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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access BIO-EFFICACY AND PERSISTENCE OF DICLOSULAM AND SULFENTRAZONE IN SANDY LOAM SOIL UNDER SOYBEAN CULTIVATION(DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY B.A. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2019) Chaudhary Dilipkumar G.; Dr. P. G. ShahThe field experiment was conducted on “Bio-efficacy and persistence of diclosulam and sulfentrazone in sandy loam soil under soybean cultivation” during the kharif seasons for two years 2016-17 and 2017-18 at AICRP on Weed Management farm, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with pre-emergence sprays of diclosulam (84% WG) @ 26 and 52 g a.i. ha-1, and sulfentrazone (39.6% SC) @ 360 and 720 g a.i. ha-1. An in vitro experiment was carried to study the persistence of diclosulam and sulfentrazone in sandy loam soil. The experiment was carried out at AINP on pesticide residues ICAR, Unit-9 AAU, Anand (Gujarat) in June, 2018. The polypropylene tubes containing sandy loam soil (10 g) were fortified with the mixture of diclosulam and sulfentrazone @1mg kg-1. The polypropylene tubes containing spiked soil were kept under control conditions. Samples were processed on 0 (1 hour), 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 30 days after treatment and analyzed for the residues of diclosulam and sulfentrazone by an in-house developed method utilizing QuEChERS approach.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECTS OF BIO NPK CONSORTIUM (PGPR) ON MICRONUTRIENTS AVAILABILITY IN SOIL AND IT’S TRANSLOCATION IN RICE(DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY B.A. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2019) Gohil Naresh B.; Dr. V. P. RamaniThe field experiment was conducted on “Effects of bio NPK consortium (PGPR) on micronutrients availability in soil and it’s translocation in rice” during the kharif season of the year 2018 at two different locations (i) Regional Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand and (ii) Research Station for Irrigated Crops, Anand Agricultural University, Thasra. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design, comprising twelve treatment combinations of different levels of Fe and Zn with or without Bio NPK consortium (PGPR) in three replications. The soil of the Anand experimental field was loamy sand in texture, low in organic carbon, medium in available nitrogen and phosphorus, high in available potash and deficient in available Zn and Fe while, the soil of Thasra experimental field was clay loam in texture, medium in organic carbon, available nitrogen and phosphorus, high in available potash and medium in available Zn and Fe. The recommended dose of NPK was applied to rice crop as per standard practices.ThesisItem Open Access MOBILIZATION OF IRON AND ZINC THROUGH BIO CONSORTIUM AND ITS EFFECT ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.)(DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY B.A. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2018) Patel Dipakkumar H.; Dr. V. P. RamaniThe field experiment was conducted at two different locations viz., Regional Research Station and College Agronomy farm, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat) during kharif season of the years 2016 and 2017 to study the “Mobilization of iron and zinc through bio consortium and its effect on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.)”. The soils of both locations were marginal in available Fe and medium in Zinc. The treatments comprise of different levels of iron and zinc with or without bio consortium. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with four replications. The observations on growth, yield attributes and yield as well as contents of nutrients and their uptake, soil properties and beneficial microbial count at initial and after harvest of the maize were determined.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES ON GERMINATION, GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.)(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry B. A. College of Agriculture Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2017) Pankaj Kumar Tiwari; Dr. K. P. PatelThe present investigation was undertaken to investigate the effect of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on seed germination, growth and yield of maize. The study included four sequential experiments: (1) synthesis and characterization of ZnO NPs; (2) effect of different concentrations of ZnO NPs on germination of maize seeds; (3) effect of seed treatment with ZnO NPs on growth and yield of maize; and (4) effect of foliar application of ZnO NPs on growth and yield of maize under microplot conditions.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS UNDER GROUNDNUT-WHEAT CROPPING SEQUENCE ON TYPIC USTOCHREPTS(DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY B. A. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2016) Kulkarni Manoj Vinay; Dr. K. C. PatelThe experiment was undertaken to study the effect of organic and inorganic treatments on yield, nutrients removal by crops and distribution of N, P and K fractions in soil under groundnut (cv. GG-20)-wheat (cv. GW-496) cropping sequence. In all, six treatments were studied comprising of three organics treatments viz. T1: 75% N (FYM) + 25% N (Vermicompost), T2: 50% N (FYM) + 50% N (Castor Cake),T3: 5 0% N (FYM) + 25% N (VC.) + Azotobactor/Rhizobium + PSB (Seed treatment (ST)) and three inorganic treatments viz. T4: NPK as per soil test value (STV), T5: RDF + 5 t FYM ha-1, T6: RDF + ZnSO4/Gypsum, which were applied to both the crops under factorial randomized block design keeping four replications.ThesisItem Open Access DEGRADATION AND DOWNWARD MOVEMENT OF VARIOUS AGROCHEMICALS IN CLAYEY, SANDY AND SANDY LOAM SOILS(AAU, Anand, 2014) LEKSHMI., S; SHAH, P. G.An experiment comprising of soil column study and microplot study were conducted based on degradation and downward movement of various agrochemicals in clayey, sandy and sandy loam soils was carried out in Pesticide Residue Laboratory at AINP on Pesticide Residues, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The soil column study was conducted to see the leaching behavior and depth wise movement of agrochemicals in soil columns for duration of 15 days. The microplot study was carried out to know the dissipation of pesticides in clayey, sandy and sandy loam soils for duration of 60 days. Thi-ee types of soils viz., clayey collected from Navsari (T1), sandy from Dantiwada (T2) and sandy loam from Anand (T3) were used in this study. Soil columns were prepared to scmtinize the downward movement of agrochemicals in soil. Soil columns were wetted to their maximum water holding capacity by applying aqueous solution of 0.01 M CaCl2 and fortified with pesticides @ of 10µg g-1 on soil basis from the formulations on the top of the column. Each column was inigated @ 100 m L of aqueous solution of 0.01 M CaCl2 per day until the end of the experiment (15 days). Leachates collected after 5th, 10th and 15th day was analysed for agrochemical residues. The residue concentration in the leachate after leaching the soil column for 6 to 10 days was higher compared to the leachate collected during 0 to 5 and 11 to 15 days in clayey, sandy and sandy loam soils, The highest residue concentration was obtained in the leacliate collected from sandy soil which was followed by sandy loam and clayey soil. Soil columns were cut and soils at different depths Dl (0-6 cm), D2 (6-12 cm), D3 (12-18 cm), D4 (18-24 cm) and D5 (24-30 cm) were dried under shade and analyzed for agrochemical residues. The considerable amount of residue concentration of agrochemicals were obtained in all depths from Dl to D5 in clayey, sandy and sandy loam soil in the case of third and fourth group of agrochemicals. But for the first and second group of agrochemicals the depth wise distribution of residue concentration of agrochemicals in clayey, sandy and sandy loam soil was observed to be below determination level (BDL). The residue concentration of agrochemicals were mainly confirmed in the top soil layer in the case of clayey soil whereas in sandy and sandy loam soil, the depth wise distribution of agrochemicals found to be increasing as deptli increases. The depth wise residue retention found to be higher in clayey soil followed by sandy loam and sandy soil. This promotes the higher agrochemical residue concentration in the leachate obtained from sandy soil followed by sandy loam soil. The above results revealed the fact that the sandy soil possesses the highest leaching potential followed by sandy loam and clayey soil. In order to study the dissipation of applied pesticides from clayey, sandy and sandy loam soils a microplot study was conducted for duration of 60 days. Twelve microplots each of size 60x60 cm with a depth of 60 cm was considered in the experiment. A representative 300 kg bulk soil was taken and fortified at concerned level (10 times the recommended dose) by spraying of pesticide formulation. Samples taken at 0, 1,3,5,10,20, 30 and 60 days were analyzed for pesticide residues. The highest concentration of most of the pesticides was observed till 60 days in clayey soil. The samples of sandy loam soil indicated appreciable pesticide residue concentration up to 20 days whereas in sandy soil pesticide residue concentration was observed only up to 10 days. The lower content of organic matter might contribute to the faster rate of dissipation of pesticides from sandy soil thus resulting in lesser rate of adsorption of chemicals to sandy soil particles.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ZnO NANOPARTICLES ON GERMINATION, GROWTH AND YIELD OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)(AAU, Anand, 2016-12) PARMAR SNEHALBHAI J.; Dr. K. P. PatelThe present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on germination, growth and yield of groundnut. The study was carried out with total eight treatments of zinc using two different methods of Zn application as a source of fertilizer such as, seed treatment and foliar application. The treatments consist of three levels of ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO bulk @ 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm, respectively; with a recommended dose of Zn (30% Zn) along with control was repeated thrice under completely randomized design. The study included four experiments in a sequence. The first experiment was on synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles while their effect at different concentrations on germination of groundnut seeds was evaluated in second experiment. In another two experiments, the effects of seed treatment with ZnO nanoparticles and foliar application of ZnO nanoparticles were studied in separate microplots. Abstract ii In first experiment, nanoparticles of ZnO were synthesized, using oxalate decomposition method and confirmation of mean particle size was estimated by different microscopic analysis viz, XRD, TEM, SEM, DLS, TGA and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Accordingly, in second experiment, the groundnut seeds were separately treated with 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm of nanoscale zinc oxide (nZnO) and bulk zinc oxide (ZnO) suspensions, respectively and the effect of these treatments on seed germination, root length and seedling vigour were studied. Consequently, a field experiment (microplot study) was conducted during summer and kharif seasons of the year 2013–2014 in which two different studies were carried out viz, seed treatment and foliar application of nano ZnO and bulk ZnO suspension. In which, the effect of these treatments on plant growth, chlorophyll content, pod yield and Zn content and uptake by different plant parts were studied. The results of nanoparticles characterization revealed that nanoparticles with mean particle size of 70 nm were synthesized successfully. The particle size estimated by XRD and DLS were in good agreement with TEM, SEM and UV-Vis spectroscopy results. In seed germination study, the treated seed with 500 ppm concentration promoted seed germination, root length and seedling vigour index. However, higher concentration of ZnO nanoparticles reduced the root length and seed vigour. Foliar application of ZnO nanoparticles (500 ppm) proved beneficial in increasing plant height and leaf chlorophyll content beside the seed treatment with the same particles concentration. Likewise, the foliar application of ZnO nanoparticles (500 ppm) proved beneficial in increasing the Abstract iii pod and kernel yield over its seed treatment with the same particle concentration. Seed treatment with 500 ppm ZnO nanoparticles as a source of Zn significantly increased zinc content and uptake in roots. However, foliar application with the same concentration of ZnO nanoparticles significantly increased zinc content and uptake in leaves. Seed treatment and foliar application of ZnO nanoparticles did not show any significant change in the soil properties such as EC, pH, OC and DTPA-Zn over its initial value. The overall finding suggested that nanoparticles of ZnO proved effective in increasing seed germination, seedling vigour, plant growth, chlorophyll content, pod yield, stem and root growth. In present experiment the pod yield and kernel yield were recorded higher in case of 500 ppm nano ZnO as compared to 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm nano ZnO. The inhibitory effect with higher nanoparticle concentration (2000 ppm) reveals the need for judicious usage of these particles in such applications.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES ON GERMINATION, GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.)(AAU, Anand, 2017) PANKAJ KUMAR TIWARI; Dr. K. P. PatelThe present investigation was undertaken to investigate the effect of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on seed germination, growth and yield of maize. The study included four sequential experiments: (1) synthesis and characterization of ZnO NPs; (2) effect of different concentrations of ZnO NPs on germination of maize seeds; (3) effect of seed treatment with ZnO NPs on growth and yield of maize; and (4) effect of foliar application of ZnO NPs on growth and yield of maize under microplot conditions. In first experiment, ZnO NPs were synthesized, using oxalate decomposition method and characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, DLS, TGA and UV-vis spectroscopy analysis. The instrumental analysis results clearly indicated that synthesized ZnO NPs were of 65 nm particle size, nanorods, monodispersed, highly pure, and stable. The particle size estimated by XRD and DLS were in good agreement with TEM, SEM and UV-Vis spectroscopy results. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) results confirmed the calcination temperature as more than 400 °C. Synthesized ZnO NPs were tested for their efficacy for seed treatment of maize in second experiment where in 3 levels each of ZnO NPs and bulk ZnO concentration (500 ppm, 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm) along with ZnO slurry were repeated thrice in completely randomized design (CRD). Seed germination test was carried out by paper towel method of seed incubation for 9 days following standard protocol. Soaking time for maize seeds with different Zn treatment was optimized at 2 hrs as there was no significant difference from 4 hrs soaking with respect to seed vigour. Results revealed that ZnO NPs at 1000 ppm concentration significantly increased seed germination, root length and seedling vigour index over no Zn. However, higher concentration of ZnO nanoparticles i.e. 2000 ppm reduced the root length and seed vigour. Abstract ii Consequently, microplot study was conducted during Rabi and repeated during summer seasons of the year 2015–2016 with 8 seed Zn treatments: no Zn; 500, 1000, 2000 ppm concentrations each of ZnO NPs and bulk ZnO, and ZnO slurry replicated three times in CRD. Results of this experiment indicated that seed treatment with ZnO NPs at 1000 ppm registered the highest grain, stover, and dry matter yield of maize. Further, seed treatment with ZnO NPs either at 1000 and 2000 ppm recorded the highest and statistically at par enhancement in grain, stover and root Zn concentrations. Zinc uptake, partitioning and accumulation factor results corroborated the higher Zn accumulation in grain. However, higher concentration of ZnO NPs caused detrimental effect on germination and yield of maize. Important soil properties viz. pH, EC, OC (%) and DTPA-extractable micronutrients contents were not affected significantly by any of seed Zn treatments. The effect of foliar application of three levels ZnO NPs (500, 1000, 2000 ppm) along with corresponding concentrations of bulk ZnO and 0.5% ZnSO4 on maize was investigated under microplot conditions for two consecutive seasons. Results suggested that two foliar application of ZnO NPs to maize at 30 and 45 days of sowing proved to be significantly superior in enhancing grain, stover and dry matter yield of maize, grain, stover and root Zn concentration and uptake by maize, however, the results were at par with 2000 ppm ZnO NPs. Like seed treatment experiment, ZnO NPs application did not show any significant change in soil properties like pH, EC, OC (%) and DTPA-Zn. The overall finding suggested that seed treatment with ZnO NPs at 1000 ppm proved effective in increasing seed germination, seedling length, seedling vigour, plant growth, grain, stover, dry matter yield, grain Zn concentration of maize. yield, stem and root growth. If applied foliarly, ZnO NPs at 1000 ppm registered significantly enhanced grain yield, Zn content and uptake by maize crop however, higher dose i.e. 2000 ppm proved statistically at par. Thus, use of ZnO NPs at 1000 ppm was found beneficial in increasing growth parameters and yield of maize over traditional application through ZnSO4. However, the delivery mechanism may be improved upon to avoid health hazards, if any due to the use of nanoparticles.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS UNDER GROUNDNUT-WHEAT CROPPING SEQUENCE ON TYPIC USTOCHREPTS(AAU, Anand, 2016) KULKARNI MANOJ VINAY; Dr. K. C. PatelThe experiment was undertaken to study the effect of organic and inorganic treatments on yield, nutrients removal by crops and distribution of N, P and K fractions in soil under groundnut (cv. GG-20)-wheat (cv. GW-496) cropping sequence. In all, six treatments were studied comprising of three organics treatments viz. T1: 75% N (FYM) + 25% N (Vermicompost), T2: 50% N (FYM) + 50% N (Castor Cake),T3: 50% N (FYM) + 25% N (VC.) + Azotobactor/Rhizobium + PSB (Seed treatment (ST)) and three inorganic treatments viz. T4: NPK as per soil test value (STV), T5: RDF + 5 t FYM ha-1, T6: RDF + ZnSO4/Gypsum, which were applied to both the crops under factorial randomized block design keeping four replications. The study was undertaken by utilizing on-going long term experiment on continuous cropping at AAU, Anand which commenced in 2006. The soil, plant and grain samples of year 2013 and 2014 were analysed for major nutrients and micronutrients concentration besides distribution of fractions of major nutrients in soil and their uptake were worked out. However, the data and related information of the year 2006 were utilized for comparison from the reports in the study. The application of 50 % N (FYM) + 25 % N (V.C.) + Rhizobium + PSB (ST) (T3) had significant effect on haulm yield of groundnut whereas wheat grain yield was significantly increased due to application of RDF-NPK as per STV (T4) over organic treatments viz., 75 % N (FYM) + 25 % N (V.C.) (T1) and 50 % N (FYM) + 25 % N (V.C.) + Azatobacter + PSB (ST) (T3) and it was increased by 21.44 and 13.11 per cent, respectively. The increase in growth and yield attributes in groundnut were due to organic treatments though they were not significant, whereas in wheat, the increase was due to inorganic treatments and application of RDF-NPK as per STV (T4) was found to significantly increase test weight, whereas the continuous application of organics improved quality parameters like oil content in groundnut kernel and protein content in wheat grain. There was no enhancement in major and micronutrient content in groundnut pod and haulm except N content in pod which was significantly higher due to application of 50% N (FYM) + 25% N (VC.) + Azotobactor/Rhizobium + PSB (Seed treatment (ST)) (T3) and P, Fe and Zn content in haulm which were significantly higher due to T1, T5 and T6 treatments, respectively. Similar results were found in wheat grain and straw content, where N content in wheat grain was the highest due to 75 % N (FYM) + 25 % N (V.C.) (T1), and S content due to RDF + 5 t FYM ha-1 (T5) treatments. Application of 50% N (FYM) + 25% N (VC.) + Azotobactor/Rhizobium + PSB (Seed treatment (ST)) (T3) treatment significantly increased N uptake in groundnut pod but N uptake in groundnut haulm was significantly higher due to RDF + ZnSO4/Gypsum (T6) treatment than 75 % N (FYM) + 25 % N (V.C.) (T1) and RDF-NPK as per STV (T4) treatments. The inorganic fertilizer application significantly increased Fe uptake by haulm to the tune of 9.8 per cent over organics and 6.8 per cent increase was observed due to organics treatments in case of Zn uptake by haulm over inorganic treatments. The inorganic treatments significantly increased P, K, S, Mn and Cu uptake by wheat grain to the tune of 9.7, 12.0, 10.5, 11.5 and 14 per cent, respectively and only S and Cu uptake by wheat straw was 9.0 and 25.0 per cent, over organics. The RDF + ZnSO4/Gypsum (T6) treatment significantly increased P and S uptake by wheat grain, RDF-NPK as per STV (T4) treatment significantly increase Mn uptake by both grain and straw. The application of RDF + 5 t FYM ha-1 (T5) treatment increased available N in soil after wheat, but 50% N (FYM) + 50% N (Castor Cake) (T2) treatment significantly increased Fe in soil after groundnut and organic carbon content of soil after wheat harvest. The application of organics proved to be significantly higher than inorganic fertilizer application in case of available N, P2O5, K2O, Fe, Mn and organic carbon in soil, it also decreased EC and BD of soil and increased WHC. Amongst different fractions, the application of 50% N (FYM) + 50% N (Castor Cake) (T2) proved significanlty higher in the fractions of N viz. NO3-N and NH4-N, fractions of P viz. Al-P, Ca-P, reductant-P, inorganic-P, organic P and total-P and fractions of K viz. exch.-K and tota-K. There was positive depletion in available-N, Fe-P, Al-P and all K fractions except exchangeable-K. Maximum depletion of 12.58 per cent was observed in WS-K followed by total-K (9.64 %) due to application of RDF + ZnSO4/Gypsum (T6) treatment. Organic application not only improved nutrient availability but also stabilized there soil dynamics except in K fractions. The study indicated that application of 50% N (FYM) + 50% N (Castor Cake) (T2) proved to be better in balancing soil fractions. The use of organics improved groundnut haulm yield and availability of nutrients in soil. From the forgoing results, it could be concluded that to get the higher yields under groundnut – wheat sequence, nutrient supply through organics source alone not proved better over inorganics source but integrated nutrient source recorded higher yield. But the application of organics improved the nutrients uptake, quality of both crops; and physical properties, organic C status and also enriched organic-N & P and residual-K in soil which might help in maintaining soil health in sustainable manner.
