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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access LIPID COMPOSITION IN REPRODUCTIVE TRACT TISSUES AND BLOOD SERUM IN SURTI BUFFALO. DURING DIFFERENT PHASES OF REPRODUCTION(AAU, Anand, 1988) Patel, Arvind V.; Janakiraman, K.Totally 52 Surti (also spelt as Surati) buffalo calves and adults of both sexes were used in five different experiments. Six biochemical characteristics, lipids, were analysed from tissues and blood serxom as they pertain to reproductive phases. In the 1st experiment, 24 Surti . buffalo heifers (3 to 4 years of age) were slaughtered at four different phases of oestrus cycle (D2, D9, D15 and S0 ) to collect reproductive tract - tissues; follicular, luteal and interstitial tissues along with follicular fluid from ovary, fallopian tube, uterine - endometrium and myometrium, cervix and vagina. Blood was also collected at the said stages. Lipid and its fractions viz. triglyceride, total phospholipid, total, free and ester cholesterol were estimated from these tissues and blood serum. Results of above study revealed that total lipid, triglyceride ahd total phospholipid were higher at D2 and D15 phases of the oestrus cycle in all tissues compared to other phases. However, cholesterol (total, free and ester) did not follow the similar trend, but their levels were found higher when the ovaries were active (revealing a follicle or CL). Follicular fluid collected at D2 and D15 phases of oestrus cycle, also showed higher concentration of lipid and its fractions at D15 phase except total phospholipid. However, phospholipid and ester cholesterol showed significant phase variation. Blood serum was analysed for the same characteristics and results were observed on the same line as tissues. However, significant variation was observed between oestrus cycle phases except triglyceride and total phospholipid. In the 2nd experiment, where 12 farm born prepubertal calves (six males and six females - 6 to 10 months old) were taken for study; showed nonsignificant variation between young male and female in all characteristics except ester cholesterol. However, levels of lipid were found higher in male than female except for cholesterol (total, free and ester). In the 3rd experiment, which was concerned with variation of lipid constituents in matured male during 24 hrs of the day. Blood was collected at four hours of interval. At lower temperature of the day all the six biochemical characteristics showed higher lipid components than that of hot hours. The variation between the different hours in all characteristics except free cholesterol, were found significant. In the 4th and 5th experiment, 10 pregnant buffaloes were taken to study early and late pregnancy, respectively. The blood sampling was done from fertile heat to 95 days of pregnancy in early pregnant buffalo and 30 days of ante-partum to 2 hrs after calving in advanced pregnant buffalo. Total 14 and 8 stages were considered in the early and late pregnancy study respectively, where last two collections of late pregnancy were 2 hrs before and 2 hrs after calving. All the characteristics studied showed higher level at early pregnancy stages which showed decreasing trend as the pregnancy advanced and were found lowest at term. The individual stage variation was worked out for early and late pregnancy stages separately. The stage variation was observed for triglyceride and phospholipid in early pregnancy and triglyceride, total and ester cholesterol for late pregnancy stages respectively. Total 22 stages of early and late pregnancy were grouped in total seven phases as per their physiological importance. There was a significant variation between different phases of pregnancy. Since the data has been obtained under conditions of nutrition and management more or less similar to those of the farmers of this area, the results particularly on blood lipid profile will be useful as a data base to farmers who are interested in assessing the potentiality of their animals with respect to early maturity and optimum reproductive performance. Further studies are, however, necessary to pinpoint one or two of the many lipid fractions that may serve as markers for this purpose. Such studies are necessary on animals maintained under village as well as large farm management conditions to be of broad base, use.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF POST-PARTUM SURTI BUFFALO ALONG WITH BLOOD PROFILE (HORMONAL AND BIOCHEMICAL) IN RELATION TO SUCKLING AND NON SUCKLING PRACTICES(AAU, Anand, 1989) Tiwari, Shailendra R.; Pathak, M. M.After calving, 12 primiparous Surti buffaloes were equally divided into two groups; SJCkled and non suckled to study the effect of suckling on post-partum reproductive performance along with blood profile, Post-partum performance included placental expulsion time, weight of placenta, regression of pregnancy corpus luteum, initiation of follicular activity, uterine involution, first heat post-partum postpartum breeding, number of services per conception and senrice period. For blood profile, blood saraplinir was done by tapping . the jugular vein every alternate day from calving to first heat post-partum in addition to first three collections; immediately after calving, immediately after first milking/ suckling and immediately after placental expulsion. Totally 293 samples were analused for blood serum characteristics. The characteristics studied for blood serum were progesterone, estradiol-l7 B, testosterone, triiodothyronine and thyroxine as hortnoncs and total protein, cholesterol (total, free and ester) , alkaline phosphatase, calciuns, phosphorus and copper as biochemical parameters.ThesisItem Open Access GONADAL DEVELOPMENT AND ACTIVITY IN (SURATI.) MALE BUFFALO CALVES FROM BIRTH TO SEXUAL MATURITY(AAU, Anand, 1983) Deshpande, Lalita V.; Janakiraman, K.Gondal development and activity in Surati buffalo calves was studied from birth to maturity (in 17 stages), to correlate the gonadal histology with testicular and serum biochemical characteristics. The characteristics studied, histologically in H. and E. stained sections; included seminiference tubule diameter, tubular count, interstitial space per cent and various cellular elementsin seminiferous tubule and the Laydig cells; the biochemical estimates were Alkaline Phosphatase (AKP), protein, cholesterol (free and total) calcium and phosphorus, both in testis and serum; the nucleic acids were estimated in gonadal tissues only. Similar studies were also made in calves, hemi orchidectomised at birth from Day 1-300.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON ANTERIOR PITUITARY OF SURTI BUFFALO DURING THE THREE PHASES OF THE ESTROUS CYCLE AND THE TWO SEASONS OF THE YEAR-WINTER AND SUMMER(AAU, Anand, 1991) PAI, JAYASHREE P.; PATHAK, M. M.With the objective to study anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) during different phases of the cycle and the influence of season, the study was planned with eighty tour pituitary glands collection from eighty four animals (nearly of same age,healthy and normal Surti buffaloes ) during three phases (Follicular: P1, Luteal: P2, Smooth:P3) of two prominent seasons (summer and winter), The investigation was to know the functional status of anterior pituitary gland specifically for reproductive aspects during the three phases of the two seasons. Collections of the glands were made accordingly (details in materials and Methods) The results of the study to justify the functional status of anterior pituitary gland were co-related with the help of morphological and biometrical, histological and cytologicdi and biochemical and hormonal aspects of the anterior pituitary. The results of morphological and biometrical observations revealed that anterior pituitary gland was larger (by weight and dimensions) and more brownish in colour(due to higher olood supply) during active phases (follicular phase : P1 and luteal phase : P-2) of the cycle. Seasonwise comparison has given clearcut demarcation of winter as peak breeding season.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY OF HORMONES AND BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF FOLLICULAR FLUID OF UNOVULATED FOLLICLES AND OVARIAN TISSUE IN SUPEROVULATED GOATS(AAU, Anand, 2001) DESHPANDE, SATISH B.; Pathak, M. M.Totally 24 indigenous goats of Gujarat state were superovulated with Folltropin-V (FSH) and FolHgon (PMSG) during low and peak breeding season of the year to study the hormonal and biochemical profile of follicular fluid of unovulated follicle, luteal tissue and ovarian interstitial tissue of superovulated goats. The goats were mated on the day of superovulatory estrus with an injection of 750 lU of chorulon (LH) to facilitate maximum ovulation and were laparotomized on day-3 of the superovulatory estrus. The superovulatory response was recorded in terms of number of ovulation and number of unovulated follicles. The ovaries were removed surgically and after recording the biometrical changes, 10 % tissue homogenates of luteal and interstitial tissue were prepared in distilled water. The follicular fluid, luteal tissue homogenate and ovarian interstitial tissue honragenate were analyzed for Hormones (progesterone, estradiol-17 p and testosterone), biochemical (total protein and total, free and ester cholesterol), enzymes (AKP, ACP and LDH) and micro minerals (copper, iron and zinc) by standard procedures. The results revealed that the mean ovarian length (21.76 ± 1.89 Vs 13.20 ± 1.06 mm), width (16.04 ± 1.77 Vs 9.74 ± 0.69 mm) and thickness (12.01 ± 1.14 Vs 7.66 ± 0.62 mm) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in superovulated goats than the control one. The differences in these parameters between the two superovulatory drugs were statistically non-significant. The superovulatory response in terms of mean number of ovulation (12.83 ± 2.58 Vs 8.91 ± 1.90) and mean number of embryo recovery (5.91 ±2.14 Vs 3.66 ± 1.11) was recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher in folltropin-v treated animals as compared to folligon treated animals. However, the mean number of unovulated follicles did not differ significantly between the two treatment groups (3.50 ± 0.90 and 3.75 ± 1.65 respectively for folltropin-v and folligon treated animals). The effect of season on superovulatory response was statistically non-significant. The studies on follicular fluid of unovulated follicles indicated that the progesterone, estradiol 17- (3 and testosterone concentration did not differ significantly between the treated groups. The effect of season was also non-significant specifically for estradiol 17-P and testosterone but progesterone was significantly (P<0.05) high during low breeding season. The total protein content was recorded higher in follicular fluid of superovulated goats compared to control (14.47 ±1.20 Vs 12.87 ± 1.12 mg %). The cholesterol concentration was lower in follicular fluid of unovulated follicles compared to control animals but the differences were statistically non-significant. The season also did not influence the cholesterol content in follicular fluid. The AKP and LDH activity was slightly higher in control animals than treated groups. The ACP activity was significantly (P<0.05) higher in PMSG and FSH treated animals than control (2.84 ± 0.20 Vs 3.10 ± 0.16 Vs 2.31 ± 0.15 KAU%). The effect of season was statistically non-significant for AKP, ACP and LDH activity in follicular fluid of unovulated follicles.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY OF FACTORS INFLUENCING PRODUCTION OF CAPRINE EMBRYOS AND THEIR CRYOPRESERVATION TO KNOW PRE AND POST FREEZING MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES(AAU, Anand, 1999) Sarvaiya, Nitesh P.; Pathak, M. M.Totally 30 indigenous goats of Gujarat were superovulated with FoUtropin-V (FSH) and Folligon (PMSG) to see the elfect of gonadotropin during two season ( breeding and non breeding ) to see the effect of season, on superovulatory response, recovery of embryos and quality of embryos. Further to this in the same study effect of onset time for superovulation, duration of SOV oestrus, intensity of superovulation, flushing time and recovery of flushing media on embryo recovery and quality of embryo was also evaluated ctitically. Excellant and good quality embryos were processed for cryopreservation to see the effect of cryopreservation on morphological changes of embryos. An attempt was also made to establish pregnancy by transfering forzen - thawed embryos. Blood samples from donor and recipients were also analysed for hormonal and biochemical parameter. The results revealed that total response was 80 % ( 24 out of 30 ) irrespective of season and treatment. Average time for onset of SOV oestrus was 33.50 ± 5.82 hours with 17.25 :h 0.98 hours as time for duration.ThesisItem Open Access OVARIAN STEROIOS AND BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF POLLICULAR FLUID IN RELATION TO FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT OF INDIGENOUS GOATS(AAU, Anand, 2005) PATEL, SANJAYKUMAR B.; Pathak, M. M.The present investigation was carried out on non-descript adult female goats of Gujarat State with the objective to study the ovarian steroid and biochemical constituents of follicular fluid of different categories of follicle. Follicular fluid of small (2-3 mm), medium (> 3-5 mm) and large (> 5 mm) sized follicle was collected from 60 goats slaughtered at slaughter house and follicular fluid from preovulatory and anovulatory follicles was collected by laparotomy of adult goats of the farm. Collection of follicular fluid from preovulatory follicle of the normally cyclic goats was made by laparotomising the goat after detection of the animal in heat. Follicular fluid from anovulatory follicle was collected after 72 hrs. of heat in superovulated goats. Superovulation was carried out by PMSG (Folligon®) and all treated goats were subjected to laparotomy operation, 72 hours after breeding and the follicular fluid was aspirated from follicles present on the ovaries at the time of operation. Follicular fluid samples collected from such different stages of follicular development were analysed for hormones (estradiol-17β, progesterone and testosterone) by standard RIA technique and biochemical constituents (total protein and cholesterol) by standard analytical procedure. The results revealed that the level of estradiol-17β increased significantly (P < 0.05) at every stages of follicular development. The smallest follicle (2-3 mm) had lowest concentration of estradiol-17β in follicular fluid (8.95 ± 0.89 ng/ml) which rose gradually with the development of follicles. Preovulatory follicle had significantly higher (32.40 ± 0.78 ng/ml) level of estradiol-17β than small, medium and large sized follicle, whereas the anovulatory follicle showed the highest level (53.00 ± 3.01 ng/ml). Estradiol-7β concentration of follicular fluid showed a significant and positive correlation between different stages of follicular development (r= 0.96). Progesterone concentration in follicular fluid of different developmental stages of follicle varied remarkably. The level of progesterone increased as the follicle grew (small: 3.98 ± 0.40 ng/ml; medium: 8.40 ± 0.35 ng/ml and large: 16.15 ± 1.05 ng/ml) but the differences were statistically nonsignificant. The variation in progesterone concentrations in preovulatory (128.50 ± 5.87 ng/ml) and anovulatory (728.00 ± 33.52 ng/ml) follicles were statistically highly significant (P < 0.05) compared to all developing follicles. Follicular fluid progesterone concentration was positively but nonsignificantly correlated with different stages of follicle (r = 0.83). The level of testosterone in follicular fluid decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as the follicle size increased. The highest value of testosterone (5.68 ± 0.50 ng/ml) was observed in small sized follicle and the lowest value in preovulatory follicle (0.55 ± 0.03 ng/ml). The differences were statistically significant for small and medium sized follicle only (P < 0.05). Testosterone values were negatively correlated with different stages of follicular development (r = -0.66). Ratios of different hormones were also analysed statistically. It revealed that there was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in estradiol-ivp/progesterone ratio in follicular fluid as the follicle increased in size except small and medium size follicle. The highest ratio of estradiol-17β/progesterone (2.66 ± 0.53) observed in small sized follicle whereas the lowest ratio (0.07 ± 0.01) was observed in anovulatory follicle. Estradiol-lyp/progesterone ratio had significant and negative correlation with follicular development (r = -0.99). The differences of progesterone/testosterone ratio for small (0.63 ± 0.01), medium (6.87 ± 0.34) and large (26.08 ± 0.05) sized follicle were statistically nonsignificant but these ratio differed significantly from that of preovulatory (228.07 ± 14.78) and anovulatory (982.43 ± 87.18) follicle. Progesterone/testosterone ratio correlated positively with follicle development (r = 0.85). The results revealed that there was progressive increase in estradiol- 17β/testosterone ratio in follicular fluid as follicle developed. Lowest value of estradiol- 17β/testerone ratio was observed in small (1.67 ± 0.19) sized follicle, while highest value of ratio was observed in anovulatory follicle (69.51 ± 4.88). Ratio of estradiol- 17βand testosterone was correlated significantly (P < 0.05) and positively with the different categories of follicles (r = 0.93). The studies on biochemical constituents indicated that the differences observed in cholesterol concentrations in follicular fluid of different category of follicle were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Follicular fluid cholesterol levels showed significant and positive correlation with various stages of follicular development (r = 0.90). The variation of total protein content of follicular fluid of different categories of follicle was found statistically significant (P < 0.05). Average total protein content ranged from 3.13 ± 0.20 gm/dl in small sized follicle to 12.59 ± 0.31 gm/dl in anovulatory follicle. Follicular fluid protein concentration correlated positively but nonsignificantly with different stages of follicle development (r = 0.80). Overall, it was found that follicular fluid concentration of steroid hormones and biochemical parameter has important relative association with the physiology of follicle and oocyte development, their maturation and ovulation.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE IN GOAT(AAU, Anand, 2005) PARMAR, AJAYKUMAR P.; Dugwekar, Y. G.The present work was conducted with an objective of evolving suitable method for the control of reproductive cycle in goats of local breed of Gujarat. Treatment of does with Chronogest intra-vaginal sponges during non breeding season for a period of 18 days resulted in the exhibition of estrus in all the six treated goats with the onset of estrus within 32.38 ± 0.93 hours and duration of estrus was 48.00 ±1.15 hours. Out of six goats, two became pregnant, whereas in the control group none of the goats exhibited estrus. In the treatment group all the goats had high progesterone levels during luteal phase that reduced to less than 1.0 ng/ml during estrus followed by rise on day 10 post-breeding, which persisted till day 21 only in two goats that became pregnant. Serum estradiol-1713 levels showed significant rise (26.10 ± 1.30 pg/ml) at estrus only in animals that subsequently became pregnant where as in the rest of the animals estradiol-17β level remain around 12.50 ±8.11 pg/ml or lower throughout the experimental period. The levels of serum cholesterol and AKP did not alter significantly during the experimental period either in control or treated goats. Micro minerals, manganese, zinc and copper revealed non-significant difference between control and treatment groups. Iron levels in the treated animals on day of estrus (7.28 ± 0.96 ppm) were significantly high (P < 0.05) than on day 21 of the control group (3.85 ± 0.74 ppm). Similarly, the cobalt levels were found to be significantly higher (P < 0.05) in treated animals on. day 10 as compared to controls. Twelve goats were treated with Chronogest intra-vaginal sponges for 18 days followed by 500 IU PMSG in the day of sponge withdrawal. Six of these received 2.5 ml GnRH on the day of breeding and other six received 750 IU of hCG on the day of breeding. Six animals served as control. Two out of five GnRH treated animals and three out of six hCG treated animals became pregnant. Treatment of goats with chronogest intra-vaginal sponges during breeding season (June to October) for a period of 18 days resulted in the synchronization of estrus in all the six treated goats. Four out of six treated goats became pregnant. All the six goats in control groups exhibited estrus at different time during experimental period. Laboratory made sponges impregnated with 350 mg progesterone were administered intra-vaginally for 12 days in 8 goats during breeding season and 10 goats during non-breeding season. The sponges were left in situ for 12 days followed by administration of 500 IU PMSG on the day of sponges' withdrawal.All the 8 animals during the breeding season and 8 out of 10 animals during the non-breeding season exhibited estrus within 35.14 ± 3.32 hours during the breeding season and 63.00 ± 4.39 hours during non-breeding season The duration of estrus in these animals was found to be 39.00 ± 3.76 hours during breeding season and 33.00 ± 3.26 hours during non-breeding season.ThesisItem Open Access ASPECTS OF MALE GONADS AND ACCESSORY GLANDS IN THE SURTl BUFFALO CALVES AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES(AAU, Anand, 1991) Champawat, Sher Singh; Janakiraman, K.The important contribution of buffaloes in Indian dairy business and the day to day livelyhood of farm families are well-recognised by now, still there are many aspects of this species remaining to be unfolded by the scientific community for the better performance of these animals towards milk and meat production and its draftability. However, buffaloes carved out a clear cut niche in the Indian agricultural economy and secured a non-replaceable place in the social life. The fact that even marginal and landless farmers keep buffaloes to augment their daily needs reveal the pivotal role played by this domestic animal. This study was conducted to understand the growth, development of gonad and accessory glands in the male buffaloes from early age to maturity. Further, the study was expected to yield data on the functions that culminate in the physiological stage termed as puberty and/or maturity. Totally 24 male buffaloes were studied in four groups (each group had 6 animals). These groups were formed on the basis of age: Group-I - 15 to 30 days, Group-II - 8 to 10 months, Group-lII - 14 to 16 months and Group-IV - 20 to 24 months, to estimate and record the progressive changes. Testes of these animals, epididymis (caput, corpus and cauda) and seminal vesicle were studied for biometrical and biochemical characteristics. Apart from these blood serum of all these animals were analysed for serum testosterone and LH. Serum testosterone and LH were also estimated from Jersey and Holstein Friesian bull calves of same age groups to know the differences that prevail at corresponding stages. The results on biometrical characteristics have revealed that width, length and weight of testes, as well as sex accessory glands increase proportionately as the age advances. This reflects an alround progressive growth and development of these organs. The development of these organs was very progressive and significant upto Group-II, which is the growth phase, there after bulk tissue growth is less but functional growth increased. This indicates that in Surti buffalo male calves, the development is very fast reaching to a satisfactory level by 14 to 16 months of age (Group-Ill). This is the age of puberty (Devaraj 1982). The results obtained in this study clearly reveal an alround growth and development paving way for the puberty to set-in, in Group-Ill animals. Biochemical characteristics studied were nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), total protein, phosphatase (AKP and ACP), cholesterol (Total and Free) and inorganic phosphorus. All these characteristics also showed progressive increase upto Group-II and showed appreciable decrease in animals of Group-Ill, in all the three glands. This reflects their role in growth phase by 8 to 10 months of age and their utilization by 14 to 16 months, through involvement in the biochemical and physiological functions, most of these characteristics studied reflect their importance in the seminal plasma. Hence, their decrease in the Group-Ill indicates utilisation for production of semen. Few animals in this group showed presence of sperm in the luminal fluid (14 to 16 months). The levels of serum testosterone which is normally synthesised in interstitial cells of testis and LH which is synthesised at pituitary level, had shown physiological levels at 14 to 16 months of age which confirms the functional status of gonads alongwith sex accessory glands confirming the pubertal age physiologically. The comparative study on circulating level of LH and testosterone clearly reveals that this breed of buffalo attain sexual maturity at the same age as evident for Jersey and Hoistein Friesian even though the threshold level appears to be less. All the estimates on biometry, biochemistry and endocrine aspect reveal that sensitising for puberty begins around 7 to 9 months and puberty is attainable by 14th month. This is actually confirmed by the presence of sperms in the tract. All the accessory glands are tuned to this effect. It is concluded that there is nothing genetically inherent in this breed to delay the age at maturity. Management can help to bring such vital event at an optimum age.