Loading...
Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
Browse
55 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY OF ROSE GROWERS(AAU, Anand, 2010) PATEL, DHARMENDRAKUMAR D.; Patel, B. B.The recent advances in rose production technology have demonstrated that scientific management has great potential for increasing the rose production. Therefore, raising management efficiency is of paramount importance for rose producer. This will open up new vistas and make possible for rose growers to achieve substantial gains in income. There are number of factors affecting the rose production. Management is one of the most important factors which help the rose growers to exploit natural resources and accumulate capital. The efficient use of resources depends to a greater extent on how rose growers acquire and adopt innovations in the rose cultivation in effective manner to reach higher levels of economic performance through their management efficiency. The present study on "MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY OF ROSE GROWERS" was undertaken with following specific objectives: 1. To know the profile of rose growers 2. To study the management efficiency of rose growers 3. To ascertain the relationship of personal, social, economical, communicational and psychological characteristics with management efficiency of rose growers 4. To know the extent of contribution of selected independent variables on dependent variable of rose growers 5. To study the direct and indirect effect of the independent variables on the management efficiency of rose growers 6. To analyze the constraints faced by rose growers regarding various aspects of rose production The present study was undertaken in Dholka taluka of Amdavad district of Gujarat state. There are 71 villages of Dholka taluka. Out of these, six villages were selected based on specific criteria. These selected villages were considered as stratum and with the help of proportional allocation method sample size of each stratum was determined. A random sampling procedure was adopted for the selection of respondents from the selected villages. Thus, total 127 rose growers were selected randomly. The Ex-post-facto research design was followed. A scale was developed to measure the management efficiency of rose growers. The dependent and independent variables were measured with appropriate scales and procedures adopted by other research workers. To measure the knowledge level regarding improved rose cultivation practices and attitude towards improved rose cultivation practices, tests were developed by the investigator. An interview schedule was developed in accordance with the objectives of the study and it was pre-tested and translated into Gujarati. The data of this study were collected through personal interview. The statistical measures such as percentage, mean, standard deviation, co-efficient of correlation, stepwise multiple regressions, standard partial regression coefficient and path analyses were used. MAJOR FINDINGS The important findings of the study are as under: 1. PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS 1.1 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTIC Majority of the rose growers had middle age (72.44 per cent), at least primary education level (83.50 per cent) and medium level of experience in rose cultivation (63.80 per cent). 1.2 SOCIAL CHARACTERISTIC Nearly three-fifth (57,50 per cent) of the rose growers had large family size. 1.3 ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS More than three-fourth (77.16 per cent) of the respondents possess up to 2.00 hectares of land and a great majority (84.25 per cent) of the rose growers had above 35.00 per cent of their total land under rose cultivation. 1.4 COMMUNICATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Majority (83.46 per cent) of the rose growers had medium to low level of participation in training programme, more than fourfifth (81,10 per cent) of the rose growers had medium to high level of contacts with extension agencies and more than three-fourth (77.95 per cent) of the rose growers possessed medium to high level of exposure to mass media. 1.5 PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Majority (74.80 per cent) of the rose growers had medium to high level of economic motivation, three-fourth (75.59 per cent) of them had medium to high degree of risk orientation, four-fifth (81.10 per cent) of them had medium to high level of achievement motivation, a great majority (89.76 per cent) of them had medium to high level of aspiration, majority (77.95 per cent) of them had medium to high level of innovative proneness, a great majority (85.83 per cent) of them had medium to high level of cosmopoliteness, a great majority (85.83 per cent) of them had medium to high level of competition orientation and a great majority (85.04 per cent) of them had medium to high level of self confidence. 2. MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY AND ITS COMPONENTS OF ROSE GROWERS 2.1 MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY OF ROSE GROWERS Slightly more than two-third (68.50 per cent) of the rose growers had medium level of management efficiency, while 16.54 per cent of the rose growers had high level of management efficiency and 14.96 per cent of the rose growers had low level of management efficiency. 2.2 VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY OF ROSE GROWERS Slightly more than four-fifth (81.10 per cent) of the rose growers had medium to high level of knowledge about improved rose cultivation practices, more than four-fifth (85.83 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level of attitude towards improved rose cultivation practices, three-fourth (75.59 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level of ability in planning in rose cultivation, slightly less than four-fifth (79.53 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level, of ability to make rational decision, majority (83.47 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level of timely adoption, majority (85.04 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level of ability to mobilize resources, more than four-fifth (85.04 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level of ability to co-ordinate activities, slightly less than three-fourth (74.02 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of efficient use of resources, majority (84.25 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level of ability in rational marketing and slightly less than three-fourth (73.23 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level of competence in evaluation. 3. RELATIONSHIP OF PERSONAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMICAL, COMMUNICATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY OF THE ROSE GROWERS Out of eighteen independent variables, sixteen viz.; education, experience in rose cultivation, land under rose cultivation, participation in training programme, contact with extension agency, exposure to mass media, economic motivation, risk orientation, achievement motivation, level of aspiration, scientific orientation, innovative proneness, cosmopoliteness, competition orientation and self confidence were positively and significantly related, while age is negatively and significantly related to management efficiency of the rose growers. 4. EXTENT OF CONTRIBUTION OF SELECTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ON THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE OF THE ROSE GROWERS Management efficiency was found to be predicted by nine independent variables such as participation in training, scientific orientation, cosmopoliteness, risk orientation, education, land under rose cultivation, level of aspiration, innovative proneness and experience in rose cultivation, which has together contributed 75.80 per cent of the total variation in the management efficiency of the rose growers. 5. DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECT OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ON MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY OF THE ROSE GROWERS Participation in training programme of the respondents was the key variable in exerting considerably direct and substantial effect on management efficiency. Education and scientific orientation were the major traits in determination of management efficiency through positive indirect effect. Whereas, age of the respondents is only character which negatively and indirectly influenced on management efficiency. 6. CONSTRAINTS FACED BY THE ROSE GROWERS REGARDING VARIOUS ASPECTS OF ROSE PRODUCTION The most important constraints faced by the rose growers regarding various aspects of rose cultivation were: Fluctuation in prices of roses, non-availability of labours for various rose cultivation practices, high cost of inputs, commission rates of agents very high, weed problem, high cost of transportation, lack of technical guidance at proper time, natural calamites/flood and lack of marketing facility near by village.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT SOCIETY ON TECHNO-ECONOMIC CHANGE OF FARMERS OF ANAND DISTRICT IN GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 2002) Dabhi, Ranjitsinh Amarsinh; TRIVEDI, J. C.Irrigation as the main catalyst of agricultural development in India accounts for the largest share in total investment in the agricultural sector, Gujarat state has a relatively lower share in the overall availability of water in India. In Gujarat, only 23 per cent of the total cultivable land of the state is under irrigation. Even with the fullest exploitation of the Sardar Sarovar Project, about 52 per cent of the state agriculture will be dependent on the mercy of monsoon, particularly erratic, inadequate and uncertain rainfall. Irrigation development in India is mainly from three sources viz., canals, wells and tanks. Area under irrigation by the canal systems was gradually found in reducing direction. The reason for poor performance of the canal projects are due to the fact that the emphasis on irrigation has been and continuous to be the construction of new projects rather than management of the operation and maintenance of the existing systems. On the basis successive, experience of Rotational Water Delivery System, the concept of participatory irrigation management was accepted for the country. Through the Participatory Irrigation Management Society (PIMS) it would be assumed that by adopting water management system of PIMS, there should be some change among members of PIMS regarding their techno-economic change and extent of adoption of recommended water management practices. There is hardly any detailed researches available in this regard for the Gujarat state. Moreover, within short coming future irrigation water through Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd. will also be supplied. Delivery and application efficiency for irrigation management is generally absence of water user's participation in water management. Whatever the past studies conducted, were limited up to some extent. With a view to analyse this situation the study on "IMPACT OF PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT SOCIETY ON TECHNO-ECONOMIC CHANGE OF FARMERS OF ANAND DISTRICT IN GUJARAT STATE" was planned and undertaken. The specific objectives of the study were : 1. To study the personal, social, agro-economic, psychological and communication characteristics of members of PIMS and non-members. 2. To measure the knowledge of participatory irrigation management system of members of PIMS and non-members. 3. To measure the knowledge of functions of PIMS as perceived by the members of PIMS and non-members. 4. To ascertain the knowledge of the members of PIMS and nonmembers regarding recommended water management practices followed in major crops viz., paddy, wheat and banana. 5. To construct and standardized the attitude scale and to measure the attitude of members of PIMS and non-members towards PIMS. 6. To measure the techno-economic change of members of PIMS and non-members. 7. To know the extent of adoption of recommended water management practices, followed by members of PIMS and non-members for major crops viz., paddy, wheat and banana. 8. To measure the impact of participatory Irrigation Management Society management on members of PIMS and non-members. 9. To ascertain the relationship, if any between the selected independent variables with techno-economic change and extent of adoption of recommended water management practices of the members of PIMS and non-members. 10. To predict the extent of variation in dependent variables, caused by selected independent variables. 11. To know the direct and indirect effect of the independent variables on dependent variables. 12. To analyse the problems faced by the members of PIMS, in efficient use of canal irrigation water in PIMS and collect the suggestions to overcome their problems. The Anand district of the Gujarat state was purposively selected for this study. Among the eight taluka of the district two taluka namely Anklav and Borsad were selected purposively as two PIMS viz., Sardar Patel Krushi Vikas Ane Piyat Sahkari Mandli SPKVPSM Bhetasi and Aksher Piyat Ane Krushi Vikas Sahakari Mandli (APKVSM), Bochasan were located in the taluka. All the ten villages of both the PIMS were selected purposively. Total 50 members from SPKVPSM and 50 members from APKVSM were selected proportionately and 50 non-members from each village of both the PIMS were also selected for the study. Thus, total 100 members of PIMS and 100 non-members were included for the study. An interview schedule was prepared in vernacular language and data were collected by personal interview method. The dependent variables undertaken in this study were, techno-economic change and extent of adoption of recommended water management practices. The independent variables chosen for the purpose of the study were personal, social, agro-economic, psychological and communication. In order to measure the attitude of the members of PIMS and non-members towards PIMS, the attitude scale was developed and used by the researcher. The collected data through interview schedule were then transferred to master table and analysed in order to make the findings meaningful. The statistical measures such as percentage, mean score, standard deviation, coefficients of correlation, stepwise multiple regression, standard partial regression coefficient and path coefficient analysis were used. The important findings of the study are summarized as under: 1. Nearly half of the members of PIMS and non-members belonged to middle age group and were having primary level of education. 2. Majority of members of PIMS and a great majority of the non-members belonged to backward caste and a great majority of the respondents had joint type of family and having small to medium size of family. 3. Majority of the members of PIMS and nearly half of the nonmembers had membership in more than one organization and a great majority of the respondents of both the groups had medium socio-economic status. 4. Majority of the respondents had farming and animal husbandry occupations as source of income and a large majority of the respondents were found to have medium level of material possession and housing facility and a large majority, were having medium herd size. 5. Majority of the members of PIMS and more than half of the non-members were marginal farmers, possessed below 1.0 ha of land holding and more than half of the respondents had in between 151 to 200 per cent cropping intensity. 6. Slightly more than one-third of the members of PIMS and half of the non-members had an annual income in between Rs.50,000 to 1,00,000/- and majority of the respondents were found to be under the category of medium credit orientation, risk preference and scientific orientation. 7. Majority of the members of PIMS and a vast majority of the non-members were found to have moderately favourable attitude toward PIMS. 8. Nearly a large majority of the members of PIMS and more than half of the non-members had medium level of knowledge regarding recommended water management practices, while a great majority of the members of PIMS and majority of the non-members were found to have medium level of knowledge regarding PIM system and majority of the members of PIMS and non-members were having medium level of knowledge about functions of PIMS. 9. Majority of the respondents had medium contact with extension agencies and utilization of information sources. 10. Almost (94 per cent) all the members of PIMS had medium to high and all the (100 per cent) non-members were found to have low to medium level of techno-economic change as a result of PIMS. 11. A vast majority (90 per cent) of the members of PIMS were found to have medium to high level of extent of adoption of recommended water management practices, whereas a vast majority (94 per cent) of the non-members were found to have low to medium level of extent of adoption of recommended water management practices. 12. Significant impact of PIMS was observed on many characteristics of the members of PIMS and non-members viz., social participation, socio-economic status, annual income, increase in land use, increase in cropping intensity, change in cropping pattern, increase in crop production, change in material possession and housing facility change in savings and investments, change in housing condition, overall techno-economic change, attitude towards PIMS, knowledge of recommended water management practices, knowledge of PIM system, knowledge of functions of PIMS, adoption of recommended water management practices and contact with extension agency. 13. In case of members of PIMS, out of 23 variables, 16 variables namely education, caste, size of family, social participation, socio-economic status, occupation, material possession and housing facility, size of land holding, annual income, economic motivation, attitude towards PIMS, knowledge of recommended water management practices, knowledge of PIM system, knowledge of functions of PIMS, contact with extension agency and utilization of information sources were positively and significantly correlated with techno-economic change whereas in case of non-members, only one variable i.e. knowledge of PIM system was observed positively and significantly correlated while only one variable i.e. social participation was negatively and significantly correlated with techno-economic change. 14. In case of members of PIMS, 15 variables namely, education, caste, social participation, socio-economic status, occupation, material possession and housing facility, size of land holding, annual income, risk preference, scientific orientation, knowledge of recommended water management practices, knowledge of PIM system, knowledge of functions of PIMS, contact with extension agency and utilization of information sources were observed positively and significantly correlated with extent of adoption of recommended water management practices while only one variable i.e. age was negatively and significantly correlated while, in case of non-members 10 variables namely education, socio-economic status, material possession and housing facility, cropping intensity attitude towards PIMS, knowledge of recommended water management practices, knowledge of PIM system, knowledge of functions of PIMS, contact with extension agency and utilization of information sources were observed positively and significantly correlated with extent of adoption of recommended water management practices, whereas only one variable i.e. type of family was negatively and significantly correlated. 15. Three independent variables viz., knowledge of functions of PIMS, utilization of information sources, socio-economic status, size of land holding, cropping intensity and occupation combinely contributed to 41.14 per cent of the total variance in techno-economic change of members of PIMS, while in case of non-members, three independent variables viz., knowledge of PIM system, scientific orientation and social participation combinely contributed to 19.32 per cent of the total variation in techno-economic change. 16. Only one independent variables i.e. knowledge of recommended water management practices contributed to 64.07 per cent of the total variation in the extent of adoption of recommended water management practices of members of PIMS, while in case of non-members three variables viz. herd size, social participation and knowledge of recommended water management practices combinely contributed to 78.08 per cent of the total variation in the extent of adoption of recommended water management practices. 17. Variables viz., socio-economic status, size of land holding, utilization of information sources, knowledge of recommended water management practices, knowledge of functions of PIMS, caste, contact with extension agency, annual income and size of family exhibited positive direct effect while material possession and housing facility had maximum total indirect effect on techno-economic change of members of PIMS whereas, in case of non-members only one variable i.e. knowledge of PIM system exhibited positive direct effect on techno-economic change. 18. Variables viz., knowledge of recommended water management practices, utilization of information sources, knowledge of PIM system, caste, socio-economic status, annual income, risk-preference, knowledge of functions of PIMS and scientific orientation exhibited positive direct effect, while education had maximum total indirect effect on extent of recommended water management practices whereas, in case of non-members, variables viz., socio-economic status, knowledge of recommended water management practices, knowledge of functions of PIMS, knowledge of PIM system, utilization of information sources, size of land holding and attitude towards PIMS exhibited positive direct effect, while material possession and housing facility had maximum total indirect effect on extent of adoption of recommended water management practices. 19. The most important economic problems faced by the members of PIMS were lack of financial provision at the time of payment of irrigation charge and PIMS does not help for obtaining credit from the any financial organization. 20. The major administrative problems faced by the members of PIMS were at night time trace-passer damage canal / field channel / water course, inadequate canal water supply to the tail-enders, irregular supply of canal water, problem of water course from outlet to field, less coverage of irrigation area compared to irrigation efficiency of PIMS, problem of cleanliness of channel and water course, inability to provide irrigation water by the PIMS at critical stage or dry spell of rain, problem of some dominant farmers in distribution of irrigation water. 21. The important technical problems being faced by the respondents were : deterioration of soil condition due to continuous and over irrigation and high intensity of weed, literature pertaining to modern agricultural technology and water management practices is not provided by PIMS, training programmes pertaining to agricultural technology and water management practices are not arranged by PIMS and educational tour field trips are not arranged by PIMS. 22. The major suggestions given by the members of PIMS were : new field channels water couriers should be constructed, masonry work, maintenance and repairing, cleanliness work etc should be completed in off/slack season, training in new production technology and water management, distribution of relevant literatures, educational tours and field trips should be organized for the PIMS personnel and members, PIMS should help for obtaining credit facility, adequate and regular supply of canal irrigation water should be managed by PIMS, time schedule for irrigation should be prepared and informed timely and should be strictly followed.ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF BANANA GROWERS IN ANAND DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 2005) PATEL, HARISHKUMAR BECHARBHAI; Patel, K. F.The recent advances in banana production technology have demonstrated that scientific management has great potential for increasing the banana production. Therefore, raising management efficiency is of paramount importance for banana producer. This will open up new vistas and make possible for banana growers to achieve substantial gains in income. There are number of factors affecting the banana production. Management is one of the most important factors which help the banana grower to exploit natural resources and accumulate capital. The efficient use of resources depends to a greater extent on how banana growers acquire and adopt new innovations in the banana cultivation in effective manner to reach higher levels of economic performance through their management efficiency. The present study on "MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF BANANA GROWERS IN ANAND DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE" was undertaken with following specific objectives: 1. To know the profile of the marginal, small and medium banana growers 2. To study the management efficiency and economic performance of marginal, small and medium banana growers 3. To explore the relationship of personal, situational and communicational characteristics with management efficiency of marginal, small and medium banana growers 4. To explore the relationship of personal, situational and communicational characteristics with economic performance of marginal, small and medium banana growers 5. To determine the relationship between management efficiency and economic performance of marginal, small and medium banana growers 6. To know the extent of contribution of selected independent variables on the dependent variables of banana growers 7. To study the direct and indirect effect of the independent variables on the management efficiency of banana growers 8. To study the direct and indirect effect of the independent variables on the economic performance of banana growers and 9. To identify the constraints faced by the banana growers in adoption of improved banana cultivation technology. The present study was undertaken in five talukas of Anand district of Gujarat state. From each taluka, four villages were selected having highest area under banana crop. From each village twelve banana growers (4- marginal, 4- small and 4- medium banana growers) from 20 selected villages constituted a total sample size of 240 respondents at random. The ex-post-facto research design was followed. A scale was developed to measure the management efficiency of banana growers. The dependent and independent variables were measured with appropriate scales and procedures adopted by other research workers. To measure the knowledge level regarding improved banana cultivation technology and attitude towards improved banana cultivation technology, tests were developed by the investigator. An interview schedule was developed in accordance with the objectives of the study and it was pretested and translated in to Gujarati. The data of this study were collected through personal interview. The statistical measures such as percentage, mean, standard deviation, factorial concept, co-efficient of correlation, stepwise multiple regression, standard partial regression coefficient and path analysis were used. MAJOR FINDINGS The important findings of the study are as under: 1. Nearly three-fifth (58.75, 62.50 and 62.50 per cent) of marginal, small and medium banana growers belonged to middle age group i.e.36 to 55 years and had high school to college level education (57.50, 66.25 and 65.00 per cent) respectively. Majority of marginal, small and medium banana growers had medium to high economic motivation (71.25, 75.00 and 84.00 per cent) and risk orientation (75.00, 71.25 and 80.00 per cent),while medium to low experience in banana cultivation (78.75, 82.50 and 80.00 per cent) and self confidence (91.25, 76.25 and 73.75 per cent), whereas medium achievement motivation (77.55, 55.00 and 73.55 per cent), level of aspiration(67.50, 56.25 and 55.00 per cent), scientific orientation(66.25, 60.00 and 42.50 per cent), innovative proneness(61.25, 52.50 and 63.75 per cent),self reliance (57.50, 57.50 and 53.75 per cent), cosmopoliteness (72.50, 63.75 and 76.25 percent), deferred gratification (62.50, 60.00 and 83.75 per cent), competition orientation (72.50,61.25 and51.25 per cent) respectively. Further, these three categories belonged to shaded category (56.25, 65.00 and 36.25 per cent) respectively. 2. Slightly less than three-fifth (58.75, and 58.75 per cent) of marginal and small banana growers and 76.25 per cent medium banana growers had joint family, while more than half (51.25, 52.50 and 60.00 per cent) possessed big family and medium herd size(58.75,47.50 and 53.75 per cent) respectively. 3. Majority of marginal, small and medium banana growers had low to medium participation in training programme (97.50, 90.00 and 96.25 per cent), while medium personal guidance (67.50, 41.25 and 62.50 per cent), and contact with extension agency (78.25, 40.00 and 72.50 per cent) whereas, medium to high level of exposure to mass media (78.75, 87.50 and 72.50 per cent) respectively. 4. In pooled sample 82.05 per cent of banana growers were in young to middle age group and nearly equal per cent (31.67 per cent 32.50 per cent and 30.42 per cent) possessed education at middle school level, high school level and college level respectively. Majority of the banana growers had medium to high economic motivation (76.67 per cent), risk orientation (76.67 per cent), achievement motivation (85.42 per cent), scientific orientation (83.75 per cent), self reliance (95.83 per cent), competition orientation (93.75 per cent), while majority of the respondents had medium to low experience in banana cultivation (80.42 per cent), innovative proneness (89.59 per cent) and self confidence (80.42 per cent) whereas majority of the respondents had medium level of cosmopoliteness(70.83 per cent),deferred gratification (68.75 per cent) and level of aspiration(59.58 per cent). Also 52.50 per cent of the respondents belonged to shaded category. 5. Majority of pooled sample banana growers had joint family (64.58 per cent), big family (54.58 per cent) and medium to low herd size (92.50 per cent). 6. Majority of the respondents in pooled sample had medium to high personal guidance (80.00 per cent) and exposure to mass media (79.58 per cent) while, medium to low contact with extension agency (84.58 per cent) and participation in training programme (94.58 per cent). 7. More than two-third (72.50 and 70.00 per cent) of marginal and medium banana growers while, slightly more than three-fifth (61.25 per cent) of small banana growers had medium management efficiency. In general, it was found that nearly two-third (67.92 per cent) of the respondents had medium management efficiency. 8. About two-third (68.75, 63.75 and 70.00 per cent) of marginal, small and medium banana growers had medium level of economic performance, respectively. In general, it was about 67.50 per cent of the banana growers had medium level of economic performance. 9. There was significant difference in respect of knowledge of improved banana cultivation technology, attitude toward improved banana cultivation practices, ability in planning, ability to make rational decision, timely adoption, ability to mobilize resources, ability to coordinate activities, ability to make rational marketing and competence in evaluation among different categories of banana growers except efficient use of resources. 10. Education, economic motivation, risk orientation, achievement motivation, level of aspiration, scientific orientation, innovative proneness, cosmopoliteness, differed gratification, competition orientation, participation in training programme, personal guidance, contact with extension agency and exposure to mass media were positively and significantly related with management efficiency and economic performance of marginal, small , medium and pooled sample banana growers while, age is negatively and significantly related to management efficiency and economic performance. Experience in banana cultivation was positively and significantly related with management efficiency and economic performance of marginal and pooled sample banana growers while it was non significant in case of small and medium banana growers. Agricultural belief, self confidence, family type, family size and herd size could not establish any significant relationship with management efficiency and economic performance in respect of marginal, small, medium and pooled sample banana growers. 11. Contact with extension agency was found to be most important variable contributing to the management efficiency of marginal banana growers followed by economic motivation, achievement motivation, cosmopoliteness, scientific orientation and herd size which has together contributed 86.79 per cent of the total variation. 12. Personal guidance was found to be most important variable contributing to the management efficiency of small banana growers followed by self confidence, innovative proneness, self reliance, scientific orientation, level of aspiration and economic motivation which has together contributed 89.35 per cent of the total variation. 13. Differed gratification was found to be most important variable contributing to the management efficiency of medium banana growers followed by cosmopoliteness, competition orientation, age and level of aspiration which has together contributed 91.34 per cent of total variation. 14. Economic motivation was found to be the most important variable contributing to the management efficiency of banana growers (pooled sample) followed by differed gratification cosmopoliteness, contact with extension agency, scientific orientation, innovative proneness, level of aspiration, risk orientation and self reliance which has together contributed 86.42 per cent of total variation. 15. Economic motivation was found to be the most important variable contributing to the economic performance of marginal banana growers followed by contact with extension agency, herd size, participation in training programme and exposure to mass media which has jointly accounted for about 78.02 per cent of total variation. 16. Risk orientation was found to be most important variable contributing to the economic performance of small banana growers followed by economic motivation, level of aspiration, scientific orientation and self confidence which has together contributed 78.95 per cent of the total variation. 17. Differed gratification was found to be the most important variable contributing to the economic performance of medium banana growers followed by cosmopoliteness scientific orientation and education which had together contributed 78.88 per cent of the total variation. Economic motivation was found to be the most important variable contributing to the economic performance of banana growers (pooled sample) followed by scientific orientation contact with extension agency, cosmopoliteness, risk orientation and level of aspiration which had together contributed 74.09 per cent of the total variation. The variable economic motivation had exerted the highest positive direct effect on management efficiency of banana growers (pooled sample), while Achievement motivation exhibited the highest positive total indirect effect on management efficiency. So far as substantial indirect effect is concerned, most of the variables exerted first order positive effect on management efficiency through economic motivation followed by through differed gratification and experience in banana cultivation, whereas in case of second order substantial indirect effect, most of the variables exerted their positive effect through differed gratification followed by cosmopoliteness, scientific orientation and participation in training programme respectively. Thus, the variables economic motivation, differed gratification, cosmopoliteness and scientific orientation, were the key variables for providing a way for all other independent variables in exerting their substantial indirect effect on management efficiency. The variable economic motivation had exerted the highest positive direct effect on economic performance of banana growers (pooled). Differed gratification exhibited the highest positive total indirect effect on economic performance. So far as substantial indirect effect is concerned most of the variables exerted first order positive effect on economic performance through economic motivation followed by through scientific orientation and competition orientation, whereas in case of second order substantial indirect effect, most of the variables exerted their positive effect through scientific orientation followed by risk orientation and cosmopoliteness respectively. Thus, the variables economic motivation, scientific orientation, risk orientation and cosmopoliteness were the key variables for providing a way for all other independent variables in exerting their substantial indirect effect on economic performance of banana growers (pooled sample). 21. The most important constraints faced by banana growers in adoption of improved banana cultivation technology were: irregular supply of electric power, non availability of pesticide at village level, uncertainty of price, lack of own tube well, difficulty in calculation of doses of fertilizer, high cost of tissue culture plant and insufficient training programme.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED CHILLI TECHNOLOGY IN VADODARA DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 2005) PATEL, BABUBHAI DAHYABHAI; Trivedi, M. S.Horticulture sector is a prominent sector among agriculture and allied activities as means of diversification and nature has placed India in a place of pride on horticultural development map of the world. India is second largest producer, consumer and exporter of spice and spice based byproduct. In the orient chilli popularly known as mirchi (Capsicum annum L.) is an important commercial and vegetable cum spice crop of India. The total area, production and productivity of chilli crop in India and Gujarat looks impressive but is not up to mark of its potential. The above facts would substantiate the need to find out such lacuna on the part of chilli growers. One way by which extension scientist can contribute to this task is to find out better ways and means of promoting chilli cultivation technology. There is a great scope of increasing its export by increasing its quality production through adoption of modern chilli cultivation technology. Thus, looking to the importance of factors related with adoption of chilli cultivation technology for narrowing the gap existing between actual yield to its potential yield a study entitle "A STUDY ON ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED CHILLI TECHNOLOGY IN VADODARA DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE" was under taken with following specific objectives. 1. To study the personal, social, economic and psychological characteristics of chilli growers. 2. To determine the extent of adoption of recommended chilli technology by chilli growers. 3. To ascertain the relationship if any between selected characteristics of chilli growers and their adoption of recommended chilli technology. 4. To know the constraints faced by chilli growers in adoption of recommended chilli technology. 5. To seek the suggestions of chilli growers to overcome the constraints faced by them. METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted in Vadodara district of Gujarat state. Out of twelve talukas, three talukas having higher land under chilli cultivation were purposively selected. 150 chilli growers from 15 village of these selected taluka were randomly selected for study purpose and considered as respondents. There response was collected through pre tested, well structured, Gujarati version, personal interview schedule. The respondents were contacted at their home or at their field. The dependent and independent variables were measured by utilizing appropriate scale and procedures adopted by other research worker with some modifications. The statistical tools used to analyze the data were: percentage, mean, standard deviation, coefficient of correlation and path coefficient.' MAJOR FINDINGS 1. More than three fifth of the chilli growers were belonged to middle age group. 2. A large majority of the chilli growers were literate and very few were illiterate. 3. Slightly more than half of the respondent had medium level of experience. 4. Overwhelming majority of the chilli growers were found untrained. 5. More than three fourth of the chilli growers had large size of family. 6. More than three fifth of the chilli growers had medium extension contact. 7. A large majority of the chilli grower had membership in an organization. 8. Slightly less than two third of the chilli growers had medium utilization of information source. 9. More than two third of the chilli growers had large size of land holding. 10. Chilli growers according to their annual income were more or less equally distributed. 11. More than two third of the respondents had farming as their main occupation. 12. Overwhelming majority of the chilli growers had cropping intensity up to 125 percent. 13. More than half of the respondents had medium level of cosmopoliteness. 14. Nearly less than two third of the chilli growers fall in group of medium economic motivation. 15. Exactly three fifth of the chilli growers had medium level of scientific orientation. 16. More than two third of the chilli growers had medium level of riskorientation. 17. More than two third of the chilli growers had medium level of knowledge regarding chilli cultivation technology. 18. More than two third of the chilli growers had medium level of adoption regarding chilli cultivation technology. 19. Out of seventeen dependent variables, eleven variables were significantly correlated with the adoption level of recommended chilli technology. Amongst the eleven variables, ten variables viz, education, training received, extension contact, social participation, source of information utilized, cosmopoliteness, economic motivation, scientific orientation, risk orientation and knowledge had positive and significant correlation with their level of adoption whereas age was negatively and significantly correlated. Rest independent variables viz, experience in chilli cultivation, size of family, size of land holding, annual income, occupation and cropping intensity failed to show any correlation with the adoption level. 20. Among the seventeen variables five variables Viz, knowledge, education, training received, extent of sources of information utilized and annual income contributed 74.90 per cent variation on extent of adoption of chilli technology by the chilli growers and training received and knowledge exerted powerful effect on it. 21. Knowledge of the chilli growers regarding chilli cultivation technology was the key variable in exerting considerable direct and substantial effect on adoption of recommended chilli cultivation technology. Risk orientation and training received were the major trait in determination of adoption level through positive indirect effect where as age of the chilli growers is only character which influenced negatively and indirectly. 22. High cost of inputs, lack of man power, irregular electric supply and lack of finance were the major constraint faced by the chilli growers in adoption of recommended chilli technology. 23. A large majority of the chilli grower's opion that efforts should be made to minimize the input cost followed by timely and sufficient electric supply should be provided to minimize the constraints they faced in adoption of recommended technology.ThesisItem Open Access INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF THE TRIBAL FARMWOMEN ABOUT MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS IN CHHOTAUDEPUR TALUKA OF GUJARAT(AAU, Anand, 2004) GHOSH, RAJIV NIRANJAN; Chauhan, N. B.Since ages, due to the cultural reasons tribal farmwomen have remained socially and economically backward. They are considered as weaker section and have been the object of exploitation. Tribal women have been denied equal opportunities for their personal growth and social development but the prosperity and growth of the tribal depend on status and development of their women. Tribal farmwomen actually contribute more economic terms than is usually recognized. In addition to various economic activities of tribal farmwomen, they also participate in indigenous knowledge about the medicinal uses of the plants by way of self-doing, supervising or assisting. Indigenous knowledge about the medicinal uses of the plants is considered to be the best means for their family survival. By this way their participation is noticed in collection, selling and generating household income. They are able to run their family with the locally available resources and solve their family sickness problems by utilizing and applying indigenous knowledge. Moreover, the tribal farmwomen encounter many problems in their daily chores of life. Considering the above facts the present study entitied "Indigenous knowledge of the tribal farmwomen about medicinal uses of plants in Chhotaudepur taluka of Gujarat" was conducted with the following specific objectives. 1. To study profile of the tribal farmwomen located around medicinal plants. 2. To find out opinion of the tribal farmwomen regarding use of plants for medicinal purpose. .3. To measure the existing indigenous knowledge of the tribal farmwomen about medicinal uses of some of the selected plants available around them. 4. To know the indigenous medicinal uses of the plants by the tribal farmwomen. 5. To find out relationship between profile of the tribal farmwomen and their indigenous knowledge about medicinal uses of some of the selected plants available around them. 6. To analyze constraints faced by the tribal farmwomen in identification and use of plants for human health care available around them. 7. To seek the suggestions of the tribal farmwomen to improve their existing status of indigenous knowledge and uses of plants for human health care. The methodological procedure consisted of dependent and independent variables, setting and selection of the respondents, analysis of data and various statistical measures used to test the hypothesis. To measure the knowledge of tribal farmwomen about the indigenous use of medicinal plants, four types of information was collected for each plant; their knowledge was measured in terms of identification of the plant, awareness about season of availability, medicinal uses and which particular part of each pant is useful for medicinal purpose. To measure the selected independent variables the scales developed by various researchers were used with slightly modifications. In present investigation was carried out on a random sample of total 100 tribal farmwomen. The data were collected with the help of structural schedule by personal interview method. The data so collected were coded, classified, tabulated and analyzed in order to make the findings meaningful.ThesisItem Open Access TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT OF TOBACCO PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY BY TOBACCO GROWERS(AAU, Anand, 2005) TULASIBHAI, PATEL SAHILKUMAR; Patel, B. B.Present era is known as science and technology, where knowledge and skill is being generated in every field at an amazing speed. The emerging knowledge and technology become the strategic resources for accelerating the pace of advancement. So far, it signifies immense importance of speedy and effective transfer of technology and knowledge to the users. "The only way this can be done is through education and training". Hence, a farmer training fits very well in the present context of agricultural extension strategy and has become a significant variable directly influencing the agricultural development. A training program originates with the needs of the training and conducting with its fulfillment. Hence, training needs is the foundation on which the entire training program rests. Thus, the present research study was planned with the following specific objectives: 1. To study the personal and socio-economic characteristics of the tobacco growers. 2. To study the information sources utilized by the tobacco growers. 3. To identify training needs of the tobacco growers. 4. To study relationship if any between personal and socioeconomic characteristics of the tobacco growers and training needs of tobacco growers. 5. To know relative importance of independent variables in assessment of training needs of the tobacco growers. 6. To know direct and indirect effect of independent variables on training needs of the tobacco growers. 7. To ascertain the constraints faced by the tobacco growers in adoption of tobacco cultivation. 8. To know suggestions of the tobacco growers to overcome various constraints faced by them, in tobacco cultivation. The present study was conducted in randomly selected 12 villages of Mahudha taluka of Kheda district. A random sample from 12 villages was selected for the study. The data were collected with the help of interview schedule by conducting personal interview in the month of Feb.-March 2005. For measurement of independent and dependent variables, appropriate scales developed and adopted by other research scientists were used with due modifications. The data were percent, standard deviation, correlation of coefficient, step wise regression and path analysis.ThesisItem Open Access APPLICATION OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF PLANT MATERIALS FOR ANIMAL HEALTH TREATMENT AMONG THE ANIMAL KEEPERS IN KAPADWANJ TALUKA OF GUJARAT(AAU, Anand, 2005) GOHIL, ASHOKKUMAR MANILAL; Chauhan, N. B.The animal keepers are known in carrying out experiments with plants, animals and natural resources available around them. The information thus, gained by them over a period of time during their everyday experiments with natural resources has been passing by casual way of wisdom from generation to generation by words of mouth. This information in today's parlance is called local knowledge, traditional knowledge, traditional wisdom or simply indigenous knowledge. Indigenous knowledge contains both technical and non-technical fields covering various social and religious taboos, beliefs, customs, communication pattern, music, ecology, vegetation, climate and monsoon. Indigenous knowledge is mostly transferred through the socio-cultural system and it is sustained and developed through the spoken traditions, folk talks, proverbs etc. It is summation of knowledge based on people's accumulated experience and experiments in dealing with situations and problems in a variety of aspects of existence. India has prosperous plant medical cultures in the world. It is uselessness that though numerous medicinal plants exist in all most all villages of rural India, they have remained unexploited due to difficulties regarding recognition and lack of familiarity about medicinal value of the plant materials. It is therefore necessary to have adequate and reliable information on existing situation. With a view to analyzing this, present study on application of indigenous knowledge of plant materials was undertaken in light of the following objectives. 1. To study profile of the animal keepers. 2. To measure the existing indigenous knowledge of the animal keepers about medicinal value of the selected plant materials for animal health treatment. 3. To study the adoption pattern of the animal keepers about medicinal values of the selected plant materials for animal health treatment. 4. To find out relationship between profile of the animal keepers and their indigenous knowledge about medicinal value of the selected plant materials for animal health treatment. 5. To find out relationship between profile of the animal keepers and their adoption about medicinal values of selected plant materials for animal health treatment. 6. To analyze constraints faced by the animal keepers in identification and adoption of medicinal values of plants available around them. 7. To seek the suggestions of the animal keepers to improve their existing status of knowledge and adoption of medicinal values of plants available around them. The methodological procedure consisted of dependent and independent variables, setting and selection of the respondents, analysis of data and various statistical measures used to test the hypothesis. To measure the knowledge of animal keepers about the indigenous medicinal values of the selected plant materials, four types of information was collected for each plant; their knowledge was measured in terms of identification of the plants, awareness about season of availability, which particular part of pants is useful for medicinal purpose and usefulness of plant to treat various diseases of animals. The adoption of plant/ plant material to treat particular disease was measured in three ways as "did not use any time", "used once" and "used more than one time". To measure the selected independent variables the scales developed by various researchers were used with slightly modifications. The present investigation was carried out on a random sample of total 150 animal keepers. The data were collected with the help of structural schedule by personal interview method. The data so collected were coded, classified, tabulated and analyzed in order to make the findings meaningful. MAJOR FINDINGS 1. Majority (51.33 per cent) of the animal keepers had old age, education up to the primary and secondary level (68.67 per cent), above 20 years of farming and animal husbandry experience (65.33 per cent), low level of organizational participation (78.00 per cent), 5 to 8 member in their family (60.67 per cent), nuclear type of family (54.00 per cent), eldest person in their family up to the age of 60 years (60.00 per cent), medium level of extension contact (86.67 per cent), farming and animal husbandry as major occupations (88.67 per cent), up to 4 ha of land holding (57.34 per cent), above 3 animals (52.66 per cent), low level of annual income (56.67 per cent), medium level of cosmopoliteness (82.67 per cent) and medium level of non-fatalism (75.34 per cent). 2. The great majority (58.00 per cent) of the animal keepers opined that the plants are highly useful to eradicate majority of the animal diseases (58.00 per cent), effect shown by plant materials for animal health treatment is very slow but they like to use it (95.33 per cent), indigenous use of plant materials for animal health treatment is not difficult (68.00 per cent), indigenous use of plant materials for animal health treatment is better than allopathic medicines (58.00 per cent), medicinal plants are health promoter for animal health so, they prefer it (100.00 per cent), plants are very cheap for animal health treatment (100.00 per cent). The neutral opinion was received from the majority (70.66 per cent) of them for the statement indigenous medicinal usages of plants do not require more technical knowledge. There was medium point of overall opinion towards the application of selected plants materials for animal health treatment (81.33 per cent). 3. The cent per cent (100.00 per cent) of the animal keepers had knowledge regarding the identification of the plants like Limbdo, Chanothi, Ardusa, Kunvar patho, Suva, Sitaphal, Kachka, Akado, Kuvadiyo, Dhaturo, Vad, Dodi, Tulsi, Isabgul, Gokhru and Ajmo. While majority of them had knowledge regarding identification of the plants like Anghedo (98.00 per cent), Darudi (92.66 per cent), Satavari (75.33 per cent) and Panfutti (72.00 per cent). 4. The cent per cent (100.00 per cent) of the animal keepers had knowledge regarding the season of availability of Limbdo, Chanothi, Ardusa, Kunvar patho, Suva, Sitaphal, Kachka, Akado, Kuvadiyo, Dhaturo, Vad, Dodi, Tulsi, Isabgul, Gokhru, and Ajmo. 5. The cent per cent (100.00 per cent) of the animal keepers had knowledge regarding which particular part of plant is useful for animal health treatment. These plants were Limbdo, Suva, Tulsi, Isabgul and Ajmo. While majority of them had similar knowledge for Sitaphal (99.33 per cent), Akado (99.33 per cent), Dodi (98.66 per cent) Kunvar patho (97.33 per cent), Ardusa (96.00 per cent), Anghedo (92.00 per cent), Vad (89.33 per cent), Dhaturo (97.33 per cent), Chanothi (69.33 per cent), Gokhru (66.66 per cent) and Darudi (60.00 per cent). 6. Majority of the animal keepers had indigenous knowledge of usages of Limbdo for animal health treatment like tumors, skin diseases and cough by 93.33, 82.00, 82.00 and 18.66 per cent, Chanothi for dropping of placenta by 68.00 per cent, Anghedo for the treatment of skin eruption by 76.66 per cent, Ardusa for skin diseases and diarrhoea by 74.66 and 55.33per cent, Kunvar patho for tumors, skin diseases and eye diseases by 84.00, 75.33 and 55.33 per cent, Suva for abdominal pains and urine pains by 100.00 and 88.66 per cent, Sitaphal for foot and mouth diseases and de-worming by 97.33 Mid 54.66 per cent, Darudi for itching by 53.33 per cent, Akado for removing swelling and tumors by 98.00 and 56.00 per cent, Dhaturo for the treatment of asthma by 82.66, per cent, Vad for diarrhoea by 89.33 per cent, Dodi for the treatment of eye diseases by 90.67 per cent, Isabgul for the treatment of dysentery, mild astringent and diarrhoea by 100.00, 99.33 and 92.00 per cent, Gokharu for urinary calculosis by 63.33 per cent and Ajmo for the treatment of dyspepsia in animal by 100.00 per cent, respectively. 7. The level of adoption by animal keepers regarding plant materials for animal health treatment was observed better for those plants which were available around them such as Limbdo was adopted more than once to treat their animal for tumors by (91.33 per cent), skin disease (78.67 per cent), cough (80.66 per cent) and for leprosy (14.00 per cent). Chanothi was used for dropping of placenta (56.66 per cent), Anghedo for removing worm (33.33 per cent) and skin eruption (72.00 per cent), Ardusa for diarrhoea (48.00 per cent), skin disease (68.67 per cent) and dysentery (34.67 per cent), Kunvar patho for tumors (62.66 per cent) and skin disease (57.33 per cent). Suva for abdominal pain (97.33 per cent) and urine pains (86.67 per cent). Other plant like Sitaphal was adopted more than once for deworming (44,00 per cent) and foot and mouth disease (94.00 per cent), Darudi was adopted for the treatment of their animal disease like itching (44.67 per cent), Kachka for treatment of body heating (33.34 per cent), Akado for tumors (53.33 per cent), skin disease (38.67 per cent) and remove swelling (93.34 per cent), Dhaturo for asthma (74.66 per cent), fever (34.00 per cent), skin disease (28.67 per cent), Vad in diarrhoea (80.00 per cent) and dysentery (37.33 per cent), Dodi for increasing milk (21.33 per cent), eye diseases (82.66 per cent) and inducing heat (42.00 per cent), Isabgul for dysentery (100.00 per cent), mild astringent (99.33 per cent) and diarrhoea (89.33 per cent), Gokhru for urinary calculosis (46.00 per cent) and kidney disease (24.00 per cent), where as Ajmo was used in case of dyspepsia by majority of (98.67 per cent) the animal keepers. 8. The indigenous knowledge of the animal keepers about the medicinal values of the selected plant materials was significantly correlated with their age, farming experience, animal husbandry experience and size of family. 9. The level of adoption of indigenous knowledge of the animal keepers about the medicinal values of the selected plant materials was significantly correlated with their age, farming experience, animal husbandry experience and opinion. 10. The major constraints faced by the animal keepers in adoption of plant materials for anunal health treatment in decreasing order of rank were; inadequate training exposure on indigenous uses of plants for animal health treatment, camp on animal health treatment by indigenous plant materials are not arranged at village level, poor campaigning of medicinal uses of plant materials for animal health treatment, unavailability of information from VLWs on medicinal usages of plant materials for animal health treatment and lack of exhibited live specimens of plants useful for animal health treatment. 11. Major suggestion expressed by the animal keepers to encourage indigenous medicinal uses of plants among animal keepers were; medicinal uses of plant for animal health treatment should be exhibited by maintaining live museum at public places like temple or school, available medicinal plants at village level are collect and arrangement for animal health treatments, need to organize training camp at village level, information on medicinal uses of plants should be given in school and Gram Panchayat through charts and posters, need to arrange exhibition showing importance of plants for animal health at village level and need to arrange visits of the botanical garden to create awareness among animal keepers about the medicinal uses of plants for animal health treatments.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE ROLE OF FARM SCIENCE CENTRE AS A QUANTUM CATALYST IN THE TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE DANGS DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 2001) BARIYA, RAMESHBHAI KOYABHAI; WAGHMARE, S. K.We are all aware that agriculture is the engine of our national growth and for that matter we have to move forward and be competitive. We should not lag behind in the Post-GATT scenario. The backbone of all agricultural extension endeavour is the transfer of agricultural information and technologies to enhance the productive capacity of fanners. India is now known to have sustained and significant rise in agricultural production in which the contribution of KVKs is quite phenomenal and vital. With this conviction, India government made announcement from time to time for the establishment of KVK in every district of the country. This investigation related to the role of Farm Science Centre in the tribal development is an attempt in this direction with the following objectives. 1. To study the socio-economic and psychological characteristics of the farmers of the villages adopted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra. 2. To study the impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra in the surrounding villages in terms of increase in knowledge and adoption of improved technology. 3. To know the useful teaching methods adopted by trainers of Krishi Vigyan Kendra for rural development. 4. To study the attitude of the respondents towards Krishi Vigyan Kendra. 5. To evaluate the performance of Krishi Vigyan Kendra against targets and achievements. 6. To develop an extension strategy by obtaining the suggestions from farmers and Krishi Vigyan Kendra's staff for strengthening Krishi Vigyan Kendra. 7. To study the linkages and resources developed by KVK in the district. 8. To find out the consfraints of farmers m the adoption of improved farm technology suggested by Krishi Vigyan Kendra. 9. To study the relationship between the socio-economic and psychological characteristics and gain in knowledge and adoption of improved technologies. Research Methodology : The study was specially confined to KVK of Gujarat Agricultural University situated at Waghai as it is functioning in South Gujarat region of Gujarat state. In order to know the development of KVKs in Gujarat state, KVKs at Deesa, Devataj, Devgadh Baria, Waghai, Randheja, Ambheti, Chaswad, Golagamdi, Sadau and Samoda were covered. A sample of 100 trained and 100 untrained farmers of KVK Waghai were drawn randomly from 10 villages, which were also selected on random basis. From each village 10 trained and 10 untrained respondents were selected. Thus, a total of 200 farmers were selected for the study. The data in respect of the objective of evaluating the performance of Krishi Vigyan Kendra was gathered through a questionnaire, while information with respect to the impact of training programme was collected through a structured schedule designed for this purpose. The ex-post facto research design was employed in the study. The collected data were analysed by using statistical tools like frequency, percentages, co-efficient of correlation, multiple regression and path analysis. Major findings: 1. Majority of the trained respondents were middle aged, having primary level of education. They had nuclear family with 5 to 9 members and were participating in one social organisations. They were coming from lower caste possessing 2 to 5 hectares of land and majority had low extension participation. Majority of them were earning less than Rs. 10000 per annum and they had farming plus labour as main occupation. Majority of the respondents had high risk orientation, economic-motivation and scientific orientation. In case of untrained respondents, majority of farmers were also middle aged and they had formal education upto primary level. They were also having nuclear family of 5 to 9 members in the family. They were participating in one social organizations. They belonged to lower caste and were having 2 to 5 hectares of land. Majority of them were also earning less than Rs. 10000 per year. They had farming plus labour as main occupation and majority had low extension participation. Majority of the respondents had medium risk orientation, economic motivation and scientific orientation. 2. Majority of trained respondents had medium level of knowledge in paddy cultivation and high level of knowledge in gram cultivation. In combination of paddy and gram cultivation, majority of them had medium to high level of knowledge In case of untrained respondents, majority of them had low level of knowledge in paddy cultivation and medium level of knowledge in gram cultivation. In combination of paddy and gram cultivation, majority of the respondents had low to medium level of knowledge. It was also found that the extent of knowledge differed significantly with the trained and untrained respondents. 3. Majority of the trained respondents had medium level of adoption in paddy cultivation and gram cultivation. In combination of paddy and gram farming, majority of them were found to have medium level of adoption. In case of untrained respondents, majority of them had low level of adoption in paddy cultivation and gram cultivation. In combination of paddy and gram farming, majority of the untrained respondents showed their level of adoption at the medium level. It was also reported that the extent of adoption significantly differs with the trained and untrained respondents. 4. There are 54 per cent variation with knowledge and 30 per cent with adoption by independent variables. Extension participation, risk orientation and scientific orientation are the most important factors, whereas in case of adoption, family type, family size, extension participation, land holding and risk orientation had important bearing. Scientific orientation had maximum direct positive effect on the knowledge of the respondents followed by occupation, risk orientation and income. It was observed that land holding had highest positive direct effect on the adoption followed by family type and risk orientation. 5. The training aids such as Black Board, Printed/Cyclostyled Literature, Result Demonstration, Meetings and Method Demonstration have been used to the maximum extent by the trainers of KVK. 6. Majority of trained and untrained respondents had a favourable and unfavourable attitude towards Krishi Vigyan Kendra, respectively. The respondents of both the groups differed as regard their attitude towards KVK. 7. The performance of KVK was satisfactory in terms of staff position except KVKs at Devataj, Ambheti and Golagamdi. Subjectwise training courses by all KVKs in Gujarat was also satisfactory. The infrastructural facilities were satisfactory in all KVKs except at Devataj, Waghai, Chaswad and Golagamdi. First Line Demonstration recorded 15 to 52 per cent higher yield over local check. 8. During on campus training lodging and boarding facilities should be arranged. Training on plant protection and fruit crops should be arranged. 9. There was a strong linkage of KVK with government agencies as well as non-government agencies. 10. 'Inadequate availability of FYM', 'Lack of knowledge about plant protection measures', 'Inadequate source of finance', 'Lack of co-ordination among the farmers' and 'Fatalistic attitude towards technology' were important problems experienced by the respondents in farming. 11. Social participation, extension participation and scientific orientation of trained respondents were having positive significant relationship with the knowledge gained by the respondents. While family size had negative highly significant relationship with the knowledge. Education, family type, extension participation, land holding and risk orientation of trained farmers had positively significant relationship with the adoption of improved technology.ThesisItem Open Access INDIGENOUS AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE FARMERS ABOUT VARIOUS USES OF NEEM IN ANAND TALUKA OF GUJARAT(AAU, Anand, 2005) BHAGAT, PRAJAKTA R.; CHAUHAN, N. B.The neem tree (Azadirachta indica A Juss. Formerly known as Melia azadirachtd) belonging to the family Meliaceae is known for thousands of years in the Indian sub-continent by different names such as Indian lilac or Margosa tree. Ayurveda, have mentioned the wide range of uses of neem for treating wide range of diseases and symptoms. The leaves are known to be effective against seasonal fever, dermatological diseases and worms. They are burnt to repel the mosquitoes. The twigs are used as toothbrush (Daatun). Oil has spermicidal effect and can prove as a good contraceptive. It is also used for the treatment of head louse. When the oil is applied to the chronic wounds and ulcers on the body, it quickens the cure. Neem is also used in toothpaste, cosmetics and aromatic preparations. Thus, every part of this tree is found useful. Moreover, neem is used in various ways in agriculture also. Plantation of neem trees on field bunds can prove as an effective windbreak. The leaves are used as good fertilizer. Apart from leaves, seed cake is also a very good fertilizer. In addition, it helps in controlling the nematode problem. It also enriches the soil health, increases soil fertility, changes the soil structure and makes the land live for long period to produce good amount of produce. Thus, it is used as organic manure, soil conditioner, promoter of fertilizer use efficiency, nematode control agent, natural insecticide and pesticide with least harmful residual effect and considered as a tree with versatile uses. The neem tree has a wide range of adaptability, thus it can be grown in a less fertile land. The tree flourishes best in the rainfall between 400 to 1200 mm, can withstand the temperature as high as 44 to 48 degree centigrade and can be grown up to the altitude of 1500 m. It can survive in acidic soil also but in alkaline soil (pH 8.2), it shades its leaves. Thus, the best pH for it is 6.5. In spite of such versatility, the indigenous and scientific usages of this tree have not been utilized by the Indian people. Thus, we are sitting on a gold mine but have been unable to excavate it. To dig out this god gifted, naturally available treasure what else can be the source other than the farmers- the true son of land and the treasurer of the cultural heritage. Moreover, to improve the productivity of neem and to popularize the cultivation, it is necessary to expand indigenous and scientific knowledge of this tree among the farmers and formulizations of a strategy to popularize neem by strong extension network to highlight the benefits of neem, needs to be established. Looking to the above fact, the present study of indigenous and scientific knowledge about various uses of neem and its adoption level was carried out in Anand Taluka of Gujarat with the following specific objectives. 1. To study profile of the farmers located around neem. 2. To find out opinion of the farmers regarding the uses of neem. 3. To measure the indigenous and scientific knowledge of farmers about neem. 4. To find out pattern of adoption of various parts of neem by the farmers. 5. To find out relationship between profile of the farmers and their indigenous and scientific knowledge about various uses of neem. 6. To find out relationship between profile of the farmers and their pattern of adoption of indigenous and scientific values of neem. 7. To analyze constraints faced by the farmers in use of neem and neem products. 8. To seek the suggestions of the farmers to improve their existing status of knowledge and for improving uses of neem for various purposes. The methodological procedure consisted of dependent and independent variables, setting and selection of the respondents, analysis of data and various statistical measures used to test the hypothesis. To measure the knowledge and pattern of adoption of the farmers, four types of information were collected for each use of each part of neem tree; whether they know the particular use, adopted that use in past, adopting the same use presently and their willingness to adopt it in future after knowing the use. To measure the selected independent variables, the scales developed by various researchers were used with slight modifications. The present investigation was carried out on a random sample of total 120 farmers. The data were collected with the help of structural schedule by personal interview method. The data so collected were coded, classified, tabulated and analyzed in order to make the findings meaningful. MAJOR FINDINGS 1. Majority of the respondent farmers having neem tree near by their home or farm had middle age (51.67 per cent), up to secondary or more than that level of formal education (90.00 per cent), medium or big land holdings (84.16 per cent), agriculture and animal husbandry as main occupation (83.33 per cent), up to two milch animals (69.17 per cent), between 50, 000/- to 1, 00,000/- Rupees of annual income (54.16 per cent), membership in at least one social organization (80.83 per cent), joint type of family (76.77 per cent), up to five members in their family (54.16 per cent), the eldest family member above the age of 50 year (70.00 per cent), no any exposure of farm magazine (44.17 per cent), high level of newspaper reading exposure (51.67 per cent), medium to high level of farm televiewing exposure (76.67 per cent), high level of extension contact (42.50 per cent), high level of cosmopoliteness (100.00 per cent), high level of scientific orientation (85.84 per cent) and high level of favorable opinion about the various uses of neem(99.16 per cent). Majority of the farmers opined that "neem can be used to cure many diseases of human beings" (100.00 per cent); "there is no side effect of neem on human health" (100.00 per cent); "neem is as useful as "kalpavriksha" (100.00 per cent); "neem can be used in various ways as plant protection measure" (100.00 per cent); "they had not realized any objection in using neem though it is bitter in test" (68.34 per cent). Whereas majority had a neutral opinion about "Application of neem is tedious job" (54.16 per cent). Majority of the farmers had knowledge of indigenous and scientific agricultural uses of neem like, tree to make best use of fellow land (100.00 per cent), to prevent soil erosion (100.00 per cent) and to make farm implements (99.16 per cent); leaves for storage of grains (100.00 per cent), as a fertilizer (100.00 per cent) and as an animal feed (100.00 per cent); oil to control leaf eating caterpillar (96.66 per cent), to control Helicoverpa spp. (98.33 per cent) to control hairy caterpillar (75.83 per cent), to control sucking pests in cotton (74.16 per cent), to prepare pesticides (66.66 per cent), to control fungus (64.16 per cent) and to control aphids (55.00 per cent); cake to improve fertility of soil (100.00 per cent) and to control nematodes (81.66 per cent) and roots to prevent soil erosion (98.33 per cent). At the same time, majority of them did not know the agricultural uses of neem like, branches to know the source of underground water (85.84 per cent); oil to control larvae of fruits (okra) (80.00 per cent), to control diamond back moth (cabbage) (75.84 per cent), to control white grub (70.00 per cent) and to control castor semilooper (70.94 per cent) and cake for coating of urea (61.67 per cent). Majority of the farmers had knowledge of other indigenous and scientific uses of neem like, tree for shadow (100.00 per cent), wood for furniture (100.00 per cent) and to create conducive atmosphere for good raining (98.33 per cent); leaves to prevent mosquito incidence (100.00 per cent), to cure fever (100.00 per cent), as an ingredient of soap and toothpaste (98.33 per cent), to cure dermal diseases (97.50 per cent), as a medicine for worms (80.83 per cent) and to control diabetes (78.33 per cent); twigs as a toothbrush (datun) (100.00 per cent) and oil to control dandruff (76.66 per cent), in preparation of medicines (100.00 per cent), as an ingredient of soap (99.16 per cent) and to cure gumboil of teeth (64.16 per cent). At the same time, majority of them did not know the other uses of neem like, tree for rearing of galo (Tinospora cordifolid) (68.34 per cent); leaves as a medicine for piles (98.34 per cent), to cure ill health resulted by opium consumption (98.34 per cent), for counteracting scorpion poison (97.50 per cent), for counteracting snake poison (73.34 per cent) and to relieve cough (64.17 per cent); oil as a contraceptive (95.84 per cent), as nasal drop to cure sinus (85.84 per cent) and to prevent mosquito biting (69.17 per cent); gum as a medicine against itching (99.17 per cent) and as a tonic (83.34 per cent) and root to prepare paste (Ghanvatt) (100.00 per cent). Only one variable that is farm magazine exposure had positive significant correlation with indigenous and scientific knowledge of the farmers about various uses of neem. One variable that is scientific orientation had negative significant correlation while, age of the eldest member in the family, knowledge and age had positive significant correlation with adoption of the farmers about various uses of neem in past. Cosmopoliteness and scientific orientation had negative significant correlation while; age of the eldest member in the family and age had positive significant correlation with adoption of the farmers about various uses of neem at present. Occupation and scientific orientation had negative significant correlation while; age of the eldest member in the family had positive significant correlation with adoption of the farmers about various uses of neem in future. 9. The less exposure of training, unavailability of sufficient literature on usages of neem, less coverage of such information in communication means, insufficient knowledge about various uses of neem, unavailability of neem based products in market and unavailability required quantity of neem were major constrains faced by the farmers in using neem for agriculture, health and other purposes. 10. The major suggestions given by the farmers in this regards were; training programmes on various uses of neem should be organized at village level, the posters showing various uses of neem should be displayed at gram panchayat, co-operative organizations and other public places in village, Indigenous knowledge should be tested on scientific grounds and should be extended further, guidance on the uses of neem should be provided right from school level and efforts should be made to use fellow land by neem plantation to create awareness about neem.