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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDY OF HORMONES AND BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF FOLLICULAR FLUID OF UNOVULATED FOLLICLES AND OVARIAN TISSUE IN SUPEROVULATED GOATS(AAU, Anand, 2001) DESHPANDE, SATISH B.; Pathak, M. M.Totally 24 indigenous goats of Gujarat state were superovulated with Folltropin-V (FSH) and FolHgon (PMSG) during low and peak breeding season of the year to study the hormonal and biochemical profile of follicular fluid of unovulated follicle, luteal tissue and ovarian interstitial tissue of superovulated goats. The goats were mated on the day of superovulatory estrus with an injection of 750 lU of chorulon (LH) to facilitate maximum ovulation and were laparotomized on day-3 of the superovulatory estrus. The superovulatory response was recorded in terms of number of ovulation and number of unovulated follicles. The ovaries were removed surgically and after recording the biometrical changes, 10 % tissue homogenates of luteal and interstitial tissue were prepared in distilled water. The follicular fluid, luteal tissue homogenate and ovarian interstitial tissue honragenate were analyzed for Hormones (progesterone, estradiol-17 p and testosterone), biochemical (total protein and total, free and ester cholesterol), enzymes (AKP, ACP and LDH) and micro minerals (copper, iron and zinc) by standard procedures. The results revealed that the mean ovarian length (21.76 ± 1.89 Vs 13.20 ± 1.06 mm), width (16.04 ± 1.77 Vs 9.74 ± 0.69 mm) and thickness (12.01 ± 1.14 Vs 7.66 ± 0.62 mm) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in superovulated goats than the control one. The differences in these parameters between the two superovulatory drugs were statistically non-significant. The superovulatory response in terms of mean number of ovulation (12.83 ± 2.58 Vs 8.91 ± 1.90) and mean number of embryo recovery (5.91 ±2.14 Vs 3.66 ± 1.11) was recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher in folltropin-v treated animals as compared to folligon treated animals. However, the mean number of unovulated follicles did not differ significantly between the two treatment groups (3.50 ± 0.90 and 3.75 ± 1.65 respectively for folltropin-v and folligon treated animals). The effect of season on superovulatory response was statistically non-significant. The studies on follicular fluid of unovulated follicles indicated that the progesterone, estradiol 17- (3 and testosterone concentration did not differ significantly between the treated groups. The effect of season was also non-significant specifically for estradiol 17-P and testosterone but progesterone was significantly (P<0.05) high during low breeding season. The total protein content was recorded higher in follicular fluid of superovulated goats compared to control (14.47 ±1.20 Vs 12.87 ± 1.12 mg %). The cholesterol concentration was lower in follicular fluid of unovulated follicles compared to control animals but the differences were statistically non-significant. The season also did not influence the cholesterol content in follicular fluid. The AKP and LDH activity was slightly higher in control animals than treated groups. The ACP activity was significantly (P<0.05) higher in PMSG and FSH treated animals than control (2.84 ± 0.20 Vs 3.10 ± 0.16 Vs 2.31 ± 0.15 KAU%). The effect of season was statistically non-significant for AKP, ACP and LDH activity in follicular fluid of unovulated follicles.ThesisItem Open Access OVARIAN STEROIOS AND BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF POLLICULAR FLUID IN RELATION TO FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT OF INDIGENOUS GOATS(AAU, Anand, 2005) PATEL, SANJAYKUMAR B.; Pathak, M. M.The present investigation was carried out on non-descript adult female goats of Gujarat State with the objective to study the ovarian steroid and biochemical constituents of follicular fluid of different categories of follicle. Follicular fluid of small (2-3 mm), medium (> 3-5 mm) and large (> 5 mm) sized follicle was collected from 60 goats slaughtered at slaughter house and follicular fluid from preovulatory and anovulatory follicles was collected by laparotomy of adult goats of the farm. Collection of follicular fluid from preovulatory follicle of the normally cyclic goats was made by laparotomising the goat after detection of the animal in heat. Follicular fluid from anovulatory follicle was collected after 72 hrs. of heat in superovulated goats. Superovulation was carried out by PMSG (Folligon®) and all treated goats were subjected to laparotomy operation, 72 hours after breeding and the follicular fluid was aspirated from follicles present on the ovaries at the time of operation. Follicular fluid samples collected from such different stages of follicular development were analysed for hormones (estradiol-17β, progesterone and testosterone) by standard RIA technique and biochemical constituents (total protein and cholesterol) by standard analytical procedure. The results revealed that the level of estradiol-17β increased significantly (P < 0.05) at every stages of follicular development. The smallest follicle (2-3 mm) had lowest concentration of estradiol-17β in follicular fluid (8.95 ± 0.89 ng/ml) which rose gradually with the development of follicles. Preovulatory follicle had significantly higher (32.40 ± 0.78 ng/ml) level of estradiol-17β than small, medium and large sized follicle, whereas the anovulatory follicle showed the highest level (53.00 ± 3.01 ng/ml). Estradiol-7β concentration of follicular fluid showed a significant and positive correlation between different stages of follicular development (r= 0.96). Progesterone concentration in follicular fluid of different developmental stages of follicle varied remarkably. The level of progesterone increased as the follicle grew (small: 3.98 ± 0.40 ng/ml; medium: 8.40 ± 0.35 ng/ml and large: 16.15 ± 1.05 ng/ml) but the differences were statistically nonsignificant. The variation in progesterone concentrations in preovulatory (128.50 ± 5.87 ng/ml) and anovulatory (728.00 ± 33.52 ng/ml) follicles were statistically highly significant (P < 0.05) compared to all developing follicles. Follicular fluid progesterone concentration was positively but nonsignificantly correlated with different stages of follicle (r = 0.83). The level of testosterone in follicular fluid decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as the follicle size increased. The highest value of testosterone (5.68 ± 0.50 ng/ml) was observed in small sized follicle and the lowest value in preovulatory follicle (0.55 ± 0.03 ng/ml). The differences were statistically significant for small and medium sized follicle only (P < 0.05). Testosterone values were negatively correlated with different stages of follicular development (r = -0.66). Ratios of different hormones were also analysed statistically. It revealed that there was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in estradiol-ivp/progesterone ratio in follicular fluid as the follicle increased in size except small and medium size follicle. The highest ratio of estradiol-17β/progesterone (2.66 ± 0.53) observed in small sized follicle whereas the lowest ratio (0.07 ± 0.01) was observed in anovulatory follicle. Estradiol-lyp/progesterone ratio had significant and negative correlation with follicular development (r = -0.99). The differences of progesterone/testosterone ratio for small (0.63 ± 0.01), medium (6.87 ± 0.34) and large (26.08 ± 0.05) sized follicle were statistically nonsignificant but these ratio differed significantly from that of preovulatory (228.07 ± 14.78) and anovulatory (982.43 ± 87.18) follicle. Progesterone/testosterone ratio correlated positively with follicle development (r = 0.85). The results revealed that there was progressive increase in estradiol- 17β/testosterone ratio in follicular fluid as follicle developed. Lowest value of estradiol- 17β/testerone ratio was observed in small (1.67 ± 0.19) sized follicle, while highest value of ratio was observed in anovulatory follicle (69.51 ± 4.88). Ratio of estradiol- 17βand testosterone was correlated significantly (P < 0.05) and positively with the different categories of follicles (r = 0.93). The studies on biochemical constituents indicated that the differences observed in cholesterol concentrations in follicular fluid of different category of follicle were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Follicular fluid cholesterol levels showed significant and positive correlation with various stages of follicular development (r = 0.90). The variation of total protein content of follicular fluid of different categories of follicle was found statistically significant (P < 0.05). Average total protein content ranged from 3.13 ± 0.20 gm/dl in small sized follicle to 12.59 ± 0.31 gm/dl in anovulatory follicle. Follicular fluid protein concentration correlated positively but nonsignificantly with different stages of follicle development (r = 0.80). Overall, it was found that follicular fluid concentration of steroid hormones and biochemical parameter has important relative association with the physiology of follicle and oocyte development, their maturation and ovulation.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE IN GOAT(AAU, Anand, 2005) PARMAR, AJAYKUMAR P.; Dugwekar, Y. G.The present work was conducted with an objective of evolving suitable method for the control of reproductive cycle in goats of local breed of Gujarat. Treatment of does with Chronogest intra-vaginal sponges during non breeding season for a period of 18 days resulted in the exhibition of estrus in all the six treated goats with the onset of estrus within 32.38 ± 0.93 hours and duration of estrus was 48.00 ±1.15 hours. Out of six goats, two became pregnant, whereas in the control group none of the goats exhibited estrus. In the treatment group all the goats had high progesterone levels during luteal phase that reduced to less than 1.0 ng/ml during estrus followed by rise on day 10 post-breeding, which persisted till day 21 only in two goats that became pregnant. Serum estradiol-1713 levels showed significant rise (26.10 ± 1.30 pg/ml) at estrus only in animals that subsequently became pregnant where as in the rest of the animals estradiol-17β level remain around 12.50 ±8.11 pg/ml or lower throughout the experimental period. The levels of serum cholesterol and AKP did not alter significantly during the experimental period either in control or treated goats. Micro minerals, manganese, zinc and copper revealed non-significant difference between control and treatment groups. Iron levels in the treated animals on day of estrus (7.28 ± 0.96 ppm) were significantly high (P < 0.05) than on day 21 of the control group (3.85 ± 0.74 ppm). Similarly, the cobalt levels were found to be significantly higher (P < 0.05) in treated animals on. day 10 as compared to controls. Twelve goats were treated with Chronogest intra-vaginal sponges for 18 days followed by 500 IU PMSG in the day of sponge withdrawal. Six of these received 2.5 ml GnRH on the day of breeding and other six received 750 IU of hCG on the day of breeding. Six animals served as control. Two out of five GnRH treated animals and three out of six hCG treated animals became pregnant. Treatment of goats with chronogest intra-vaginal sponges during breeding season (June to October) for a period of 18 days resulted in the synchronization of estrus in all the six treated goats. Four out of six treated goats became pregnant. All the six goats in control groups exhibited estrus at different time during experimental period. Laboratory made sponges impregnated with 350 mg progesterone were administered intra-vaginally for 12 days in 8 goats during breeding season and 10 goats during non-breeding season. The sponges were left in situ for 12 days followed by administration of 500 IU PMSG on the day of sponges' withdrawal.All the 8 animals during the breeding season and 8 out of 10 animals during the non-breeding season exhibited estrus within 35.14 ± 3.32 hours during the breeding season and 63.00 ± 4.39 hours during non-breeding season The duration of estrus in these animals was found to be 39.00 ± 3.76 hours during breeding season and 33.00 ± 3.26 hours during non-breeding season.ThesisItem Open Access Studies On The Control Of Reproductive Cycle In Goat(Anand Agricultural University; Anand, 2005) Parmar, Ajaykumar P.; Dugwekar, Y.G.