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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERS AND PRESERVATION OF SURTI BUCK SEMEN UNDER REFRIGERATION AND DEEP FREEZING AND THEIR FERTILITY TRIALS(AAU, Anand, 1989) Deshpande, Satish Balkrishna; Mehta, V. M.In the present studies on Surti buck semen (i) Physical characters (ii) Effect of dilutors viz., Egg Yolk Citrate (EYC), Tris Egg Yolk Citric Acid Fructose (TEYCAF) and Goat Milk and dilution rates (1:5, 1:10, 1:20 and 1:40) on sperm motility and live sperm count at different hours of preservation (0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96) and (iii) effect of dilutors i.e. Egg Yolk Citrate Fructose Glycerol (EYCFG), Tris Egg Yolk Citric Acid Fructose Glycerol (TEYCAFG) and Goat milk glycerol (Goat-milk G) with three different levels (4, 5 or 6 per cent) of glycerol on pre-freeze (P1 and P2) and post-freeze (P3 and P4) sperm motility and live sperm count were studied.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON FACTORS AFFECTING ANOESTROUS (pubertal and Postpartum) STATE IN GIR CATTLE AND TRIALS FOR RESUMPTION OF OVARIAN FUNCTION(AAU, Anand, 1980) KODAGALI, SHRINIVAS BINDURAO; Deshpande, B. R.Abstract not AvailableThesisItem Open Access EMBRYO TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY DURING PEAK AND LOW BREEDING SEASON IN KANKREJ COWS AND MEHSANA BUFFALOES(AAU, Anand, 1995) Sahatpure, Sunil K.; Mehta, V. M.To apply the embryo transfer technology in field level Kankrej cows and Mehsana buffaloes this research programme was planned. The major objectives of this research work were to study the efficacy of FSH and PMSG as superovulatory hormones in field level Kankrej cows and Mehsana buffaloes placed in peak (winter) and low (summer) breeding seasons. During the course of these experiments the embryo recovered were transferred to estrus synchronized recipients maintained under same season and management. An attempt was made to study the endocrine interrelationships with SOV responses of donors and pregnancy responses in recipient cows and buffaloes. The present work was conducted in villages of Mehsana district of Gujarat state where the kankrej cows and Mehsana buffaloes are thickly populated. The August to December months were included in peak breeding season and April to June months were included as low breeding season in present studies. The climatological parameters such as ambient temperature and relative humidity were recorded during these months. To study the interactions between gonadothrophin response with seasons and species of animals total four experiments were planned. In experiment-I four each of Mehsana buffaloes were superovulated in low breeding season either with PMSG (2500 lU) or folltropin-V(500 mg NIK). In experiment-II keeping other items constant the Mehsana buffaloes were superovulated with folltropin-V or PMSG in peak breeding season. In experiment-Ill four each of kankrej cows were superovualted with PMSG (2000 lU) or folltropin-V (400 mg NIH) during low breeding season. In experiment IV keeping other things constant Kankrej cows were superovualted with folltropin-V or PMSG in peak breeding season. All the donor cows and buffaloes were synchronized for induced estrus with the help of PGF2a treatment injection at interval of 11 days. The PMSG treatment wua given as a single dose on day 10 of the cycle where as folltropin was injected in small divided and tapering doses between day 10 to day 13. The superovulated estrus was induced with prostaglandin injection two days after initiation of gonadotropin treatment. Employing non-surgical flushing technique of embryo recovery, the embryos were recovered from all the donor cows and buffaloes respectively on day 7 and day 6 after SOV estrus. The embryo recovered were evaluated and graded. The blood serum samples collected at definite interval and stages were analyzed for levels of estradiol-l 7{3 progesterone total cholesterol and total protein. Wherever possible, the attempts were made to transfer embryos in estrus synchronized recipients. In experiment-V the estrus synchronized recipients were transferred with fresh embryos recovered in above four experiments and wherever fresh embryos were not available, the frozen embryos were transferred. The recipient cows and buffaloes were estrus synchronized with prostaglandin F2a analogue (Lutalyse 25 mg). The embryos were transferred on day 7 and day 6 after synchronized estrus respectively in cattle and buffaloes. The blood serum samples collected at different interval were analyzed for the levels of progesterone, estradiol-1713, total cholesterol and protein. The pregnancy rate in recipient was calculated. The Kankrej cows selected randomly exhibited induced estrus between 48 to 60 h and 36 to 48 h respectively in low and peak breeding season. The seasonal differences were significant. The Mehsana buffaloes had taken 36 to 48 h time for induction of estrus in both seasons. All cows and buffaloes responded to PGF2a treatment. The SOV estrus was induced in all the Kankrej cows between 32 to 42 h and 38 to 90 h in peak and low breeding season respectively. The SOV estrus duration was longer in low breeding season. The Mehsana buffaloes had taken 36 to 48 h time for induction of SOV estrus after last PG injection. No seasonal influence was noted in time taken for induction of estrus but duration of estrus especially in PMSG treated low breeding season buffaloes was largest (90 to 120 h). All the Kankrej cows and Mehsana buffaloes had developed corpus luteum present on day of initiating folltropin or PMSG treatment. The right ovary was observed to be more functional in both species as compared to left ovary. The SOV response recorded . on day of embryo recovery was significantly higher with"^ folltropin treatment in both the species when compared with PMSG treatment. The average number of follicles and corpora lutea developed on both ovaries in kankrej cows with folltropin treatments were 15.5±3.45 and 13.0±3.62, 12.5+4.63 and 10.75±0.72 respectively in peak breeding and low breeding season. The difference were significant (P< 0.05) The Kankrej cows treated with PMSG had developed average follicles and corpora lutea 4.5±1.73 and 2.5±10; 3.0±0.47 and 1.5+0.33 respectively in peak and low breeding seasons. The SOV response to PMSG was significantly lower (P< 0.01) than folltropin treatment. The SOV response of Mehsana buffaloes remained significantly inferior than Kankrej cows. The total number of follicles and corpora lutea developed were 6.75±0.55 and 4.75±0.25, 5.25+1.59 and 4.25±1.59 respectively, when folltropin was used in peak and low breeding season respectively. In this comparison the ovarian response to PMSG in both seasons was very poor. The 3.7±0.72, and 3.2±0.7 follicles were activated respectively in peak and low breeding season developing 2.0±0.47 and 1.75+0.55 corpora lutea respectively. The unovulated follicles of low breeding (summer) group of cows and buffaloes had tendency to turn into cystic follicles. The flushing behavior of both Kankrej cows and Mehsana buffaloes was optimal, only two kankrej cows out of 16 and three Mehsana buffaloes out of 16 had non-negotiable cervix, so flushing could not be attempted. The embryo recovery rate of Kankrej cows was optimal (28/4 cows) after folltropin treatment in peak breeding season. Comparatively less number of embryos (17/4) were recovered in low breeding season folltropin treated cows. The difference observed due to season were significant. In this comparison the Mehsana buffaloes had only four embryos under folltropin treatment in peak and low breeding seasons. With PMSG treatment in donor buffaloes no embryo was recovered. The studies revealed a significant effect of season and gonadotrophin both on the embryo recovery rate. The fertilization rate in the ova recovered from cows was most satisfactory in present studies. The season and gonadotrophin treatment had no significant effect on fertilization rate. However, the fertilization rate in buffaloes of low breeding season is comparatively lesser than peak breeding season. Since the number of observations are too less for buffaloes the differences due to season may not be significant. The embryo evaluation studies in kankrej cows revealed that more than fifty percent of embryos both under folltropin (25/44) and PMSG (3/6) treatment group were morula stage. Ten embryos in folltropin treatment group were in blastocyst stage. About 10%, 16% and 50% embryos were found to be degenerated in folltropin treated peak breeding season, folltropin treated low breeding season and PMSG treated peak breeding season cows. The difference were significant. In this comparison Mehsana buffaloes had 50% (4/8) embryos either in morula stage or in degenerated and unfertilized stage. The overall progesterone profiles of SOV kankrej cows and Mehsana buffaloes' were following same trend as reported in literature. All the Kankrej cows maintained above 2.0 ng/ml progesterone levels on day (DIO) and buffaloes maintaining above 1.0 ng/ml progesterone level on day 10 (DIO) had responded to SOV treatment. Lowest levels of progesterone were maintained by Kankrej cows and Mehsana buffaloes on day 0 (DO) (Induced estrus) and day 14 (D14 day of SOV estrus) had not responded properly to SOV treatment. The blood progesterone levels recorded steep heights on day of embryo recovery both in SOV responded cows and buffaloes. However, the levels were positively correlated with the number of ovulations and corpora lutea developed. In folltropin treatment of cows seven out of eight had shown progesterone level between 8.58 to 22.50 ng/ml on day of embryo recovery. Since buffaloes exhibited significant variation in SOV treatment of folltropin and PMSG the progesterone levels recorded on day of embryo recovery (D21) are highly variable. Seven buffaloes out of eight in peak breeding season and two buffaloes out of eight in low breeding season maintained progesterone level above 2.5 ng/ml on day of embryo recovery. The blood progesterone levels were found to be significantly dropped to low level on day 35 (D35) in 50% of Kankrej cows superovulated, whereas 80% of Mehsana buffaloes still maintained level above 1.0 ng/ml on day 35 (D35). The species difference \n luteolytic effect of PGF2a analogue (lutalyse) is evident in present studies. The elevated estradiol - 17(3 was recorded in Kankrej cows on • days of induced estrua. The levels recorded on day of SOV-; estrus were significantly higher than all other stages studied. The peak estradiol levels were not positively correlated with embryp; recovery response» The levels were not influenced by peak or low breeding season or type of gonadotrophin used. The estradiol 1713 levels tended to decline on day 10 (DIO). Significantly higher levels recorded on day of embryo recovery declined significantly in folltropin treated Kankrej cows whereas the levels were maintained significantly higher on day of embryo recovery in PMSG treated Kankrej cows. The maintenance of high estradiol - 170 upto day of embryo recovery was detrimental to embryo recovery and embryo quality in present studies. The superovulated Mehsana buffaloes tended to maintain general trend of blood level estradiol 17B similar to Kankrej cows. However, the levels in PMSG treatment group were retained higher upto day 35. The embryo recovery rate in buffaloes was inversely proportional to estradiol 170 levels maintained on day of embryo recovery. The higher blood serum cholesterol levels were recorded in Kankrej cows on day of induced estrus (DO), SOV estrus (D14), and estrus following (D35). The levels tended to decline significantly on day 10 and day 21 (i.e. luteal phase). A positive correlation between blood cholesterol levels and follicle size recorded had no significant relationship with embryo recovery rate. The Mehsana buffaloes also maintained the same trend in maintaining blood serum total cholesterol levels. The blood serum total protein levels in SOV Kankrej cows and Mehsana buffaloes were not significantly changed in different stages of superovulation. The 15 recipient cows responded to estrus synchronization treatments of prostaglandin F2a analogue. The shorter time interval (6-28 h) was recorded between estrus of donors and recipients in peak breeding season. However, this time interval was between 18 to 28 h in low breeding season. The differences were significant. Two recipient cows transferred with good quality embryos become pregnant, when embryos collected from folltropin treated peak breeding group of cows were transferred to them. This gave a pregnancy rate of 50 percent in peak breeding season. However, none of the embryos collected from cows in folltropin treated low breeding group, PMSG treated peak breeding and low breeding group when transferred to estrus synchronized recipients could be implanted in estrus synchronized recipient cows because of estrus synchrony between donor and recipient cows was more than six hours. A very close estrus synchrony (<6h) was essential in establishing pregnancy in recipient cows even though all of them developed corpus luteura on the ovaries. All the sixteen buffaloes, estrus synchronized with prostaglandin F2a anologue had responded with close estrus synchrony (0 to 18h) in present studies. The Mehsana buffaloes reacted better to PGF20. treatment as compared to cows. Since the embryos recovered from SOV buffaloes donor were less, only 10 recipients were transferred with embryos. In buffaloes recipients also the pregnancy get established in peak breeding season giving pregnancy rate 50% in folltropin peak breeding season group (2/4) and overall 25% pregnancy in 8 recipients transferred with embryos from folltropin group donors. The overall pregnancy rate in buffaloes was 20 percent (2/10). The recipient buffaloes also required close estrus synchrony (<6h) for establishing pregnancy. The overall trend followed by estrus synchronized buffaloes and cows in maintaining blood estradiol-17β and progesterone were similar. The peak estradiol-17β and extremely low progesterone profiles were maintained by cows and buffaloes on days of synchronized estrus. The progesterone profiles above 2.0 ng/ml on day of embryo transfer were maintained on 5 recipient cows out of sixteen. Among these five cows, the pregnancy was established in two in peak breeding season crossbred cows. Similarly the recipient Mehsana buffaloes on day of embryo transfer which maintained above 1.5 ng/ml progesterone level had established pregnancy in peak breeding season. The luteal deficiency was recorded in low breeding group of cows and buffaloes. The pregnant recipient cows and buffaloes had maintained above 3.0 ng/ml progesterone level in blood on day 21 whereas cows and buffaloes maintaining progesterone levels than 2.0 ng/ml on day 21 (D21) were non pregnant and had elevated levels of estradiol- 1713. The blood total cholesterol and protein levels maintained by recipient cows and buffaloes. Similar trend as superovulated buffaloes and none of these parameters were related with establishment of pregnancy in recipient.ThesisItem Open Access GONADAL DEVELOPMENT AND ACTIVITY IN (SURATI) MALE BUFFALO CALVES FROM BIRTH TO SEXUAL MATURITY(AAU, Anand, 1983) Deshpande, Lalita V.; Janakiraman, K.Gonadal develoiaiient and activity in Surati buffalo calves was studied from birth to maturity (in 17 stages), to correlate the gonadal histology with testicular and serun biochemical characteristics. The characteristics studied histologically in H. and E. stained sections; included seminiferous tubule diameter, tubular count, interstitial space per cent and various cellular elements in seminiferous tubule and the Leydig cells: the biochemical estimates were Alkaline Phosphatase (AKP), protein, cholesterol (free and total) calcium and phosphorus, both in testis and serum; the nucleic acids were estimated in gonadal tissues only. Similar studies were also made in calves hemi orchidectomized at birth from Day 1-300. Seminiferous tubule diameter increased four: fold during the period of study. The tubular count and interstitial space decreased during the same period. The cellular components at birth were only gonocytes and basal indifferent cells.ThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGICAL AND ENDOCRINOLOGICAL STUDIES DURING EMBRYO TRANSFER IN GOATS(AAU, Anand, 1997) Baru, Parmod; Dugwekar, Y GThe present study on biological and endocrinological studies during the embryo transfer in goats was conducted to explore the possibility of using single subcutaneous injection of gonadotrophin for superovulating goats. The study was conducted on the Surti and Marwari goats maintained at Reproductive biology research unit, Anand. The donor goats were grouped in to 5 groups and animals of each group were superovulated using single subcutaneous administration of either PMSG or FSH. The cyclic goats of group - 1 were superovulated using Folltropin - V 200 mg. on day 15 of cycle. The cyclic goats of group 2, 3, and 4 were treated on the same lines with FSH-P 16.5 mg. Folligon 1000 lU and 500 lU respectively. Group 5 acyclic goats were treated with Crestar system for 14 days. The number of goats responding to superovulatory treatment was 3 of 3; 2 of 3; 4 of 5; 5 of 6 and 3 of 3 in groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. However there was no significant difference between the treatment groups for time taken to exhibit sov-oestrus (24 to 51.5±3.5 h) and duration of sov-oestrus (20.66 ± 1.76 to 27 ± 3 h). The animals of all groups were laparotomized 72 h after breeding to collect the embryos. The total ovarian response, number of GL and UOF recorded in goats of various treatment groups did not differ significantly. The embryos recovered from superovulated goats were at various stages of development from 2 cell to early morula and majority of embryos were of transferable quality. The number of embryos recovered from the acyclic goats were comparatively lower than the number recovered from cyclic goats. The serum P4 concentration in the superovulated goats of various treatment groups showed non significant differences between the various treatments at various intervals of superovulation treatment. The serum P4 on day of embryo recovery was considerably higher in all superovulated goats and exhibited a significant positive correlation with number of CL. (r=0.85) The serum E, concentration was highest on day of sov-oestrus in all superovulated goats and difference between the various treatment group was significant. However the E, concentration had no significant correlation with total ovarian response. The serum biochemical constituents (cholesterol, glucose, calcium and phosphorus) did not show significant variation amongst animals following superovulation between various treatment groups. The embryos collected from the donors of various treatment groups were transferred in to estrus synchronized recipients. The synchrony of oestrus between donor and recipient ranged between ± 24 h. Embryos of 2 cell to early morula were transferred in to recipients. Up to day 35 post embryo transfer six does (16%) returned to estrus. Amongst others four kidded at the end of gestation period yielding ten viable kids. The overall kidding percentage was 31 %. During the study one each birth of single, twin, triplet and quadruplet were recorded. Considerably high incidence of 23 % pseudo pregnancy were recorded in the present study. The serum P4 of pregnant, pseudopregnant and nonpregnant goats on day 35 of embryo transfer had a significant difference (5.9 ± 0.73. 7.93 ± 0.13 and 1.76 ± 0.91 ng/ml, respectively). The serum E" concentration in all the recipients remained low following transfer of embryos up to day 35 of transfer. The rise in E" was much pronounced in the pregnant and pseudo pregnant recipients. The levels of serum biochemical constituents (Cholesterol, Glucose, Calcium and Phosphorous) had no significant difference between the pregnant pseudo pregnant and non pregnant does.ThesisItem Open Access ENDOCRINE AND BIOCHEMICAL PROFILES OF BLOOD IN RELATION TO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOMETRICAL CHANGES IN TUBULAR GENITAL ORGANS OF MARWARI GOATS DURING OESTROUS CYCLE(AAU, Anand, 1989) JAISWAL, RAJESH S.; MEHTA, V. M.Totally, 36 Marwari goats (adult females) were used in three different experiments. Six biochemical characteristics, viz., alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, total protein, total cholesterol, free cholesterol and ester cholesterol were analysed from reproductive organs and blood serum. Two sex steroids viz., estradiol-17 beta and progesterone ivere analysed from blood serum. In the 1st experiment, 10 Marwari goats ,(1½ to 2 years of age) were bled at eight different phases of oestrous cycle (D1, D2, D3, D5, D7, D11, D15 and D19) . Alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, total protein, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, ester cholesterol and sex steroids (estradiol-17 beta and progesterone) were estimated from the blood serum. Results of the above study revealed that the peak levels of estradiol-17 'beta on the day of Oestrus and peak levels of progesterone in the mid luteal phase exhibit the peak follicular and luteal activities respectively in cycling goats. The studies on blood biochemical profiles such as alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, total protein, total cholesterol, free cholesterol and ester cholesterol revealed phase related changes during the oestrous cycle, higher level of cholesterol was recorded on the day of oestrus which is indicative of the active phase of ovary. Alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase showed minor fluctuations. The rise in blood serum protein level was observed on D5 and D11 phases of oestrous cycle is indicative of the proliferation of endometrial glands of the uterus.ThesisItem Open Access LIPID COMPOSITION IN REPRODUCTIVE TRACT TISSUES AND BLOOD SERUM IN SURTI BUFFALO DURING DIFFERENT PHASES OF REPRODUCTION(AAU, Anand, 1988) Patel, Arvind V.; Janakiraman, K.Totally 52 Surti (also spelt as Surati) buffalo calves and adults of both sexes were used in five different experiments. Six biochemical characteristics, lipids, were analysed from tissues and blood serum as they pertain to reproductive phases. In the 1st experiment, 24 Surti buffalo heifers (3 to 4 years of age) were slaughtered at four different phases of oestrus cycle (D2, D9, D15, and S0 ) to collect reproductive tract - tissues; follicular, luteal and interstitial tissues along with follicular fluid from ovary, fallopian tube, uterine '- endometrium and myometrium, cervix and vagina. Blood was also collected at the said stages. Lipid and its fractions viz. triglyceride, total phospholipid, total, free and ester cholesterol were e.stimated from these tissues and blood serum. Results of above study revealed that total lipid, triglyceride and total phospholipid were higher at D2 and D15 phases of the oestrus cycle in all tissues compared to other phases. However, cholesterol (total, free and ester) did not follow the similar trend, but their levels were found higher when the ovaries were active (revealing a follicle or CL). Follicular fluid collected at D2 and D15 phases of oestrus cycle, also showed higher concentration of lipid and its fractions at D15 phase except total phospholipid. However, phospholipid and ester cholesterol showed significant phase variation. Blood serum was analysed were for the same characteristics and results were observed on the same line as tissues. However, significant variation was observed between oestrus cycle phases except triglyceride and total phospholipid. In the 2nd experiment, where 12 farm born prepubertal calves (six males and six females - 6 to 10 months old) were taken for study; showed nonsignificant variation between young male and female in all characteristics except ester cholesterol. However, levels of lipid were found higher in male than female except for cholesterol (total, free and ester). In the 3rd experiment, which was concerned with variation of lipid constituents in matured male during 24 hrs of the day. Blood was collected at four hours of interval. At lower temperature of the day all the six biochemical characteristics showed higher lipid components than that of hot hours. The variation between the different hours in all characteristics except free cholesterol,.were found significant. In the 4th and 5th experiment, 10 pregnant buffaloes were taken to study early and late pregnancy, respectively. The blood sampling was done from fertile heat to 95 days of pregnancy in early pregnant buffalo and 30 days of ante-partum to 2 hrs after calving in advanced pregnant buffalo. Total 14 and 8 stages were considered in the early and late pregnancy study respectively, where last two collections of late pregnancy were 2 hrs before and 2 hrs after calving. All the characteristics studied showed higher level at early pregnancy stages which showed decreasing trend as the pregnancy advanced and were found lowest at term. The individual stage variation was worked out for early and late pregnancy stages separately. The stage variation was observed for triglyceride and phospholipid in early pregnancy and triglyceride, total and ester cholesterol for late pregnancy stages respectively. Total 22 stages of early and late pregnancy were grouped in total seven phases as per their physiological importance. There was a significant variation between different phases of pregnancy. Since the data has been obtained under conditions of nutrition and management more or less similar to those of the farmers of this area, the results particularly on blood lipid profile will be useful as a data base to farmers who are interested in assessing the potentiality of their animals with respect to early maturity and optimum reproductive performance. Further studies are, however, necessary to pinpoint one or two of the many lipid fractions that may serve as markers for this purpose. Such studies are necessary on animals maintained under village as well as large farm management conditions to be of broad base, use.