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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF DROUGHT ON BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERS, GUM QUALITY AND STUDY OF GALACTOMANNAN IN CLUSTER BEAN (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub) GENOTYPES(DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY B. A. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2019) Adbhai Anuja Rameshchand; Dr. J. G. TalatiCluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. 2n = 14] is an important vegetable crop locally known as “guar”. The name guar is derived from Sanskrit word “Gau & ahar” which means food for cow. Cluster bean gum (Galactomannan) is a high molecular weight carbohydrate polymer made up of a large number of mannose and galactose unit linked together. Guar gum is being used in various industries like pharmaceuticals, food, petroleum and paper etc. Various properties of gum are important for selection like mannose: galactose (M:G) ratio, viscosity and rheological properties which can be affect by abiotic stress. The present experiments were carried out to study effect of drought on various morphological, biochemical, gum quality and molecular parameters in cluster bean genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEOMICS STUDY DURING ROOT KNOT NEMATODE (Meloidogyne incognita) INFECTION IN TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY B. A. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) Vyomesh Shailesh Patel; Dr. Y. M. ShuklaTomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., 2n=2x=24) is an important vegetable for human consumption because of its enriched nutritional composition that provide the basic body nutritional requirements. In recent years, it has attracted the attention due to the anti-carcinogenic and antioxidant property of lycopene and ascorbic acid. Tomato (S. lycopersicum L.) is affected by various diseases caused mainly by fungi, bacteria and nematodes. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) found to be very fatal infective agents and cause severe yield loses. The present investigation was undertaken to enhance understanding regarding the molecular and biochemical changes that takes place in the tomato seedlings under root knot biotic stress. Better understanding about the exact mechanism of plant response towards such biotic stress can help to improve screening strategies for the selection of resistant cultivars. Two tomato cultivars AT 3 (Susceptible) and SL 120 (Resistant) grown under sterile and root knot nematode (3000 J2 stage larvae per plant) inoculated soil were used for differential gene expression and proteomics study during root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) infection in tomato (S. lycopersicum L.).ThesisItem Open Access BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF COLD-INDUCED SWEETENING IN POTATO (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L.) VARIETIES DURING STORAGE(AAU, Anand, 2014) GALANI, YAMDEU JOSEPH HUBERT; TALATI, J. G.Potato (Solatium tuberosum L.) is the third most important food crop, the most important non-grain food crop and one of the most essential basic vegetable worldwide as well as in Indian subcontinent. After harvest, potatoes are stored in cold storage to provide round the year supply to markets and consumers. But during storage at cold temperatures, many cultivars accumulate free reducing sugars derived from breakdown of starch to sucrose that is ultimately cleaved by acid invertase to produce glucose and fructose in a metabolic process known as cold-induced sweetening (CIS). Understanding the basis of CIS in potato tubers is of interest not only in basic research on plant adaptation to environmental stress but also in applied research, since high amounts of reducing sugars adversely affect the quality of processed food products. Investigations were carried out to characterize at biochemical and molecular levels the CIS in 11 potato varieties namely DSP 287, DSP 186, Kufri Surya, K. Chipsona-3, K. Sutlej, K. Sadabahar, K. Jyoti, K. Lauvkar, K. Himsona, K. Bahar and K. Badshah stored at 3 different temperatures viz., room temperature (25-32°C), incubator (15°C) and cold storage (4°C). Samples, collected every 15 days intervals for 105 days storage were analyzed for different parameters associated with carbohydrate metabolism on one side, and antioxidant capacity on the other side. Analysis of carbohydrate dynamics showed that low temperature storage negligibly influenced dry matter, starch and maltose contents of tubers, but a significant increase in reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, fructose, glucose, hexoses:sucrose ratio and a decrease of sucrose content were observed at 4°C as compared to room temperature. A strong positive correlation was found between reducing sugars and total soluble sugars, and between fructose and glucose. Additionally, important shrinkage and sprouting of tubers was observed at 15°C, they were less intense at room temperature, and no any shrinkage and sprouting occurred on tubers stored at 4°C. The potato varieties also appeared to be suitable for processing immediately after harvest or short storage at room temperature. The activity of β-amylase was considerably increased by storage at low temperature, and a weak correlation with starch content indicated an important role of other enzymes in starch degradation while absence of maltose accumulation with increased β-amylase activity implied a possible significant activity of maltase in potato tubers. Acid invertase activity drastically rose at low temperature and strongly paralleled reducing sugars, glucose, fructose and hexoses:sucrose ratio. Moreover, as acid invertase activity increased, sucrose content decreased, indicating the essential role of acid invertase in development of CIS. The above findings allowed to group the 11 potato varieties into low to high sugar-forming groups and thereby select K. Jyoti as CIS-tolerant and K. Badshah as CIS-susceptible. Banding pattern of both native and denaturated proteins of potato tubers could not clearly discriminate the varieties. Zymograms of p-amylase revealed differentially induced bands at low storage temperatures, which might justify the observed increase of enzyme activity. Screening of the 11 potato varieties with 10 SSR primers detected a total of 42 alleles arranged in 44 different configurations, among which 37 alleles (88%) were polymorphic. The polymorphic information content value of the SSR locus ranged from 0.473 to 0.787 thus indicating a high utility of these markers for study of genetic diversity in potato. The dendrogram derived from Dice's similarity coefficients among the 11 varieties could partially but efficiently differentiate close parents and sugar-forming groups. Differential gene expression analysis showed that during storage expression of vacuolar acid invertase gene StvacINV1 and p-amylase gene BAMl increased at low temperature and their transcripts were more expressed in the CIS-tolerant variety than the CIS-sensitive. Expression of invertase inhibitor gene INH2a however was higher in the CIS-tolerant variety than the CIS-sensitive. Correlating StvacINVl and INH2a expressions with reducing sugar content and acid invertase activity established that post-translational regulation of acid invertase by the invertase inhibitor protein could be an important component of resistance to CIS. Besides, correlation between BAM1 expression and (β-amylase activity affirmed the hypothesis of several enzymes and pathways involved in starch degradation during cold storage of potato. Analysis of antioxidant capacity parameters revealed that low temperature storage greatly influenced vitamin C content as well as the phenolic content. During storage, both parameters initially increased, then a fluctuated decline was observed but until the last day of observation, they remained above the initial level. Phenolic acids profiling by UPLC identified 12 compounds among which the most abundant was chlorogenic acid followed by gallic acid, sinapic acid and ellagic acid which is reported for the first time, while trans-cinnamic acid was the lowest. Except paracoumaric acid which decreased at 4°C, all the phenolic acids increased with storage among which sinapic acid and feruhc acid appeared to be most enhanced. Correlation analysis showed that gallic acid, caffeic acid. chlorogenic acid and protocatechuic acid significantly contributed to total phenolic content. Evaluation of antioxidant activity showed a close relationship between DPPH and ABTS methods. Antioxidant activity estimated by both the methods increased up to 60 days storage then at 90 days, they dropped to a level comparable or lower than the original value, irrespective of the storage temperature. Correlation study revealed that chlorogenic acid, gallic acid and ferulic acid mostly contributed to antioxidant activity. Activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase both increased initially but then decreased to values lower than the initial level and were not influenced by storage temperature. Correlation with antioxidant activity indicated that the enhancement of reactive oxygen scavenging species in tubers could result mainly from ascorbate peroxidase activity. Isoforms of the two enzymes showed interesting polymorphism and changes in bands intensity as well as differential induction or suppression of bands during storage. However, isozymes of ascorbate peroxidase showed higher similarity and better discrimination of the varieties. Although a clear relationship between CIS and antioxidant capacity was not established, nevertheless it appeared that low sugar-forming varieties K. Jyoti, K. Himsona and K. Surya were also having high antioxidant capacity whereas K. Chipsona-3 and K. Bahar both high sugarforming had low antioxidant capacity. Hence, it is not unreasonable to suggest that antioxidant capacity of potato tubers should be taken into account in development of CIS-resistant varieties. Nonetheless, additional evidences are needed to confirm this suggestion as well as there is an urgent need to develop new varieties capable to cope with this cold stress.ThesisItem Open Access BIOCHEMICAL AND METABOLIC STUDIES IN PADDY (Oryza sativa L.) IN RESPONSE TO SALINITY(AAU, Anand, 2005) SUTHAR, VARSHABEN PARSOTAMBHAI; Bhatnagar, R.Salinity like drought, remains as one of the world's oldest and most serious environmental problems. Mistakes made by the Sumerians in the Tigris and Euphrates basin of Mesopotamia over 4000 years ago are being repeated today in almost every major irrigation development in the world. Excessive irrigation and inadequate drainage are the principal causes of this build up of salinity. The saline agriculture technology is an alternative approach for effective utilization of salt affected soils, which involves the cultivation of salt tolerant species/crop cultivars. The closely related genotypes differing in salt tolerance can be studied for the elucidation of adaptive characteristics. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food for about 2.4 billion people. Rice is a species whose recent evolutionary history has been in fresh water marshes, it can be adapted to water logged condition, possessing a welldeveloped root oxidation properties. Four genotypes of paddy (Dandi, CSR-1, IR-36 and GR-3), differing in salt tolerance were grown at 3 and 5 EC (dSm-1) salinity to study the effect of salinity at germination (15 DAG) and vegetative (45 DAG) stage, respectively. Genotype CSR-1 recorded the highest germination percentage, which was at par with Dandi whereas GR-3 recorded the minimum germination percentage. Dandi recorded the highest total soluble sugar, proline, total phenols and chlorophyll content. Among these total soluble sugar and proline content increased whereas the concentration of chlorophyll decreased up to 5 EC salinity. However, maximum increase in proline content with salinity was noticed in GR-3. Although salinity inhibit hydrolyzing enzyme, due to decreased water uptake, the maximum activity of hydrolyzing enzymes like α-amylase and protease as well as ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase (oxidative enzymes) were recorded in Dandi. The SOD activity was the highest in GR-3 where as IR-36 recorded the maximum catalase activity.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF WHEAT GROWN BY CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS AND ORGANIC MANURES(AAU, Anand, 2013) LITORIYA, NITESH SITARAM; TALATI, J. G.Investigations were carried out at the Department of Biochemistry, Agriculture Biotechnology, Pesticide residue laboratory and Micronutrient project (ICAR), AA.U., Anand. The organic fertilizer systems increased the quality of durum wheat grain in terms of nutritional components viz., protein content and quality in terms of their fractions, gluten content, micronutrients, carotenoids content and antioxidant activity and decreased the antinutritional factor viz., heavy metals (Co, Cr and Ni) and phytic acid content. Electrophoretic studies of total protein and their fractions gave some idea about the identification of the effect of fertilizer system, but not up to the satisfactory level; so they cannot be considered as parameters to differentiate inorganically and organically grown wheat. However, 2-D gel electrophoresis gave five specific spots present only in organic fertilizer systems, which might be useful for identification of organic wheat. Application of organic fertilizers significantly increased the content of vitamin B complex viz., thiamine, pantothenic acid, niacin and folic acid as well as the phenolic and antioxidant compounds viz., ferulic acids, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, vanillic acid and sinapic acid as compared to inorganic. The influence of organic fertilization system on protein quality in terms of amino acids composition resulted in significant increase (18 to 50%) of all amino acids content in wheat grains over inorganic fertilizers. Essential amino acids, important for human health and growth were significantly increased up to 21 to 50% in organic fertilizer system fortified with biofertilizer over inorganic fertilizer. Application of organic fertilizers also increased the organic acid content viz., fumaric acid, succinic acid and benzoic acid over inorganically grown wheat. The residual effect of organic fertilizer system after harvest of wheat crop significantly increased the soil organic carbon content as well as nitrogen fractions (available, ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen) as compared to inorganic treatment. Application of organic fertilizers significantly increased Fe, Mn and Zn content of soil but did not affect Cu content as compared to inorganic treatment. However, application of organic fertilizer retained the residual heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb) content, which is vital in improving the soil health for plant growth. Application of organic fertilizer did not show any clear effect on chlorophyll content and different enzyme activities (urease, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase) at both the stages viz., 7 and 14 DAG. The fertilizer systems gave fluctuation in enzyme activities according to their biological properties, so it could not be useful for comparison of effect of different fertilizers. However, organic fertilizer system reduced the nitrate content at both stages of wheat seedlings over inorganic. Ultimately, these data showed that the organic fertilizer systems might be useful for improvement of nutritional quality of wheat grains regarding their nutritional components viz., gluten content, protein content and its quality in terms of amino acids composition specially essential amino acids and fractions, water soluble B group vitamins, organic acids, micronutrients, carotenoids, antioxidant activity, phenolic acids and reduction of anti-nutritional factors i. e. phytic acid and heavy metals in wheat grain as well as the soil quality for plant growth by retaining the residual heavy metals and improvement in the organic carbon, nitiogen fractions, micronutiients and reduction in nitiate content of wheat seedlings.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF ISOLATED PROTEIN FROM DE-OILED MUSTARD SEED AND EVALUATION OF ITS NUTRITIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES(AAU, Anand, 1992) Talati, Jayant G; Chakraborty, M KWith a view to find out suitability of protein isolate o[ mustard (Brassica Juncea) cv. Varuna for feed/food supplement, experiments on various aspects were conducted at the Biochemistry Department, B.A. College of Agriculture and Reproduct i.ve Biology Research Unit and Pathology Department of Veterinary College, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand during 1990-92. Dehulled, defatted meal was used for the extraction of meal nitrogen. Different conditions like, dilution ratio, time and type of equipment and pH of extracting solvent were studied to find out the optimum conditions for maximum extraction of protein from the meal. Isoelectric point was determined using 6 N HCl diid 10 per cent TCA as the precipitating reagent. To improve the colour of the protein isolate effect of sodium bisulfite and polyvinylpyrrolidone were studied at different concentrations. With the help of gel permeation chromatographic technique protein isolate was characterized and the molecular weight was also determined.ThesisItem Open Access BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ISABGOL(AAU, Anand, 2002) MITTAL, BHARTI; BHATNAGAR, R.Plantago ovata Forsk, commonly known as "Isabgol" belongs to the family Plantaginaceae. It is a native of Mediterranean region and is cultivated for its valuable husk. Although, it has various medicinal uses but less exploited for research at biochemical and molecular level. India is the sole country in the world, which commonly cultivates the Isabgol and is the largest exporter for the same. In addition to husk, Isabgol contains sufficient amount of essential amino acids (Lysine and Methionine), which are deficit in cereals and pulses. The seeds of Isabgol can be used as supplement to cereals and pulses. The study showed that the highest amount of oil, husk, total carbohydrates, cellulose and protein are present in the genotypes DM3 (4.06%), EC124345 & JI65 (36%), EC124345 & J165 (63%), EC124345 (7.7%) and DM3 (18%), respectively and present in very low amounts in the genotypes JI10 (3.25%), DM3 (31%), DM3 & DM1 (51%)), DM1 (4.2%) and EC124345&JI65(15%). It was also observed that the activity of peroxidase is more in genotype EC 124345, which is found to be resistant to downy mildew. On the other hand, the activity of polyphenol oxidase is more in the genotype DM3, which is found to be susceptible to downy mildew. Phenotypic variations are very less in Isabgol and the genotypes are mostly classified on the basis of Disease Index, because in Isabgol downy mildew disease is very severe and causes high yield loss. The markers include biochemical constituents (eg secondary metabolites in plants) and macromolecules, viz. proteins and DNA. Analysis of secondary metabolites is, however, restricted to those plants that produce a suitable range of metabolites, which can be easily analyzed and distinguished between cultivars. The metabolites, which are being used as markers, should be ideally neutral to environmental effects or management practices. Hence, amongst the molecular markers used, DNA markers are more suitable and ubiquitous to most living organisms. Genetic maps comprising closely spaced DNA markers are useful for genome analysis. Molecular markers have several advantages over the traditional phenotypic markers that were previously available to plant breeders. These markers are not environmentally regulated and are, therefore, unaffected by the conditions in which the plants are grown and are detectable in all stages of growth. RAPD, CAPS, ISSR and AFLP markers were used in fingerprinting and to examine genetic diversity among twelve genotypes of the Plantago ovata Forsk. RAPD and ISSR generated unique profiles for each genotype. CAPS could not distinguish between three of the genotypes DM1, JI10 and GI2, whereas, AFLP could not distinguish between DM1 and JI10. Similarity matrices and dendrograms illustrated the genetic similarities between the different genotypes except some clustering variations, which depend upon the type of marker used. Similarity and variation among the Isabgol genotypes were observed by cluster analysis and dendrograms were constructed, which were compared with the dendrogram from biochemical characters and finally the clustering was done using the plant/per cent disease index (PDI), which formed cluster between the genotypes originated at the same place eg JI10, JI42, JI53 and JI56 (developed at Jagudan) except JI65 which showed the similarities with the genotypes developed at Anand (DM1, DM2, DM3 and DM4).ThesisItem Open Access BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR FUSARIUM (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cumini) WILT RESISTANCE IN CUMIN (Cuminum cyminum L.)(AAU, Anand, 2003) SREEREKHA, M. V.; BHATNAGAR, R.Cumin is an important spice crop, cultivated mainly in Gujarat, Rajasthan and in some parts of Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. Extensive loss occurs to cumin by the wilt disease causing fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cumini which is very much devastating. Existing germplasm also does not contain a good source of resistance as it has a very narrow genetic base. Onset of pathogen attack causes alteration in physiological and biochemical pathways which can be viewed through the investigation at biochemical and molecular level. Our results suggested that higher levels of total phenols, total carbohydrates, cellulose, total proteins and total free amino acids both before and after infection in GC-3 suggested the role for each of these constituents in a resistant cultivar. On the other hand, higher levels of total soluble sugars and reducing sugars indicated susceptibility to wilt disease as observed in GC-1. Higher enzyme activities such as peroxidase, esterase, β-glucosidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and β-1,3- glucanase in GC-3 again suggested a better resistance mechanism against the disease. Genetic diversity studies revealed a close relationship between GC-1 and GC-3. Gene expression results suggested genotype specific expression, as very less number of transcripts induced were common to all the three genotypes. Out of 204 differentially expressed transcripts, 60 were repressed and the remaining 144 were induced transcripts. Repressed transcript may account for decrease in some of the biochemical constituents. Our protein profiles clearly indicated the genotype specific expression at protein level. Biochemical analysis of cumin callus from different explants suggested the role of different biochemical constituents in callus growth and organogenesis. Significantly higher total carbohydrates, total proteins, total free amino acids, proline, ascorbic acid along with significantly higher activities of enzymes such as peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, esterase and PAL were characteristic of the callus from shoot tip of GC-2 which had better growth and organogenic potential. Protein profile also revealed that higher protein content in callus from shoot tip of GC-2 which was highly organogenic rather than the callus from hypocotyl. The treatment of callus by culture filtrate revealed that culture filtrate at 0.1% was very effective in retaining callus growth and regeneration capacity. Significantly higher total phenols, total carbohydrates and total proteins in culture filtrate treated calli and higher enzyme activities of peroxidase, esterase, PPO, PAL and β-glucosidase revealed a second role for these constituents in callus survival under applied pressure. Our proteomic results suggested that many proteins get induced/repressed as a result of culture filtrate treatment which may alter some of the biochemical pathways for their survival, growth and regeneration.ThesisItem Open Access Screening of Wheat Genotypes (Triticum durum L.) for Drought Tolerance through Biochemical and Physiological Approaches(AAU, 2013) Kadam, Sukshala D.; Dr. Y. M. Shukla
