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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on renoprotective effect of aqueous and alcoholic biherbal extracts of Bryophyllum Calycinum and Solanum Xanthocarpum in Wistar rats(DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) PATEL DHAVALKUMAR BHAILALBHAI; Dr. S. K. RavalUrolithiasis or kidney stone is formation of urinary calculi at any level of urinary tract. It is one of the oldest and wide spread diseases known to man. The occurrence in some areas is so alarming that they are known as “Stone belts”. A number of plants have been used because of being efficient for curing and correcting urinary stones; for example, Tribulus terrestris (fruit), Bryophyllum calycinum (Leaves), Soalnumn xanthocarpum (fruit) Didymocarpus pedicellata (leaf), Dolichos biflorus (seed), fruits and leaves of Solanum nigrum, and seeds of Cichorium intybus are very common in Traditional Indian System of Medicine.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL, HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF RUMINAL ACIDOSIS IN GOATS(DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) CHAVELIKAR PRATIKKUMAR RAMESHCHANDRA; Dr. G.C. MandaliGoat is a versatile animal known as the “Poor man’s cow” in India. Archaeological studies provide sufficient evidence that goat was the earliest ruminant and probably the first animal after dog to be domesticated by man long before 7000 B.C. India has the largest population of goats of the world. Ruminal acidosis is one of the most important clinical emergencies in small ruminants.ThesisItem Open Access Therapeutic efficacy of biherbal extracts of Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis in ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in Wistar rats(AAU, Anand, 2015) MASHIYAVA, PARIMAL HARESHKUMAR; Raval, S. K.Urolithiasis is formation of urinary calculi at any level of urinary tract. It is estimated that 12% of world human population experiences renal disease with a recurrence rate of 70-80% in male and 47-60% in female. There is no established treatment for prevention of urolithiasis. So, there is a need to establish a medical treatment for prevention of recurrent stone formation, hidigenous plants have been used as a potential source of medicine since ancient times. Herbal medicines offer conventional treatments, providing safe and well-tolerated remedies for chronic illnesses which typically resulted from the combinations of secondary plant metabolites that are synthesized and deposited in specific parts or in all parts of the plant. The fruits of Tribulus terrestis are recommended for the treatment of urinary disorders and leaves of Bryophyllum calcynium is rich in alkaloids, triterpenes. glycosides, flavonoids, cardienolides, steroids, bufadienolides and lipids. They are commonly used as a folk medicine in India to treat renal calculi. Traditional medical practitioners prescribe a combination of herbal products with synergistic action. The present study was conducted on 90 adult (female) healthy Wistar rats. In this experiment 0.75% (v/v) ethylene glycol was used for induction of urolithiasis in Wistar rats. Rats were selected randomly and divided in to 12 groups (Group - I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII). Group I served as normal control consisted of healthy animals. Urolithiasis was induced in group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VII and IX animals using 0.75 % (v/v) ethylene glycol along with drinking water for 21 days. Group I, Group III, Group X, Group XI and Group XII animals were given normal drinking water. Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis plants were used in this antiurolithiatic study. Aqueous, methanolic and chloroform extract was prepared from fruits of Tribulus terrestis and leaves of Bryophyllum calcynium. Physical characteristics of the extracts (aqueous, methanolic and chloroform) of plant Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis were studied and percent extractability of extracts (aqueous, methanolic and chloroform) of plant Bryophyllum calcynium was ranging from 19.63- 22.62 while Tribulus terrestis was ranging from 16.08-19.92. Extracts of Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis was mixed in 1:1 ratio and administered by oral route using sterile 1ml syringe with oral rat gavage needle. Blood sample was collected twice: first after 21 days of induction of urolithiasis and then 28 days after dosing period i.e. on the 21st and 49th day of experimental period. At the end of experimental period kidney, liver and spleen were collected for histopathological examination. Rats in all groups were observed for some abnormal behavior, salivation (excessive salivation), diarrhea. No significant difference was observed in behavior or changes of all groups. After induction of urolithiasis Group II, IV, V, VII, VIII and IX showed progressively decreased in feed consumption up to third week as compare to group I. It may be due to progressive pathological changes. After onset of biherbal plant extract treatment group II showed significant (P < 0.05) lower feed consumption as compared to group I while group IV, VI, VII VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in feed consumption as compare to group II. It may be due to effect of treatment given by biherbal aqueous, methanolic and chloroform plant extract. Group VI and VII showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in feed consumption as compare to group II and also other treatment group. That indicates methanoUc biherbal plant extract was more effective against urolithiasis in Wistar rats. Body weight during experiment was measured in each group. Same as feed consumption body weight also progressively decreased in 0.75 % (v/v) EG treated groups during first three weeks. After onset of treatment group VI and VII showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in body weight as compare to group II and also other treatment group. Rats were continuously monitored throughout the experimental period; no mortality was recorded throughout the experimental period. Hematological evaluation reveals that during the period of urolithiasis induction Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean value of hemoglobin as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG. While after biherbal plant extract treatment group VII (BHE-II) showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of hemoglobin as compared to group II. Induction of urolithiasis also reveals decreased in mean value of MCHC in 0.75% (v/v) EG treated groups while after treatment with biherbal plant extract Group IV, V, VI, VII and group XI showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of MCHC as compared to group II (Lithiatic control). Other hematological parameters like TEC, TLC, DLC, PCV and MCV did not show any significant variation during induction period of urolithiasis as well as during the treatment with biherbal plant extract. Group II, rV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed non-significant decrease in mean value of serum total protein as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG. While after biherbal plant extract treatment Group VII showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of total protein as compared to group II. Due to urolithiasis induction Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean value of serum calcium as compared to group I (Normal control). While after treatment with biherbal plant extract group VII (BHE-II) showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of serum calcium as compared to group II. Due to urolithiasis induction group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of serum magnesium as compared to group I (Normal control) while after treatment with biherbal plant extract, group VII (BHE-II) showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean value of serum magnesium as compared to group II. Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of serum BUN as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG while after treatment with biherbal plant extract, groups IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean values of BUN as compare to group II (Lithiatic control). Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of serum uric acid as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG while after treatment with biherbal plant extract, groups V, VI and VII showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean values of serum uric acid as compare to group II (Lithiatic control). Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant increase in mean value of serum creatinine as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75%) (v/v) EG while after treatment with biherbal plant extract, group VII showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean values of serum creatinine as compare to group II. No gross and microscopic changes were noted in liver and spleen of rats fi-om different groups while histopathological examinations of kidney revealed many pathological alterations. In the groups where 0.75% (v/v) ethylene glycol was given showed pathological alterations like necrotic degeneration; inter tubular hemorrhage, cystic dilatation of tubular epithelium, tubular epithelial hyperplasia and presence of cast in the lumen of tubules on H & E Stain while group VI and VII showed comparatively less pathological alteration on histopathological examination on 0.75% (v/v) EG treated rat kidney it may be due to nephroprotective effect of Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis. These may be due to some active components of Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis which have protective effect against uroliths and they are responsible for reduction of lesions in kidney. This herbal drug could reduce the kidney damage significantly indicating its protective effects against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis. The test drug has also beneficial effect on serum calcium, magnesium, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid and ureaThesisItem Open Access Studies on Epidemiology, Hematobiochemistry and Seroprevalence of Piroplasmosis in Horses(AAU, Anand, 2015) VIDHYA LAKSHMI, T. M.; Raval, S. K.Horses (Equus caballus) belong to the family Equidae. Equine demography of India reveals 41% population distribution of horses and ponies and 59% of mules and donkeys. Total Indian equine population is 1.77 million (NRCE, 2011), which includes defined Indian horse breeds and Non-descript horses. Equine piroplasmosis caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi is an economically important hemoprotozoan disease of horses in tropical and subtropical parts of the worid. In 1976, the equine piroplasmosis was reported in an outbreak form in imported horses and recorded 50.1%) and 49.76% incidence in North-West India by CAT & Dot-ELISA. National serosurveillance analysis at NRCE has revealed 28.58%) of overall seroprevalence of T. equi from India. The latent infection is common in non-descript equids of India. These animals act as nucleus for maintaining as well as spreading the infection through vector ticks. Thus the diagnosis of sub-clinical infection is of more relevance as these animals can remain carriers to the T. equi parasite throughout their life span. These latently infected animals may exhibit low performance following physical, immunological or mental stress due to the flare-up of underlying parasitemia leading to clinical form of the disease condition. In the present study, total 248 horses were studied for T. equi and 182 serum samples of horses were screened for B. caballi. The overall prevalence rate of T. equi was 12.09% as detected by PCR technique. The overall prevalence rate of B. caballi was 0.55% as detected by cELISA. The breed-wise prevalence of T. equi infection observed was 23.81% in Nondescript breeds, 15.91%) in Kathiawari breeds and 11.40%) in Marwari breeds. The breed-wise prevalence was found to be statistically non-significant. The age-wise prevalence of T. equi infection observed was 33.33%) in foals, 18.52%) in yearlings and 13.42% in adults. The age-wise prevalence was found highly significant. The difference in sex-wise prevalence of T. equi infection observed were 22.86%) in males and 10.77% in females. The sex-wise prevalence was found to be highly significant. The health condition-wise prevalence of T. equi infection observed in horses were 11.85%) in good health condition, 21.82%) in fair health condition and 20%o in poor health condition%. The difference in health condition-wise prevalence was found be statistically nonsignificant (P>0.05). The diagnosis of piroplasmosis remains a challenge since the parasitemia; was often very low and there was fluctuation in the clinical symptoms shown by the affected horses. The PCR, which is a molecular technique is more sensitive than parasitological method detected an overall prevalence rate of 12.1%. The competitive ELISA, which is a monoclonal antibody based and highly sensitive and specific test detected 0.55% prevalence rate of 5. caballi in horses. Out of 248 thin blood smears examined by using Giemsa staining technique, only 5 were found to be positive indicating a prevalence rate of 2.02% and the same was found to have low sensitivity compared to PCR which detected 12.1% prevalence. Clinical information including vital signs were also recorded. Most of the horses positive for T. equi had anorexia, colic, rhinotaxis, respiratory distress, lameness. abortion, presence of ticks, fever or pyrexia, tachycardia, tachypnoea, pale or icteric mucous membrane, depression, edema of hind Hmbs, cohc, nasal discharge, ocular discharge, lameness, dyspnoea and previous history of treatment against piroplasms. In the present study, hemato-biochemical analysis of infected as well as healthy horses was performed to find out the severity of disease and probable outcome of diseases. In case of T. equi infection, TLC and Granulocytes were significantly increased (P<0.05) infected horses, while lymphocytes, Hb, MCH and PLT significantly decreased (P<0.01) compared to the healthy group of horses. A significant reduction (P<0.05) in RBC was also observed in infected group indicating anemia. A non-significant reduction (P>0.05) in MCHC and MCV as well as non-significant elevation (P>0.05) in PCV was also observed in infected group when compared to the healthy group. In case of T. equi infection, SGPT, SOOT, GOT, Total protein, Globulin, BUN, Creatinine and LDH were significantly increased (P<0.01) compared to the healthy group of horses. Non-significant elevation (P>0.05) of total bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin and glucose as well as non-significant reduction (P>0.05) of conjugated bilirubin, albumin and A/G ratio was also observed in infected group. There was no significant alteration (P>0.05) in the levels of serum calcium and phosphorus when compared to the healthy group. In case of horses positive for T. equi, there was significant increase (P<0.05) in Cortisol and T4 level. But there was significant reduction (P<0.01) in infected horses when compared to the healthy group. The Cortisol level was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Kathiawari breeds compared to Marwari and Non-descript breeds. The Cortisol level of T. equi infected horses revealed significant reduction (P<0.05) in Kathiawari breeds whereas significant elevation (P<0.05) in Non-descript breeds. T3 concentration in Marwari breeds was found to be significantly decreased (P<0.01) whereas T4 level significantly increased in Non-descript breeds. There was no significant alteration in Cortisol, T3 and T4 level of T. equi infected horses of male and female groups when compared to the healthy group. Diagnosis of subclinical infections is important to prevent spread of equine piroplasmosis. Priority should be given for the development and validation of highly sensitive, simple and specific parasitological, serological or nucleic acid based diagnostic tool to distinguish infected and non-infected horses.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Epidemiology, Haematobiochemistry and Therapeutic Management of Polioencephalomalacia in Goats(AAU, Anand, 2015) Chavda, Payal Kantibhai; Mandali, G. C.Disease is a major impediment against successful goat keeping. Goats are affected by various diseases including those caused by infectious bacteria, virus, fungi as well as by numerous non-infectious and metabolic disorders. Apart from diseases of other systems, very few diseases of nervous system of goats are treatable successfully. It is important to be able to recognize treatable diseases of the nervous system and to differentiate them from untreatable and globally important diseases. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM), also known as 'Cerebrocortical Necrosis' (CCN), is an important neiirologic disease of ruminants that is seen worldwide. Thiamine deficiency has been classically described as the cause of ruminant polioencephalomalacia. In the present study, a total of 43 goats were subjected to detailed clinical examinations which were suspected for PEM. A total of 43 whole blood samples and serum samples were collected. Forty three serum samples were screened for level of thiamine in affected goats using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit for Vitamin B] (VBi) (Cloud - Clone Corp.). Forty three peripheral blood smears were examined as a differential diagnosis from other diseases. Eighteen blood samples were subjected to analyze haematological parameters using Automatic Whole Blood Analyzer. Eightheen serum samples were subjected to analyze biochemical parameters using Clinical Chemistry Analyzer. Out of 43 goats included in the study, 23 (53.49%) goats were diagnosed positive for PEM (i.e., serum thiamine level below 50nmol/l) based on EnzymerLinked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Kit for Vitamin B1. Retrospective analysis from the Data Bank at TVCC revealed an overall prevalence of 05.87 per cent of PEM in goats during period of one year, i.e., 2013-2014. The age-wise prevalence was higher among goats of 1-2 years of age (47.83%) followed by goats > 2 years of age (30.43%) and goats below 1 years of age (21.74%). Sex-wise prevalence per cent was higher in females (n=15; 65.22%) as compared to male (n=08; 34.78%). Breed-wise prevalence of PEM was high in Marwadi breed (39.13%)) and subsequently it was decrease in order to 30.43 per cent in Siirti breed, 17.39 per cent in Non-descript breed and 13.05 per cent in Ajmeri breed. The prevalence of PEM was recorded highest during the winter season (58.62%)) while it was lowest in summer season (03.45%,). The most significant clinical findings included nystagmus (73.90%), circling movement (52.16%), ataxia (47.83%)), recumbency (30.43%)), head pressing (26.09%), convulsion (21.74%), opisthotonos (17.38%), teeth grinding (17.38%) and star gazing posture (08.70%). Among various haematological parameters evaluated from 18 goats, PEM positive goats showed statistically non-significant differences in mean values of Hb, TEC, platelet count and PCV as compared to control group. Non-significant difference was observed in TLC counts of affected goats as compared to healthy ones. However, significant (P<0.05) neutrophilia and non-significant lyphocytopenia was found in affected goats compared to healthy goats. Among various RBC indices, non-significant differences were observed in values of MCV, MCHC and MCH in PEM positive goats compared to healthy ones. Statistically non-significant differences were observed in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in PEM positive goats compared to healthy goats. However, the mean value of glucose was increased significantly (P<0.01) in goats affected with PEM than healthy ones. Statistically significant difference (P<0.01) was observed in level of thiamine (ELISA test) in PEM postive goats compared to healthy ones. Six clinically healthy goats were considered as control under group-A, while 18 goats with PEM were grouped into 3 groups, viz., Group-B, C and D with 06 goats in each group for evaluation of therapeutic management of PEM. Goats of group-B were treated with thiamine hydrochloride @ 10 mg/kg b.wt, IV and IM on next day; group-C affected goats were treated with thiamine hydrochloride @ 10 mg/kg b.wt., IV and IM on next day with dexamethasone @ 2-4 mg IM while, group-D affected goats with thiamine hydrochloride @ 10 mg/kg b.wt., IV and IM on next day along with mannitol @ 2 ml/kg BW, IV. Apart from this, goats under each group were received similar supportive therapy. Goats were evaluated for improvement in clinical health status for three consecutive days. Goats under each therapeutic group showed uneventful clinical improvement supported by decreased in glucose levels and increased levels of thiamine on 2nd day post-treatment based on ELISA.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF PLANTS SOLANUM XANTHOCARPUM AND ACHYRANTHES ASPERA ON ETHYLENE GLYCOL INDUCED UROLITHIASIS IN WISTAR RATS(AAU, Anand, 2016) RATHVA, ALPESH N.; Raval, S. K.Urolithiasis or kidney stone is formation of urinary calculi at any levels of urinary tract. Stone formation is also documented in the early Sanskrit documents during 3000 and 2000 B.C. The problem of stone formation is considered as a medical challenge due to its multifactorial etiology and high rate of reoccurrence. Indigenous herbs are used as remedies against various diseases in the traditional system of medicine or in ethno medical practices. They are relatively safe, easily available, and affordable to the masses.. Number of medicinal plants shows antiurolthiatic activity and play vital role in prevention of disease Solanum xanthocarpum is commonly known as Yellow berried nightshade found as weed troughout India. The fruits are known for their anthelmintic, antipyretic, laxative, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, diuretic, antiurinary stone activity and aphrodisiac activities. Achyranthes aspera is an important medicinal plant which is found as a weed throughout India up to 900 m. It has been used all the parts in traditional systems of medicines like Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. Seeds and roots are recommended for treatment of urinary disorders. Traditional medical practitioners prescribe a combination of herbal products with synergistic action. There is no satisfactory method available for complete cure of urolithiasis. The study was conducted on 108 adult healthy Wistar rats. In this experiment 0.75% (v/v) ethylene glycol was used for induction of urolithiasis in Wistar rats. Rats were selected randomly and divided in to 18 groups (group - I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, DC, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII and XVIII). All groups had six animals each. All the rats were numbered group wise and individually. Group I served as normal control consist of healthy animals. Urolithiasis was induced in group III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV and XV animals using 0.75 % (v/v) ethylene glycol along with drinking water as stone inducing agent for 28 days, group I, II, XVI, XVII and XVIII animals were given normal water. Solatium xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera plants were used in this antiurolithiatic study. Aqueous and alcoholic extract were prepared from fruits of Solarium xanthocarpum and roots of Achyranthes aspera. Physical characteristics of the extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) of both the plants were studied. The aqueous extract was yellowish brown of Solanum xanthocarpum and dark brown of Achyranthes aspera while alcoholic extract was dark brown and greenish brown respectively. Percent extractability of the extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) of plant Solanum xanthocarpum was ranging from 31.11 to 21.23 % while Achyranthes aspera was ranging from 21.47 to 16.99 %. Extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera was mixed in 1:1 ratio and administered by oral route using sterile 1 ml syringe with oral rat gavage needle. Blood samples were collected twice: firstly after 28th days of induction of urolithiasis and then 28 days of dosing period i.e. on the 28th and 56th day of experimental period. At the end of experimental period kidney, liver and spleen were collected and preserved in 10 % formalin solution for histopathological examination. During the experiment data recorded for behavioral signs, feed consumption, body weight, hematology, serology, kidney homogenate analysis,, ultrasonography and histopathology. Paired T-test and One-way-analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the effects of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera extracts with normal control group, ethylene glycol model group and group given plant extract on different variables like body weight, hematological, serum biochemical, urine biochemical and kidney homogenate parameters by using software SPSS (Version 20). All the data have been presented as mean ± SE. Rats in all groups were observed for some abnormal behaviour, salivation (excessive salivation), diarrhea. Lithiatic control rats showed symptoms like dullness and depression. No significant difference was observed in behavior of other groups. No major significant variation in feed consumption of Wistar rats in different groups during first week of induction was observed. But during study period after induction of urolithiasis. Group III, IV, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV and XV showed progressively decreased in feed consumption up to fourth week as compare to group I. It may be due to progressive pathological changes due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG. After onset extract treatment group III showed significant (P <0.05) lower feed consumption as compared to group I as it was kept untreated while group VI, VII VIII, DC, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in feed consumption as compare to group III. That indicates that alcoholic biherbal plant extract was most effective against urolithiasis in Wistarrats. Body weight during experiment was measured in each group. Same as feed consumption body weight also progressively decreased in 0.75 % (v/v) EG treated groups during first four weeks. After onset of treatment group XII and XV showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in body weight as compared to group III and also other treatment group. That indicated alcoholic biherbal plant extract have better effect against urolithiasis induction in Wistar rats. Rats were continuously monitored throughout the experimental period. No mortality was recorded throughout the experimental period. Biherbal plant extract didn't show any adverse effect on gross behavior of animals. Non-significant increase in mean value of haemoglobin, MCH and MCHC on 56th day (before treatment) as compared to 28th day(after treatment). Non-significant (P < 0.05) difference was observed in in mean value of RBC, TLC, Lymphocytes, Granulocyte, Monocyte, Lymphocyte, PCV and MCV on 56th day(before treatment) as compared to 28th day(after treatment). Non-significant difference was observed in serum albumin level before and after treatment in different groups during present study. Increased level of serum calcium, serum phosphorus while decreased level of serum magnesium and serum total protein in the calculi induced group were observed as compared to the normal control group. However, co-treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extract of Solarium xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera significantly restored these changes dose dependently in the groups. Biherbal alcoholic extract of both the plants much restored the values and the level comes nearer to normal. As compared to a normal control group, the stone inducing regimen caused a significant impairment of renal functions of the untreated group shown by high level of creatinine, uric acid, urea, and BUN in serum. These were dose dependently inhibited in the animals receiving a simultaneous treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solarium xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera. Biherbal alcoholic extract of both the plants much restored the values and the level comes nearer to normal. Increased urine excretion of calcium, phosphorus while decreased excretion of magnesium in the calculi induced group were observed as compared to the normal control group. However, co-treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera significantly restored these changes dose dependently in the groups. Biherbal alcoholic extract of both the plants much restored the values and the level comes nearer to normal. Increased level of calcium, phosphate and oxalate in the kidney homogenate was observed in the lithiatic control group while co-treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solarium xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera significantly restored these changes in dose dependently in the different groups. Ultrasonography of the kidney showed distinct cotico-medullary junction in the normal control. While lithiatic control group shows presence of numerous of hyperechoic foci at the cortico-medullary junction and indistinct cortico-medullary junction. While after treatment by aqueous and alcoholic extract the of Solarium xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera hyperechoic foci were decreased and the corticomedullary junction become distinct after treatment in group IX, XI, XIII and XV which showed a therapeutic potential of both the plants. No gross and microscopic lesions were noted in liver and spleen of rats from different groups indicated no action of any chemicals and drugs used in this experiment on those organs during experiment. Histopathological examinations of kidney revealed many pathological alterations. 0.75% (v/v) EG treated groups showed pathological alterations like presence of crystals in the cystic spaces, necrotic degeneration, inter tubular hemorrhage, cystic dilatation of tubular epithelium, tubular epithelial hyperplasia and presence of cast in the lumen of tubules on H & E Stain while group IX, XI, XIII and XV showed comparatively less pathological alteration on histopathological examination on 0.75% (v/v) EG treated rat kidney. Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera consists of many principles having urolithiatic properties including flavonoids. These principles in Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera having protective effect against urolith are responsible for reduction of lesions in kidney.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CHEMOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS ON AZASERINE INDUCED PANCREATIC CANCER IN WISTAR RATS(AAU, Anand, 2014) PRAJAPATI, ANKIT S.; Raval, S. K.Cancer is a devastating disease with a severe impact on the physical and psychological well being of patients. Pancreatic cancer has been reported in various species of animals including dogs and cats. To date, only limited therapeutic options are available for the treatment of cancers. This leads to alternative therapies, including the holistic approach of alternative medicine, particularly preparations from herbal products, which have formed the basis for traditional medicine for thousands of years. Phyllanthus amarus is a well known plant in Ayurveda and Siddha. It has been found to have a lot of medicinal properties particularly for its anti-cancerous or chemoprotective activity. Eighty rats were selected for the experiment. They were randomly divided into eight groups. Group I served as a healthy control group consisted of healthy rats. Pancreatic cancer was induced in group II, III, IV, V and VI rats using azaserine as inducing agent. Group II rats were kept untreated as pancreatic cancer control. Group III rats were treated with aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus (200 mg/kg body weight) and Group IV rats were treated with aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus (400 mg/kg body weight). Group V rats were treated with alcoholic extract of Phyllanthus amarus (200 mg/kg body weight) and Group VI animals treated with alcoholic extract of Phyllanthus amarus (400 mg/kg body weight). Group VII and VIII rats were kept as plant extract control for studying the effect of extract on normal rats. Significant (P < 0.05) reduction in feed consumption was observed in cancer bearing rats group II (12.70 ± 0.07 g) compared to normal rats of group I (13.36 ± 0.07 g). In group IV rats treated with aqueous extract of plant, reduction in feed intake (12.98 ± 0.09 g) was observed. A non-significant reduction in body weight gain was observed in group II (46.50 ± 8.20 g) compared to normal rat group I (48.50 ± 9.04 g). Four rats of group II were found dull and depressed on 3rd week of experiment. One rat in group II showed alopecia.ThesisItem Open Access SURVEY STUDY, ETIOPATHOLOGY, CLINICAL CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF PET AND ZOO COMPANION BIRDS(AAU, Anand, 2014) LABANA, YAMINI CHANDRAKANTBHAI; Jani, R. G.Birds are commonly found in-situ as one of the component of ecosystem and are maintained in ex-situ conservation in zoos and households all over the world. The birds of major biological orders viz., Passeriformes and Psittaciformes form the companion birds. Now-a-days, people like to have birds as a companion pet. Apart from pet bird lovers, many species of birds are also maintained by aviculturaUsts, zoological institutions, organizations for captive breeding programs. Looking towards the increasing popularity of these birds and consultancies to the clinician there arises a need to understand their normal physiological baselme information and their Use style behavioural studies to put on record normal haemato-biochemical and clinical informations as well as to rule out various causes of diseases and disorders of healthy and diseasesd zoo and pet companion birds. In the present study,retrospective and prospective study of common psittaciane birds of 200 and pet group were collected and analysed.During the period of 2 years (April 2011-March 2012 and April 2012-March 2013), information was collected and retrieved from total 1951 stock of companion birds, which comprised of 1924 birds from zoos and 27 from different pet owners of the birds who registered clinical cases to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC), Anand. The inference were drawn based on over all status, zoo wise, species wise, season wise and it was also studied on abnormal condition wise. Overall mortality data was observed as 6.6 per cent from the available records. The zoo wise mortality record suggested higher mortality in Ahmedabad zoo (8.27%) followed by Surat zoo (7.22%), Junagadh zoo (5.84%) and lower in Baroda zoo (1.94%). Species wise highest mortality was found in lorilceet swimson (100%) and in red rumped parakeet (100%) whereas lowest in zebra finch (0.8%). Amongst various diseases and disorders of study group, it was found over all high prevalence rate of mortality by coccidiosis (42.51%) followed by haemorrhagic enteritis (22.04%)) whereas it was found low for various disorders like ovarian tumor (0.78%)). Season wise highest mortality was recorded during winter season (48.8%)) followed by summer (41.7%)) and lowest recorded in monsoon (9,5%o) from zoos and TVCC. In both zoos and TVCC, the mortality (71.65%) and morbidity (51.85%) respectively recorded during April 2011-March 2012 was found to be higher than mortality (28.35%) and morbidity (48.15%) recorded during April 2012-March 2013. Out of total of 1954 birds, 48 were recorded with different physical abnormalities out of which 30 were with zoo and 18 were with pet birds. The different physical abnormalities were recorded in prepared proforma and data were analyzed. Zoo bird wise and pet birds wise the status of few important physical abnormalities were, pectoral muscle abnormality with (26.7%) and (12.0%), feather plucking with (50%) and (100%), stereotype movements with (66.7%) and (50%), skin abnormality (6.7%) and (5.6%) respectively. Birds showing diarrhoea were found to have low temperature (102.6 °F) while, those showing anorexia and respiratory distress were found with high temperature (108.0 °F) and (108.2 °F) respectively. Overall incidence of E.coli was recorded 63.2% from zoo and pet birds. Salmonella spp. was found 10.5 %, Klebsiella spp. (5.3%), Staphylococcus spp. (15.8%) and Streptococcus spp. (5.3%). From fungal isolates Candida spp. (27.3%)) was found highest from affected birds showing signs of diarrhoea. Prevalence rate of Aspergillus spp. was found 22.7 per cent. Overall prevalence rate of parasitic infection was found 48.6 per cent in which Eimeria oocysts were found highest (30%) followed by Ascaridia spp. (27.5%), Capillaria spp. (10.0%), trematode (7.5%), cestode (7.5%) and mixed infection (12.5%). Haematological study revealed non-significant variations amongst healthy and affected birds except for PCV (%) of affected (54.50±1.39%) were found significantly higher than healthy (49.40±l.39%) ones which were on account of dehydration and haemoconcentration. Biochemical analysis of Glucose (mg/dl) and uric acid (mg/dl) were found with no significant difference and only CPK (U/L) of affected (382±56.79 U/L) was found significantly higher than healthy ones (249.65±19.32 U/L) which was on account of muscle damage due to injury and confinement. ® One out of total of six cases screened for Chlamydiosis by using Immunocomb Avian Chlamydophila psittaci Antibodies Test Kit was found with scale 1-2 (inconclusive) while, remaining all were with scale 0 (negative) results. The major E. coli serotypes from positive samples revealed 01 (2), 04 (1) and 026 (2). In zoo birds overcrowding was observed among small species of birds like budgerigers (33.4%) and in pet birds it was only 27.8 per cent. In zoos, birds were provided with nutritionally adequate diet whereas, in pet birds seeds plus fruits (38.9%) diet was found to be offered highest. Pet birds were mainly provided with perches (44.4%) and swings (33.3%) for enrichment while, zoo birds with perches, holes and tunnels. In zoos for nesting facilities earthen pots, holes in the walls and wooden boxes were provided. Among pet birds prevalence rate of provision of earthen pots (33.3%) was found highest followed by paper shreds as nesting material (16.7%), hay straw (27.8%) and wooden boxes (11.1%). In zoos, provisions of medications were in routine and scheduled. But, in pet birds it was found multivitamins (33.3%) to be provided highest. Lack of awareness regarding deworming and antibiotics makes pet owners not providing them to their birds. The necessary suggestions were made to pet owners and zoo managers reciprocated with improvement in the health conditions. Study realized a need to standardize the protocol for health check up and regular monitoring of health of zoo and pet psittacine birds intensively.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative studies on chemotherapeutic effects of Gymnema sylvestre and cow urine distillate on streptozotocin induced type I diabetes in rats(AAU, Anand, 2016) MAHIDA, NISHTHA RAJENDRASINH; Mandali, G. C.The present study was carried out to study the symptomatology, haemato-biochemical alterations and pathological changes in streptozotocin induced diabetes and comparative chemotherapeutic effects of Gymnema sylvestre extract and cow urine distillate in wistar rats. Accordingly, sixty six adult male wistiir rats were divided uniformly into eleven equal groups Viz. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, K, X and XI. Out of them, Group I was kept as normal control and group II was kept as vehicle control while group III was kept as diabetic control. Groups IV and V (Plant extract I and II respectively) were dosed aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Gymnema sylvestre @ 400 mg/kg BW whereas groups VI and VII (Cow Urine Distillate I and II) were dosed Cow Urine Distillate @ 5.0 ml/kg BW and 10.0 ml/kg BW for 42 days after induction of diabetes. Groups VIII and IX were kept as aqueous plant extract control and alcoholic plant extract control respectively while groups X and XI were kept as cow urine distillate control. At commencement of experiment, rats of Group III, IV, V, VI and VII were injected with streptozotocin (@ 60 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally for induction of diabetes after overnight fasting. All the parameters studied under the experiment were in the normal range in healthy control groups. Clinical symptoms were more severe in Group III animals. Whereas, in Gymnema sylvestre and cow urine distillate treated animals, symptoms gradually receded. Clinical signs observed in untreated diabetic (group III) rats were polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia along with dullness and depression. Similar clinical signs with mild degree were found in the initial days of study in Gymnema sylvestre aqueous (group IV) and alcoholic (group V) extract and cow urine distillate I (group VI) and n (group VII) treated rats. These clinical signs were ameliorated in later days of study. There was increase in feed consumption observed in untreated diabetic (group ni) rats as compared to normal and control group rats. Feed consumption was markedly increased (P < 0.01) in group III rats (19.0 gm/rat/day) when compared with normal control group (18.06 gm/rat/day). While the treatment groups (IV, V, VI and VII) also showed higher rate of feed consumption initially but it gradually decreased compared to their control groups. Loss of body weight was marked in positive control and to a lesser extent in Gymnema sylvestre and cow urine distillate treated rats. It is decreased significantly (P < 0.01) to 121.00±12.36 in diabetic control group as compared to 435.67±12.58 and 429.33±9.90 in normal control and vehicle control group, respectively at the end of the experiment. The blood glucose level was increased in groups III, IV, V, VI and VII after streptozotocin injection. Progressive persistent hyperglycemia was observed in positive control. It decreased to 248.83±37.02 mg/dl and 194.50±8.92 in aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Gymnema sylvestre treated groups, respectively while 276.50±24.73mg/dl and 180.00±16.24 in cow urine distillate I and II treated groups, respectively when compared with diabetic control group (531.00±18.44 mg/dl) of rat. Gymnema sylvestre alcoholic extract and cow urine distillate @ 10.0 ml/kg BW significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the blood glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Haematology revealed significant (P < 0.01) decrease in all the parameters viz. Hb, total RBC count, PCV, MCV and MCH in untreated diabetic rats (group III) as compared to control rats. Significant (P < 0.01) improvement in all the haematological parameters was observed in Gymnema sylvestre (aqueous and alcoholic extracts) and cow urine distillate I & II treated groups (IV, V, VI and VIII). Biochemical profile showed significant (P < 0.01) increase in serum cholesterol, creatinine and triglycerides in untreated diabetic rats of group in as compared to control rats. Significant (P < O.OI) improvement in biochemical parameters viz., cholesterol, creatinine and triglycerides was observed in groups IV, V, VI and VIII rats treated with Gymnema sylvestre (aqueous and alcoholic extracts) and cow urine distillate I & II, respectively. Pathoiriorphological lesions were mostly confined to pancreas, kidney and liver and intestine. Pancreas of diabetic rats showed atrophy, degeneration, congestion along with vacuolation of islets. Nephropathy was evident by degeneration along with congestion, scattered haemorrhages and necrosis. There was restoration of normal pancreatic architecture in treatment groups (IV, V, VI and VIII) observed. Liver showed fatty changes at parenchyma and congestion of central vein (centrilobular congestion). While the intestinal tissue revealed severe necrosis at mucosa and brush border accompanied by deleterious effects at it.
