrhage in muscles in some of the buffaloes. Liver was found severely affected, enlarged, covered with rust colored patches, showing haemorrhagic tracts, perforation and presence of large number of immature flukes in the parenchyma and at the opening of the bile duct. At places blood filled cavities were also seen in the parenchyma. Hundreds of immature and mature flukes were recovered after squeezing and tearing of liver. Gross lesions were confined to the liver which was enlarged, haemorrhagic, highly congested and had wide-spread greyish creamy deposits on its surface. Migrating flukes caused extensive destruction of liver parenchyma marked with haemorrhages. The microscopic lesions in Fasciola infected liver and bile duct were, The sections of liver showed haemorrhagic tracts, wide-spread area of necrosis and haemorrhages. It also revealed focal necrosis with heavy infiltration of inflammatory cells. Portal triad area revealed proliferation of fibrous tissue. Hepatic cells showed degenerative changes and mild fatty changes. There were large numbers of multiple haemorrhagic tracts made up of erythrocytes and degenerating hepatic cells with polymorphs, eosinophils and mononuclear cells. Bile ducts showed hyperplasia, desquamation and degeneration of epithelium. The epithelium of bile duct both close to and distal to the sites of fluke penetration was highly hyperplastic and thickened with numerous eosinophils and mononuclear cells infiltration into the lamina propria. F. gigantica had a less prominent shoulder and having 25-35 mm body length. The ventral sucker is situated at the level of the shoulder and tegument is armed with sharp spines. Pharynx is situated just after the oral sucker. The testes are much branched and filling the median plane of the fluke. Uterus is situated posterior to the ventral sucker and anterior to the testes and ovary is situated right of the middle of the fluke. The digestive tract of the fluke covered with two type of epithelium viz; tegumental and caecal type of epithelium. The major portion of the digestive tract is lined by caecal type of the epithelium. Mehlis gland was close to ovary.