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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access Therapeutic efficacy of biherbal extracts of Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis in ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in Wistar rats(AAU, Anand, 2015) MASHIYAVA, PARIMAL HARESHKUMAR; Raval, S. K.Urolithiasis is formation of urinary calculi at any level of urinary tract. It is estimated that 12% of world human population experiences renal disease with a recurrence rate of 70-80% in male and 47-60% in female. There is no established treatment for prevention of urolithiasis. So, there is a need to establish a medical treatment for prevention of recurrent stone formation, hidigenous plants have been used as a potential source of medicine since ancient times. Herbal medicines offer conventional treatments, providing safe and well-tolerated remedies for chronic illnesses which typically resulted from the combinations of secondary plant metabolites that are synthesized and deposited in specific parts or in all parts of the plant. The fruits of Tribulus terrestis are recommended for the treatment of urinary disorders and leaves of Bryophyllum calcynium is rich in alkaloids, triterpenes. glycosides, flavonoids, cardienolides, steroids, bufadienolides and lipids. They are commonly used as a folk medicine in India to treat renal calculi. Traditional medical practitioners prescribe a combination of herbal products with synergistic action. The present study was conducted on 90 adult (female) healthy Wistar rats. In this experiment 0.75% (v/v) ethylene glycol was used for induction of urolithiasis in Wistar rats. Rats were selected randomly and divided in to 12 groups (Group - I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII). Group I served as normal control consisted of healthy animals. Urolithiasis was induced in group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VII and IX animals using 0.75 % (v/v) ethylene glycol along with drinking water for 21 days. Group I, Group III, Group X, Group XI and Group XII animals were given normal drinking water. Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis plants were used in this antiurolithiatic study. Aqueous, methanolic and chloroform extract was prepared from fruits of Tribulus terrestis and leaves of Bryophyllum calcynium. Physical characteristics of the extracts (aqueous, methanolic and chloroform) of plant Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis were studied and percent extractability of extracts (aqueous, methanolic and chloroform) of plant Bryophyllum calcynium was ranging from 19.63- 22.62 while Tribulus terrestis was ranging from 16.08-19.92. Extracts of Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis was mixed in 1:1 ratio and administered by oral route using sterile 1ml syringe with oral rat gavage needle. Blood sample was collected twice: first after 21 days of induction of urolithiasis and then 28 days after dosing period i.e. on the 21st and 49th day of experimental period. At the end of experimental period kidney, liver and spleen were collected for histopathological examination. Rats in all groups were observed for some abnormal behavior, salivation (excessive salivation), diarrhea. No significant difference was observed in behavior or changes of all groups. After induction of urolithiasis Group II, IV, V, VII, VIII and IX showed progressively decreased in feed consumption up to third week as compare to group I. It may be due to progressive pathological changes. After onset of biherbal plant extract treatment group II showed significant (P < 0.05) lower feed consumption as compared to group I while group IV, VI, VII VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in feed consumption as compare to group II. It may be due to effect of treatment given by biherbal aqueous, methanolic and chloroform plant extract. Group VI and VII showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in feed consumption as compare to group II and also other treatment group. That indicates methanoUc biherbal plant extract was more effective against urolithiasis in Wistar rats. Body weight during experiment was measured in each group. Same as feed consumption body weight also progressively decreased in 0.75 % (v/v) EG treated groups during first three weeks. After onset of treatment group VI and VII showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in body weight as compare to group II and also other treatment group. Rats were continuously monitored throughout the experimental period; no mortality was recorded throughout the experimental period. Hematological evaluation reveals that during the period of urolithiasis induction Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean value of hemoglobin as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG. While after biherbal plant extract treatment group VII (BHE-II) showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of hemoglobin as compared to group II. Induction of urolithiasis also reveals decreased in mean value of MCHC in 0.75% (v/v) EG treated groups while after treatment with biherbal plant extract Group IV, V, VI, VII and group XI showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of MCHC as compared to group II (Lithiatic control). Other hematological parameters like TEC, TLC, DLC, PCV and MCV did not show any significant variation during induction period of urolithiasis as well as during the treatment with biherbal plant extract. Group II, rV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed non-significant decrease in mean value of serum total protein as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG. While after biherbal plant extract treatment Group VII showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of total protein as compared to group II. Due to urolithiasis induction Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean value of serum calcium as compared to group I (Normal control). While after treatment with biherbal plant extract group VII (BHE-II) showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of serum calcium as compared to group II. Due to urolithiasis induction group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of serum magnesium as compared to group I (Normal control) while after treatment with biherbal plant extract, group VII (BHE-II) showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean value of serum magnesium as compared to group II. Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of serum BUN as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG while after treatment with biherbal plant extract, groups IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean values of BUN as compare to group II (Lithiatic control). Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean value of serum uric acid as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75% (v/v) EG while after treatment with biherbal plant extract, groups V, VI and VII showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean values of serum uric acid as compare to group II (Lithiatic control). Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed significant increase in mean value of serum creatinine as compared to group I (Normal control). It may be due to induction of urolithiasis by 0.75%) (v/v) EG while after treatment with biherbal plant extract, group VII showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean values of serum creatinine as compare to group II. No gross and microscopic changes were noted in liver and spleen of rats fi-om different groups while histopathological examinations of kidney revealed many pathological alterations. In the groups where 0.75% (v/v) ethylene glycol was given showed pathological alterations like necrotic degeneration; inter tubular hemorrhage, cystic dilatation of tubular epithelium, tubular epithelial hyperplasia and presence of cast in the lumen of tubules on H & E Stain while group VI and VII showed comparatively less pathological alteration on histopathological examination on 0.75% (v/v) EG treated rat kidney it may be due to nephroprotective effect of Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis. These may be due to some active components of Bryophyllum calcynium and Tribulus terrestis which have protective effect against uroliths and they are responsible for reduction of lesions in kidney. This herbal drug could reduce the kidney damage significantly indicating its protective effects against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis. The test drug has also beneficial effect on serum calcium, magnesium, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid and ureaThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ETIO-DIAGNOSIS OF SUBCLINICAL INTRAMAMMARY INFECTIONS OF COWS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SOME MASTITIS MARKERS(AAU, Anand, 2012) Langer, Anil; Nauriyal, D. S.The dairy sector in India has shown remarkable progress in the recent years and consequently the country has now become the largest milk producer in the world. In spite of this the milk production per animal is substantially less compared to developed countries which is largely attributed to inflammation of mammary gland or mastitis. Mastitis a disease of cows and buffaloes which results in severe economic losses to livestock owners and dairy industry world wide. The present study was conducted during August 2011 to January, 2012 at the Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand with a view to work out the prevalence of subclinical mastitis among cows, to compare the efficacy of six mastitis markers in detecting subclinical mastitis by using bacteriological culture examination as reference test, and to study the antibiogram pattern of bacterial isolates recovered from cases of subclinical mastitis. On screening of 69 lactating cows (Kankrej-26, Gir-8, triple cross-35) belonging to the herd maintained at Livestock Research Station, Anand, the overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis was observed to be 66.67 per cent in one or more quarters. Quarterwise prevalence was recorded at 33.45 per cent. Among infected quarters, fore and right-side quarters exhibited greater involvement. More frequent infection of two quarter was noticed than single and multiple quarters. Cows in their first lactation showed highest prevalence of subclinical mastitis. Similarly, cows in their late stage of lactation were found to be more frequently associated with insidious subclinical udder infection. Out of 89 infected quarters, 50 quarters yielded monomicrobic isolates whereas remaining 39 quarters harboured mixed infection. On bacteriological culture examination, a total of 190 bacterial isolates were recovered which comprised of 54 isolates of CPS (Staph, aureus-8 Staph, hyicus-40. Staph, intermedius-6), 115 isolates of CNS (Staph, chromogenes-94. Staph. epidermidis-21), 2 isolates of Micrococcous varians, 11 isolates of Str. agalactiae, 8 isolates of coliforms (Enterobacter sp.-3, E. coli and Klebsiella sp.-2 each, Serratia marcescens- one).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON HEMATOLOGY, BLOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND SENILE CHANGES IN GERIATRIC DOGS(AAU, Anand, 2012) JAIN, SANJEETA; PATEL, P. R.The "Studies on hematology, blood biochemistry, oxidative stress and senile changes in geriatric dogs" was undertaken from January, 2012 to July, 2012, in canine population which was brought for health check up, vaccination and treatment of various ailments in the hospital. The basic objectives of present study were to know the haematobiochemical, oxidative and senile changes and prevalence of common diseases and disorders in geriatric dogs. In present study, 100 dogs (for haematobiochemical study) and 156 dogs (for diseases and senile changes) were included from hospital cases. These were divided in different groups as per parameters and purpose of study. In haematobiochemical study, 100 dogs were divided in different group i.e. apparently healthy adult dogs (10) as control group, apparently healthy geriatric dogs (30) and diseased geriatric dogs (60). Oxidative stress parameters were studied in 40 dogs which were further divided in to apparently healthy adult dogs (10) and apparently healthy geriatric dogs (30). Haematological study revealed the mean of total leucocyte count in apparently healthy geriatric dog was found lower than apparently healthy adult dog, but difference was statistically non significant. The mean of total leucocyte count in all diseases and disorders of geriatric dogs were significantly (p<0.05) higher than mean of apparently healthy geriatric dogs. The absolute lymphocyte count of healthy geriatric dogs was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of healthy adult dogs. No significant differences were observed in absolute count of other cells in apparently healthy adult and healthy geriatric dogs. Significantly (p<0.05) higher total leucocyte count was observed in all diseased dogs compared to apparently healthy geriatric dogs. Significantly (p<0.05) lower absolute lymphocyte count was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs than apparently healthy adult dogs. Significantly higher absolute monocyte count and neutrophil count were observed in neoplasm condition. In differential leucocyte count, significantly lower lymphocyte (%) and significantly (p<0.05) higher monocyte (%) was observed in healthy geriatric dogs. In diseased geriatric dogs, eiosinophil (%) was significantly high in case of wound (6.66±1.86) as compared to healthy geriatric dogs (3.38±0.52). Decrease in haemoglobin was found in renal and hepatic problems of geriatric dogs. No significant differences were observed in total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration in apparently healthy adult and geriatric dogs. Lower mean values of total erythrocyte count were observed in neoplasm, renal problems, hepatic problems and gastrointestinal problems. Decrease in packed cell volume was observed in renal problems and liver problems. Higher mean values of mean corpuscular haemoglobin (pg) were observed in apparently healthy adult dogs (22.37±24.24), neoplasm (30.11±7.04) and gastrointestinal problems (23.85±1.14) as compared to healthy geriatric dogs (21.95±0.54). Significantly (p<0.05) higher platelet count (1x10 power 3/µl) was observed in apparently health)' geriatric dogs than apparently healthy adult dogs. Higher platelet count was observed in cases of neoplasm (586±128.32) and renal problems (334±71.46). Among biochemical parameters, significantly (p<0.05) higher cholesterol (mg/dl) was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs (219.51± 14.27) than apparently healthy adult dogs (167±14.20). Significantly higher cholesterol was also observed in liver problems (308.68±27.51) than that of healthy geriatric dogs. Higher mean of triglyceride (mg/dl) was found in gastrointestinal (85.28±20.76) and hepatic problems (84±14.20). Mean value of calcium (mg/dl) was higher in healthy geriatric dogs (8.38±0.19) than healthy adult dogs (7.63±0.95). Significantly higher phosphorus was recorded in gastrointestinal problems (7.15±1.58) and hepatic problems (5.59±1.63) of geriatric dogs. In present study, magnesium concentration of healthy dogs was observed lower than normal range in literature. Low magnesium was observed in renal problem (0.55±0.09) of geriatric dogs. The mean values of protein concentration in different groups apparently healthy adult, apparently healthy geriatric, neoplasm, respiratory problems, gastrointestinal problems, hepatic problems and renal problems were 8.02±0.20, 10.83±0.35, 9.4±1.06 , 10.66±0.44, 10.46±0.94, 6.43±0.50 and 10.34±0.30 (g/dl) respectively. Significantly lower values were observed in cases of hepatic problems and neoplasm. Decrease in albumin was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs (2.62±0.16) than apparently healthy adult dogs (2.86±0.16). Significantly (p<0.05) higher globuHn was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs (8.07±0.34) than healthy adult dogs (6.22±0.22). Decrease in globulin was observed in neoplasm (6.59±1.24) and hepatic problems (4,68±40) of geriatric dogs. In present study, albumin/globulin ratio was observed lower than normal value reported in literature. Significant higher A/G ratio was observed in apparently healthy aduk dogs (0.40±0.02) than healthy geriatric dogs (0.34±0.01). Significantly (p<0.05) higher serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase were observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs than apparently healthy adult dogs. Significant higher serum urea nitrogen was observed in healthy geriatric dogs than that of healthy adult dogs. Significantly (p<0.05) higher creatinine were observed in gastrointestinal problems (3.17±1.73), hepatic problems (2.68±1.86) and renal problems (8.85±1.70) of geriatric dogs. The mean of malondialdehyde in apparently healthy adult and apparently healthy geriatric dogs was 0.51±0.09 and 1.72±0.12 (nmol/ml) respectively. The mean of superoxide dismutase in apparently healthy adult and apparently healthy geriatric dogs was 11.01±0.93 and 6.47±0.39 (U/mg of haemoglobin) respectively. Significantly (p< 0.05) higher malondialdehyde and lower superoxide dismutase was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs. Among the various diseases and disorders recorded in geriatric dogs the highest prevalence was observed in gastrointestinal problems (16.66%) followed by eye problems and wound (14.10%), tumor (12.17%), dental problems (7.6%), behavior abnormalities and lameness (7.06%) and skin problem (6.4%). The prevalence of respiratory infection, behavior abnormalities, renal problems, and liver problems was noted 5.12%, 7.06%, 3.84% and 4.48%, respectively. In male dogs, highest prevalence rate of wound (17.07%) and gastrointestinal problems (17.07%) was observed. In female dogs the prevalence of neoplasm, gastrointestinal problems and eye problems were 18.91%, 16.66% and 14.86% respectively. In senile changes study, highest frequency of dental abnormalities (60) followed by vision impairment or ocular changes (50), organ function loss (30), loss of muscle tone and hearing loss (20) and increased grey hair and paraplegia (10) were recorded.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Epidemiology, Hematobiochemistry and Seroprevalence of Piroplasmosis in Horses(AAU, Anand, 2015) VIDHYA LAKSHMI, T. M.; Raval, S. K.Horses (Equus caballus) belong to the family Equidae. Equine demography of India reveals 41% population distribution of horses and ponies and 59% of mules and donkeys. Total Indian equine population is 1.77 million (NRCE, 2011), which includes defined Indian horse breeds and Non-descript horses. Equine piroplasmosis caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi is an economically important hemoprotozoan disease of horses in tropical and subtropical parts of the worid. In 1976, the equine piroplasmosis was reported in an outbreak form in imported horses and recorded 50.1%) and 49.76% incidence in North-West India by CAT & Dot-ELISA. National serosurveillance analysis at NRCE has revealed 28.58%) of overall seroprevalence of T. equi from India. The latent infection is common in non-descript equids of India. These animals act as nucleus for maintaining as well as spreading the infection through vector ticks. Thus the diagnosis of sub-clinical infection is of more relevance as these animals can remain carriers to the T. equi parasite throughout their life span. These latently infected animals may exhibit low performance following physical, immunological or mental stress due to the flare-up of underlying parasitemia leading to clinical form of the disease condition. In the present study, total 248 horses were studied for T. equi and 182 serum samples of horses were screened for B. caballi. The overall prevalence rate of T. equi was 12.09% as detected by PCR technique. The overall prevalence rate of B. caballi was 0.55% as detected by cELISA. The breed-wise prevalence of T. equi infection observed was 23.81% in Nondescript breeds, 15.91%) in Kathiawari breeds and 11.40%) in Marwari breeds. The breed-wise prevalence was found to be statistically non-significant. The age-wise prevalence of T. equi infection observed was 33.33%) in foals, 18.52%) in yearlings and 13.42% in adults. The age-wise prevalence was found highly significant. The difference in sex-wise prevalence of T. equi infection observed were 22.86%) in males and 10.77% in females. The sex-wise prevalence was found to be highly significant. The health condition-wise prevalence of T. equi infection observed in horses were 11.85%) in good health condition, 21.82%) in fair health condition and 20%o in poor health condition%. The difference in health condition-wise prevalence was found be statistically nonsignificant (P>0.05). The diagnosis of piroplasmosis remains a challenge since the parasitemia; was often very low and there was fluctuation in the clinical symptoms shown by the affected horses. The PCR, which is a molecular technique is more sensitive than parasitological method detected an overall prevalence rate of 12.1%. The competitive ELISA, which is a monoclonal antibody based and highly sensitive and specific test detected 0.55% prevalence rate of 5. caballi in horses. Out of 248 thin blood smears examined by using Giemsa staining technique, only 5 were found to be positive indicating a prevalence rate of 2.02% and the same was found to have low sensitivity compared to PCR which detected 12.1% prevalence. Clinical information including vital signs were also recorded. Most of the horses positive for T. equi had anorexia, colic, rhinotaxis, respiratory distress, lameness. abortion, presence of ticks, fever or pyrexia, tachycardia, tachypnoea, pale or icteric mucous membrane, depression, edema of hind Hmbs, cohc, nasal discharge, ocular discharge, lameness, dyspnoea and previous history of treatment against piroplasms. In the present study, hemato-biochemical analysis of infected as well as healthy horses was performed to find out the severity of disease and probable outcome of diseases. In case of T. equi infection, TLC and Granulocytes were significantly increased (P<0.05) infected horses, while lymphocytes, Hb, MCH and PLT significantly decreased (P<0.01) compared to the healthy group of horses. A significant reduction (P<0.05) in RBC was also observed in infected group indicating anemia. A non-significant reduction (P>0.05) in MCHC and MCV as well as non-significant elevation (P>0.05) in PCV was also observed in infected group when compared to the healthy group. In case of T. equi infection, SGPT, SOOT, GOT, Total protein, Globulin, BUN, Creatinine and LDH were significantly increased (P<0.01) compared to the healthy group of horses. Non-significant elevation (P>0.05) of total bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin and glucose as well as non-significant reduction (P>0.05) of conjugated bilirubin, albumin and A/G ratio was also observed in infected group. There was no significant alteration (P>0.05) in the levels of serum calcium and phosphorus when compared to the healthy group. In case of horses positive for T. equi, there was significant increase (P<0.05) in Cortisol and T4 level. But there was significant reduction (P<0.01) in infected horses when compared to the healthy group. The Cortisol level was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Kathiawari breeds compared to Marwari and Non-descript breeds. The Cortisol level of T. equi infected horses revealed significant reduction (P<0.05) in Kathiawari breeds whereas significant elevation (P<0.05) in Non-descript breeds. T3 concentration in Marwari breeds was found to be significantly decreased (P<0.01) whereas T4 level significantly increased in Non-descript breeds. There was no significant alteration in Cortisol, T3 and T4 level of T. equi infected horses of male and female groups when compared to the healthy group. Diagnosis of subclinical infections is important to prevent spread of equine piroplasmosis. Priority should be given for the development and validation of highly sensitive, simple and specific parasitological, serological or nucleic acid based diagnostic tool to distinguish infected and non-infected horses.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Epidemiology, Haematobiochemistry and Therapeutic Management of Polioencephalomalacia in Goats(AAU, Anand, 2015) Chavda, Payal Kantibhai; Mandali, G. C.Disease is a major impediment against successful goat keeping. Goats are affected by various diseases including those caused by infectious bacteria, virus, fungi as well as by numerous non-infectious and metabolic disorders. Apart from diseases of other systems, very few diseases of nervous system of goats are treatable successfully. It is important to be able to recognize treatable diseases of the nervous system and to differentiate them from untreatable and globally important diseases. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM), also known as 'Cerebrocortical Necrosis' (CCN), is an important neiirologic disease of ruminants that is seen worldwide. Thiamine deficiency has been classically described as the cause of ruminant polioencephalomalacia. In the present study, a total of 43 goats were subjected to detailed clinical examinations which were suspected for PEM. A total of 43 whole blood samples and serum samples were collected. Forty three serum samples were screened for level of thiamine in affected goats using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit for Vitamin B] (VBi) (Cloud - Clone Corp.). Forty three peripheral blood smears were examined as a differential diagnosis from other diseases. Eighteen blood samples were subjected to analyze haematological parameters using Automatic Whole Blood Analyzer. Eightheen serum samples were subjected to analyze biochemical parameters using Clinical Chemistry Analyzer. Out of 43 goats included in the study, 23 (53.49%) goats were diagnosed positive for PEM (i.e., serum thiamine level below 50nmol/l) based on EnzymerLinked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Kit for Vitamin B1. Retrospective analysis from the Data Bank at TVCC revealed an overall prevalence of 05.87 per cent of PEM in goats during period of one year, i.e., 2013-2014. The age-wise prevalence was higher among goats of 1-2 years of age (47.83%) followed by goats > 2 years of age (30.43%) and goats below 1 years of age (21.74%). Sex-wise prevalence per cent was higher in females (n=15; 65.22%) as compared to male (n=08; 34.78%). Breed-wise prevalence of PEM was high in Marwadi breed (39.13%)) and subsequently it was decrease in order to 30.43 per cent in Siirti breed, 17.39 per cent in Non-descript breed and 13.05 per cent in Ajmeri breed. The prevalence of PEM was recorded highest during the winter season (58.62%)) while it was lowest in summer season (03.45%,). The most significant clinical findings included nystagmus (73.90%), circling movement (52.16%), ataxia (47.83%)), recumbency (30.43%)), head pressing (26.09%), convulsion (21.74%), opisthotonos (17.38%), teeth grinding (17.38%) and star gazing posture (08.70%). Among various haematological parameters evaluated from 18 goats, PEM positive goats showed statistically non-significant differences in mean values of Hb, TEC, platelet count and PCV as compared to control group. Non-significant difference was observed in TLC counts of affected goats as compared to healthy ones. However, significant (P<0.05) neutrophilia and non-significant lyphocytopenia was found in affected goats compared to healthy goats. Among various RBC indices, non-significant differences were observed in values of MCV, MCHC and MCH in PEM positive goats compared to healthy ones. Statistically non-significant differences were observed in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in PEM positive goats compared to healthy goats. However, the mean value of glucose was increased significantly (P<0.01) in goats affected with PEM than healthy ones. Statistically significant difference (P<0.01) was observed in level of thiamine (ELISA test) in PEM postive goats compared to healthy ones. Six clinically healthy goats were considered as control under group-A, while 18 goats with PEM were grouped into 3 groups, viz., Group-B, C and D with 06 goats in each group for evaluation of therapeutic management of PEM. Goats of group-B were treated with thiamine hydrochloride @ 10 mg/kg b.wt, IV and IM on next day; group-C affected goats were treated with thiamine hydrochloride @ 10 mg/kg b.wt., IV and IM on next day with dexamethasone @ 2-4 mg IM while, group-D affected goats with thiamine hydrochloride @ 10 mg/kg b.wt., IV and IM on next day along with mannitol @ 2 ml/kg BW, IV. Apart from this, goats under each group were received similar supportive therapy. Goats were evaluated for improvement in clinical health status for three consecutive days. Goats under each therapeutic group showed uneventful clinical improvement supported by decreased in glucose levels and increased levels of thiamine on 2nd day post-treatment based on ELISA.ThesisItem Open Access ETIO-DIAGNOSIS & THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CANINE DEMODICOSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LYMPHOCYTE BLASTOGENESIS & CYTOKINE EXPRESSION IN DEMODECTIC DOGS.(AAU, Anand, 2012) PATEL, J. KAMLESHBHAI; Nauriyal, D. S.On screening of 396 dogs brought at the Teaching Veterinary CUnical Service Complex, Zaveri Clinic, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand between June 1, 2011 and May 31, 2012, the overall prevalence of canine demodicosis was observed to be 14.40 per cent. The cases of demodicosis were characterized as localized (19.05%) or generalized (80.95%), and juvenile onset (66.67%) or adult onset (33.33%). Season-wise highest prevalence was noticed during the summer (38.57%) which was closely followed by monsoon (36.84%)), and winter (24.59%)) season. The dogs belonging to 1 to 3 years of age group showed greater susceptibility to demodicosis (43.85%)) followed by dogs aged over 3 years (28.08%), those below 6 months (15.79%)), and the least in dogs aged between 6 to 12 months (12.28%o). Purebred dogs showed greater (77.20%o) susceptibility to demodicosis. Breed-wise prevalence indicated higher involvement of Labrador (21. 05%), followed by mongrel and Doben-nan (17.54% each). Pug (14.04%), GSD (12.28%), Great Dane (7.02%), Spitz (5.26%), and Rottweiler, Dalmatian and French Mastiff (1.74% each). Male dogs (64.91%)) showed greater involvement to demodicosis as compared to female dogs (35.09%). Demodicosis in dogs was diagnosed by deep skin scraping examination (DSS), trichography/ hair plucking (HP) microscopy and exudates (E) microscopy. On microscopic examination, Demodex mites were seen in the deep skin scrapings from 14.40 per cent of dogs with dermatitis. On HP microscopy, four (50 %) out of eight cases of localized demodicosis and 31 (91.17%) out of 34 cases of generalized demodicosis were found positive for Demodex mites. On E microscopy, all fifteen cases of pyodemodicosis showed Demodex mites. Deep skin scraping (DSS) examination was found to be the most reliable method of diagnosis. Exudate microscopy and trichography/ hair plucking (HP) microscopy showed 100 and 83.33 per cent sensitivity respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CHEMOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS ON AZASERINE INDUCED PANCREATIC CANCER IN WISTAR RATS(AAU, Anand, 2014) PRAJAPATI, ANKIT S.; Raval, S. K.Cancer is a devastating disease with a severe impact on the physical and psychological well being of patients. Pancreatic cancer has been reported in various species of animals including dogs and cats. To date, only limited therapeutic options are available for the treatment of cancers. This leads to alternative therapies, including the holistic approach of alternative medicine, particularly preparations from herbal products, which have formed the basis for traditional medicine for thousands of years. Phyllanthus amarus is a well known plant in Ayurveda and Siddha. It has been found to have a lot of medicinal properties particularly for its anti-cancerous or chemoprotective activity. Eighty rats were selected for the experiment. They were randomly divided into eight groups. Group I served as a healthy control group consisted of healthy rats. Pancreatic cancer was induced in group II, III, IV, V and VI rats using azaserine as inducing agent. Group II rats were kept untreated as pancreatic cancer control. Group III rats were treated with aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus (200 mg/kg body weight) and Group IV rats were treated with aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus (400 mg/kg body weight). Group V rats were treated with alcoholic extract of Phyllanthus amarus (200 mg/kg body weight) and Group VI animals treated with alcoholic extract of Phyllanthus amarus (400 mg/kg body weight). Group VII and VIII rats were kept as plant extract control for studying the effect of extract on normal rats. Significant (P < 0.05) reduction in feed consumption was observed in cancer bearing rats group II (12.70 ± 0.07 g) compared to normal rats of group I (13.36 ± 0.07 g). In group IV rats treated with aqueous extract of plant, reduction in feed intake (12.98 ± 0.09 g) was observed. A non-significant reduction in body weight gain was observed in group II (46.50 ± 8.20 g) compared to normal rat group I (48.50 ± 9.04 g). Four rats of group II were found dull and depressed on 3rd week of experiment. One rat in group II showed alopecia.ThesisItem Open Access SURVEY STUDY, ETIOPATHOLOGY, CLINICAL CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF PET AND ZOO COMPANION BIRDS(AAU, Anand, 2014) LABANA, YAMINI CHANDRAKANTBHAI; Jani, R. G.Birds are commonly found in-situ as one of the component of ecosystem and are maintained in ex-situ conservation in zoos and households all over the world. The birds of major biological orders viz., Passeriformes and Psittaciformes form the companion birds. Now-a-days, people like to have birds as a companion pet. Apart from pet bird lovers, many species of birds are also maintained by aviculturaUsts, zoological institutions, organizations for captive breeding programs. Looking towards the increasing popularity of these birds and consultancies to the clinician there arises a need to understand their normal physiological baselme information and their Use style behavioural studies to put on record normal haemato-biochemical and clinical informations as well as to rule out various causes of diseases and disorders of healthy and diseasesd zoo and pet companion birds. In the present study,retrospective and prospective study of common psittaciane birds of 200 and pet group were collected and analysed.During the period of 2 years (April 2011-March 2012 and April 2012-March 2013), information was collected and retrieved from total 1951 stock of companion birds, which comprised of 1924 birds from zoos and 27 from different pet owners of the birds who registered clinical cases to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC), Anand. The inference were drawn based on over all status, zoo wise, species wise, season wise and it was also studied on abnormal condition wise. Overall mortality data was observed as 6.6 per cent from the available records. The zoo wise mortality record suggested higher mortality in Ahmedabad zoo (8.27%) followed by Surat zoo (7.22%), Junagadh zoo (5.84%) and lower in Baroda zoo (1.94%). Species wise highest mortality was found in lorilceet swimson (100%) and in red rumped parakeet (100%) whereas lowest in zebra finch (0.8%). Amongst various diseases and disorders of study group, it was found over all high prevalence rate of mortality by coccidiosis (42.51%) followed by haemorrhagic enteritis (22.04%)) whereas it was found low for various disorders like ovarian tumor (0.78%)). Season wise highest mortality was recorded during winter season (48.8%)) followed by summer (41.7%)) and lowest recorded in monsoon (9,5%o) from zoos and TVCC. In both zoos and TVCC, the mortality (71.65%) and morbidity (51.85%) respectively recorded during April 2011-March 2012 was found to be higher than mortality (28.35%) and morbidity (48.15%) recorded during April 2012-March 2013. Out of total of 1954 birds, 48 were recorded with different physical abnormalities out of which 30 were with zoo and 18 were with pet birds. The different physical abnormalities were recorded in prepared proforma and data were analyzed. Zoo bird wise and pet birds wise the status of few important physical abnormalities were, pectoral muscle abnormality with (26.7%) and (12.0%), feather plucking with (50%) and (100%), stereotype movements with (66.7%) and (50%), skin abnormality (6.7%) and (5.6%) respectively. Birds showing diarrhoea were found to have low temperature (102.6 °F) while, those showing anorexia and respiratory distress were found with high temperature (108.0 °F) and (108.2 °F) respectively. Overall incidence of E.coli was recorded 63.2% from zoo and pet birds. Salmonella spp. was found 10.5 %, Klebsiella spp. (5.3%), Staphylococcus spp. (15.8%) and Streptococcus spp. (5.3%). From fungal isolates Candida spp. (27.3%)) was found highest from affected birds showing signs of diarrhoea. Prevalence rate of Aspergillus spp. was found 22.7 per cent. Overall prevalence rate of parasitic infection was found 48.6 per cent in which Eimeria oocysts were found highest (30%) followed by Ascaridia spp. (27.5%), Capillaria spp. (10.0%), trematode (7.5%), cestode (7.5%) and mixed infection (12.5%). Haematological study revealed non-significant variations amongst healthy and affected birds except for PCV (%) of affected (54.50±1.39%) were found significantly higher than healthy (49.40±l.39%) ones which were on account of dehydration and haemoconcentration. Biochemical analysis of Glucose (mg/dl) and uric acid (mg/dl) were found with no significant difference and only CPK (U/L) of affected (382±56.79 U/L) was found significantly higher than healthy ones (249.65±19.32 U/L) which was on account of muscle damage due to injury and confinement. ® One out of total of six cases screened for Chlamydiosis by using Immunocomb Avian Chlamydophila psittaci Antibodies Test Kit was found with scale 1-2 (inconclusive) while, remaining all were with scale 0 (negative) results. The major E. coli serotypes from positive samples revealed 01 (2), 04 (1) and 026 (2). In zoo birds overcrowding was observed among small species of birds like budgerigers (33.4%) and in pet birds it was only 27.8 per cent. In zoos, birds were provided with nutritionally adequate diet whereas, in pet birds seeds plus fruits (38.9%) diet was found to be offered highest. Pet birds were mainly provided with perches (44.4%) and swings (33.3%) for enrichment while, zoo birds with perches, holes and tunnels. In zoos for nesting facilities earthen pots, holes in the walls and wooden boxes were provided. Among pet birds prevalence rate of provision of earthen pots (33.3%) was found highest followed by paper shreds as nesting material (16.7%), hay straw (27.8%) and wooden boxes (11.1%). In zoos, provisions of medications were in routine and scheduled. But, in pet birds it was found multivitamins (33.3%) to be provided highest. Lack of awareness regarding deworming and antibiotics makes pet owners not providing them to their birds. The necessary suggestions were made to pet owners and zoo managers reciprocated with improvement in the health conditions. Study realized a need to standardize the protocol for health check up and regular monitoring of health of zoo and pet psittacine birds intensively.ThesisItem Open Access RETROSPECTIVE AND PROSPECTIVE SURVEY STUDY OF DISEASES IN NON- HUMAN PRIMATES(AAU, Anand, 2011) PARMAR, SAURABHKUMAR MEGHALAL; Jani, R. G.Non Human Primates (NHPs) population is increasing in the city areas due to deforesting and other sentimental reasons. In India, fifteen species of NHPs have been reported among that Langur and Macaque are more frequently seen in Gujarat having a population of 100865 and 6115 respectively. The present work was undertaken from August, 2010 to March, 2011 on two species of Non Human Primates viz. hanuman langur (Presbytis entellus) and rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatto) of the Gujarat state to know the retrospective and prospective prevalence of diseases and disorders as well as to standardize the hematological and biochemical parameters of captive and free living NHPs. In present study, the retrospective data from available records and prospective data by survey and sampling of biomaterial were carried out to know the diseases and disorders fi^om both the species. The species wise, age wise, sex wise and season wise prevalence of diseases and disorders were collected and analysed. The bacteriological identification, serotyping of E.coli, Tuberculin testing, parasitological examination, hematology and biochemical analysis was also carried out and compared between and within the group during the study period. A total of 207 cases of various diseases and disorders in hanuman langur whereas 36 cases of rhesus macaque were observed and studied. The retrospective study in hanuman langur and rhesus macaque revealed higher prevalence of electric shock (19.32%) and infected wound (36.11%), respectively. In hanuman langur, the incidence of electric shock was highest in all age groups with maximum prevalence in subadult (22.73%), young (19.67%) and adult (16.25%) whereas in rhesus macaque infected wound was highest in young (38.46%), subadult (36.36%) and adult (33.33%)), respectively. The prevalence of electric shock (21.60%) and infected wound (20.73%) were found to be highest in male and female hanuman langur, respectively. In the male rhesus macaque the high prevalence of infected wound 31.00% was investigated. In hanuman langur, the cases of electric shock (17.65%), infected wound (18.31%)), and electric shock (22.06%)) were at peak level during monsoon, winter and summer season whereas, in rhesus macaque infected wound cases were at peak level during monsoon, winter and summer season with 30.77%, 41.67%, 30.77%), respectively. In the prospective study, the prevalence of infected wound in hanuman langur and rhesus macaque was found to be highest 30.56%) and 50.00%) respectively. In hanuman langur, electrocution cases in young (31.58%)) and infected wound cases in adult (29.17%) and subadult (34.48%) were observed significantly high. Whereas in rhesus macaque in all the age groups infected wound cases were predominant. In male of both the group infected wound casses were found predominant with 32.60%) and 28.57% and in female of both the group high prevalence of electrocution with 30.77%) and 66.67%, respectively.In hanuman langur high incidences of electrocution (34.78%) during monsoon whereas, in rhesus macaque the overall high prevalence of various diseases was observed (50.00%)) in summer followed by monsoon (30.00%)) and winter (20.00%). The bacteriological load was studied from oral cavity of freeliving and captive hanuman langur revealed the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp.. Streptococcus spp., and Klebsiella spp., was 46, 39 and 15%, respectively from healthy hanuman langur. The prevalence of these organisms were observed 45, 44 and 11% in jaw injury and 34, 33 and 33% from stomatis cases. In nasal cavity of hanuman langur, the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. were noted to be 50, 36, 7 and 7%, respectively. In respiratory disorders like, pneumonia, cough and sfress the prevalence of these organisms was found to be 43, 19, 19 and 19%, respectively. The prevalence of E.coli spp.. Staphylococcus spp., Proteus vulgris. Streptococcus spp., and Shigella spp. from rectal isolates of hanuman langur were observed to be 34, 33, 11, 11 and 11%, respectively. The prevalence of E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. of diarrhoeic hanuman langur were recorded highest 33, 17 and 17% respectively. From the oral swabs of healthy rhesus macaque, the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Klebsiella spp. recorded 55.00%, 33.00% and 17.00%, respectively. In the oral diseases, pneumonia and in cough the status of these organisms were 45, 33 and 22%), respectively. In nasal cavity, the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp. noted 43.00%, 29.00%, 14.00% and 14.00%o, respectively. In respiratory disorders like, pneumonia, cough and stress it was revealed 45.00%, 22.00%, 22.00% and 11.00%), respectively. The rectal bacterial isolates observed in healthy rhesus macaque were Staphylococcus spp., E.coli spp., Shigella spp. and Streptococcus spp.,with the percentage of 43, 29, 14 and 12%), respectively. In diarrhoea, The bacterial isolates Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were recorded highest (22.00%) followed hy E.coli spp., (17.00%), Shigella spp. (17.00%), Salmonella spp. (11.00%) and Proteus vulgaris (11.00%)), respectively were identified. Serotyping of E. coli revealed the major antigenic structure 0138, O20 and rough types were five, three and two isolates, respectively. PCR based detection of toxigenic genes revealed the presence of only VT1 gene and found absence of VT2, ST and LT. In the tuberculin testing, out often only one hanuman langur was positive reactor. From the captive and freeliving hanuman langur and rhesus macaque five parasite species viz. Strongyloides spp., Trichuris spp., Entaemoeba histolytica spp., Ascaris spp., Entamoeba coli, Spirometra spp., and ectoparasite like Sarcoptes scabei were identified. The hematological data of hanuman langur and rhesus macaque found within the range as of ISIS data in healthy animals. While the values in disease conditions (dehydration and enteritis) were significantly higher (P<0.05) and in disorders condition (infected wound and injury) it was noted significantly (P<0.05) lower than those seen in healthy animals. The values of neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, monocyte and basophil were found to be within normal range in all the conditions. From the biochemical profile of hanuman langur and rhesus macaque blood glucose, total protein, albumin, globumin, calcium, phosphorus, ALT, AST and cholesterol, in disorders condition (infected wound and injury), were recorded to be within the normal range of the healthy animals as of ISIS. However, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in the blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in infection. The managemental aspects of free living and captive NHPs suggest regular monitoring and serosurveillance of various diseases to improve the health status of the animals. There is a need to know the status of viral diseases and communicable zoonotic diseases as well.
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