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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE EXTENSION ASSAY FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF DGAT1 LOCUS IN MEHSANA BUFFALO(AAU, Anand, 2009) PATIL, RAHUL CHAITRAM; Joshi, C. G.India, home ground of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) has 11 recognized breeds adapted to different climatic zones. The immense importance of this species due to contribution of more than 55 per cent to the total milk production and making country as number one milk producer in the world. Tremendous variation in production traits provokes buffalo genomic research to identify genes underlying the variability of milk production traits that could be useful in effective breeding programs. Present study was carried out with enormous interest in genotyping of Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGATl) locus of Mehsana buffalo. The DGATl gene plays crucial role in triglyceride synthesis in the mammary gland which is proved by mice lacking both copies of DGATl gene are completely devoid of milk secretion and became a functional candidate gene for lactation traits. In the present study, five SNPs of DGATl gene of Indian water buffalo (GenBank-accession number DQ886485) with nucleotide position 1179, 1195 and 3096 (intron 1), 5545 (intron 2) and 6067 (intron 3) were selected for screening 64 Mehsana buffalo samples with the help of single nucleotide extension assay. According to principle of assay, unlabeled primers are hybridized to the DNA template just adjacent to respective SNP site and primer is extended by one base by DNA polymerase with fluorescence-labeled ddNTP terminators and further separated by capillary electrophoresis. Genomic DNA samples of Mehsana buffalo were subjected to DGATl specific PCR amplification using appropriate primer pairs and PCR products of expected size were successfully amplified at annealing temperature dO^C and then electrophoresed on 2 per cent agarose along with the MassRular Low range DNA ladder. Purified PCR products were subjected to single nucleotide primer extension with respective target DNA template and optimized under thermal cycling condition of armealing at 60°C and extension at 65°C for 25 cycles. Along with test samples, positive and negative control was also processed. All the SNaPshot PCR products then treated with CIAP and subjected to capillary electrophoresis on ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer along with LIZ 500 size standard for further analysis. The type of nucleotide present confirmed by the signal colour observed and length of final product obtained, by comparing with the size standard. The final length of each test primer extension product was judged by repeatedly running a single primer reaction and then determined consistently observed length of particular primer. Further (multiplex SNaPshot reaction was carried out using multiple primers with optimum concentration to determine the position and type of SNPs in single reaction. All the samples were found homozygous in both groups for SNP 1179, 1195 and 3096 with genotype AA, CC and CC respectively. This indicated that these alleles were fixed. Both the variants at nucleotide position 5545 (C and T) and 6067 (T and C) were observed. Allelic frequency was checked for both these SNPs and were found 0.85 (CC) and 0.15 (TT) for SNP 5545 while 0.57 (CC) and 0.43 (TT) for SNP 6067. Statistical analysis showed no significant association of these five SNPs with milk production traits like milk yield and milk fat percentage. All studied SNPs belonged to intronic regions however, may not be involved in manifestation of the traits.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION TRAITS OF TRIPLE CROSS (HF 25 % X J 25 % X KANKREJ 50 %) CATTLE ON AN ORGANIZED FARM(AAU, Anand, 2006) PATEL, JITENDRAKUMAR SHANTILAL; Rank, D. N.Present study was undertaken for genetic analysis of production and reproduction traits of HJK triple cross (HF 25% x J 25% x Kankrej 50%) maintained at Livestock Research Station, AAU, Anand, Gujarat from 1990 to 2005. The study included analysis of 572 lactation records of 223 HJK triple cross cows of three generations belonging to 36 sires. Data were scrutinized for abnormality and finally 266 lactation records of 126 cow progenies of 21 sires having complete set of all necessary records were used for genetic analysis. Various traits like Calf weight (CW), Weight at first calving (WFC), Age at first calving (AFC), Service period (SP), Calving interval (CI), Breeding efficiency (BE), Lactation length (LL), Dry period (DP), Lactation milk yield (LY), Standard lactation milk yield (SLMY), Lifetime total lactation days (LTTLD), Lifetime total milk yield (LTTMY), Average milk production per day of lactation length (MY/LL), Average milk production per day of calving interval (MY/CI), Average milk production per day of lifetime milking days (MY/PL), Average milk production per day of lifetime calving intervals (MY/HL), Peak yield (PY), Days to attain peak milk yield (DAPMY), Persistency of lactation. Milk production efficiency per kg of WFC (MPEK), Milk production efficiency per kg of WFC and lactation days (MPEKD), genetic and non-genetic factors affecting the traits, lactation curve dynamics and path analysis have been studied. Data were analyzed using Mixed Model Least Squares and Maximum Likelihood computer programme (Harvey, 1990) to overcome the non-orthgonality of the data. Three sets of data for F1, F2 and F3 generations were categorized. Various effects like sire, season of calving, period of calving, parity, etc. on important dairy traits were estimated by using model-1, genetic parameters like heritability, genotypic and phenotypic correlation, etc. were estimated by using model-2 and repeatability was estimated by using model-8. The Gamma, Inverse Polynomial, Gaines and Rook functions were fitted to derive lactation curves using SPSS programme. The Path analysis was carried out using phenotypic correlations of traits affecting SLMY. The least squares means of SLMY, PY, DAPMY, MY/LL, MY/CI, LL, DP, SP, CI, AFC, Birth weight, WFC, BE, MPEK, MPEKD, TC, TCI, TLTLD, TLTMY, MY/PL and MY/HL in Fl generation of HJK triple cross were 2253.76 ± 41.31 kg, 13.91 ± 0.24 kg, 27.96 ± 1.47 days, 7.49 ± 0.15 kg, 5.53 ± 0.13 kg, 299.63 ± 3.68 days, 115.56 ± 7.3 days, 137.74 ± 7.11 days, 415.20 ± 7.12 days, 1032.95 ± 27.40 days, 22.93 ± 0.19 kg, 335.55 ± 14.99 kg, 86.64 %, 6.43 ± 0.92 kg, 0.021 ± 0.0019 kg, 3.61 ± 0.64 unit, 1498.15 ±-268.97 days, 1079.39 ± 195.50 days, 7436.61 ± 634.13 kg, 4,96 ± 0.25 and 2.93 ± 0.22 respectively. The estimates for the same in F2 and F3 generations were 2166.68 ± 47.16 and 1846.90 ± 47.34 kg, 12.21 ± 0.24 and 09.56 ± 0.63 kg, 30.98 ± 3.42 and 16.50 ± 1.39 days, 7.19 ± 0.15 and 6.30 ± 0.23 kg, 5.64 ± 0.15 and 5.11 ± 0.14 kg, 308.94 ± 4.07 and 287.00 ± 4.46 days, 94.97 ± 7.99 and 66.50 ±2.08 days, 125.99 ±^.16 and 85.00 ±4.59 days, 403.92 ± 8.20 and 353.50 ± 3.69 days, 1227.65 ± 31.78 and 1285.60 ± 93.42 days, 22.42 ± 0.13 and 21.99 ± 0.29 kg, 314.09 ± 8.33 and 294.59 ± 17.50 kg, 90.09 and 99.17 %, 6.87 ± 0.52 and 6.41 ± l.Ol kg, 0.019 ± 0.0011 and 0.019 ± 0.0022 kg, 3.42 ± 0.4 and 3.32 ±0.74 unit, 1378.26 ± 168.16 and 1179.96 ± 208.98 days, 1053.36 ± 118.06 and 952.84 ± 125.53 days, 6685.15 ± 452.91 and 6207.74 ± 896.12 kg, 4.85 ± 0.16 and 5.26 ± 0.46 & 2.56 ± 0.18 and 2.51 ± 0.34 respectively. Their pooled estimates were 2207.61 ± 31.25 kg, 13.08 ± 0.18 kg, 28.98 ± 1.68 days, 7.34 ± 0.11 kg, 5.57 ± 0.09 kg, 303.30 ± 2.69 days, 105.71 ± 1.09 days, 131.56 ± 2.04 days, 409.02 ± 6.02 days, 1148.11 ± 51.02 days, 22.34 ± 0.21 kg, 322.96 ± 4.70 kg, 88.40 %,6.66 ± 0.20 kg, 0.02 ± 0.0003 kg, 3.5 ± 0.13, 1421.67 ± 81.06 days, 1059.94 ± 40.17 days, 6990.43 ± 342.51 kg, 4.91 ± 0.09 and 2.71 ± 0.14 respectively. There was decline in SLMY (18.05 %), PY (31.28 %), MY/LL (13.89 %), MY/CI (7.60 %), LL (4.02 %), WFC (12.21 %), MPEK (0.32 %), MPEKD (9.53 %), TLTLD (11.77 %), TLTMY(16.53 %) on interbreeding. AFC increased by 24.5 % and DAPMY by 41.00 %. However, there was improvement in BE (15.26 %), MY/PL (8.45 %) and MY/HL (7.96 %). Improvement was also observed in the form of decreased DP (42.45 %), SP (38.0 %), CI (14.96 %) and TCI (21.24 %). The effect of generation was significant only for SLMY, CI, MY/LL, PI-1, PI-4 and PI-7. The season of calving affected significantly SLMY, LY, SP, CI, MY/LL, MY/CI, BE, PI-I, PI-4, PI-6 and PI-7. The period of calving had significant effect on SLMY, LY, SP, CI, MY/CI, DAPMY, PI-2, PI-3 and PI-8. The parity had significant effect on SP, MY/LL, PY and PI-5. The sires contributed significantly in SLMY, LY, CI, MY/LL and PI-5.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARISON BETWEEN CYTOGENETIC PROFILE OF WILD WOLF ( CANIS LUPUS ) AND DOMESTIC DOG ( CANIS FAMILIARIS)(AAU, Anand, 2000) Paleja, Haidar-Ul-lman I.; Solanki, J. V.The present study on cytogenetic profile of domestic dog ( Canis familiaris) and wild wolf ( Canis lupus) was under taken to compare both the species. For the study blood sample, from 10 dogs (6 females + 4 males) and 6 sample from wolves (4 males + 2 females) were collected. The cultures were set using 7 ml RPMI- 1640 medium supplemented with fetal calf serum. The mitogen, 'Pokeweed' was used @ 20 µg /ml medium. The cultures were incubated for 72 hours at 37° C. During incubation, prior to one hour of harvesting, colchicine @ 2 µg /ml and ethidium bromide @ 10 µg/ml were added. Cultures were harvested giving hypotonic treatment for 25-30 minutes using standard procedure. The mitotic drive and mitotic index for dog were 60.57 ± 2.69 % and 1.98 ±0.11 % respectively whereas, mitotic drive and mitotic index for wolf were 55.61 ± 2.00 % and 2.13 ± 0.20 % respectively. A total of 500 metaphase spreads from each species were analyzed to estimate modal chromosome number (2n ) and it was found to be 78 in both the species. The per cent relative length of each chromosome for both the species were derived by considering 25 good metaphase spreads from each species. In both the species all autosomes were found to be telocentric whereas, sex chromosomes were submetacentric. There were no significant differences between the species for the percent relative length of chromosomes. The chromosome number! was found to be largest among all whereas, sex chromosome 'X' was found as large as chromosome number. However, sex chromosome 'Y' was found to be smallest. Also it was found that there is little variation in size of small chromosomes particularly chromosome number ranging from 22 to 38 . These findings were similar in both the species. The G-banding was achieved using trypsin digestion technique. The large chromosomes have shown prominent and easily identifiable bands. Whereas, small autosomes have very few bands, which makes pairing of small chromosome difficult in both the species. There is ahnost complete similarity in G-banding pattern between both the species. The G-banded chromosomes of both the species have exhibited features like tapering of telomeric region which was consistent in case of chromosome number 1. The tapering was also found at telomeric region of some other autosomes but not consistently. The chromosome number 1 has secondary constriction at mid portion region. C-banding was done using 5% Barium hydroxide and 4 X SSC. The C-band was not found on few autosomes whereas, most of the chromosomes have exhibited C-band. The C-band was not intense and in few autosomes it was difficult to identify. Small autosomes have exhibited comparatively dark C-band. The sex chromosome 'X' has shown C-band positive area extending from pericentromeric region to half of proximal long arm. The above described C-band features were common in both the species. It was found that both the species have close similarities with regards to C-banding pattern. The C-banding pattern indicates that both the species lack in large amount of heterochromatin i.e. the amount of heterochromatin might be moderate to negligible in both the species. Hence many modifications in C-banding technique could not present the heavily stained C-band. Silver staining of chromosomes of both the species reflected that there was variation in expression of nucleolus organizer regions ( NORs ) in both the species. NORs have been expressed at telomeric region in both the species. However NOR has been expressed by one homologue of pair in some autosomes whereas, some autosomes have expressed NOR at one arm only. These findings were common in both the species. In case of dog, NORs were present on 6 autosomes which probably belongs to chromosome number 2, 4, 7, 25 and 27 and short arm of sex chromosome 'Y'. However, NOR exhibited by chromosome number 4 were doubtful. Total 5 autosomes have exhibited NORs in case of wolf, which probably belongs to chromosome number 7, 11, 28 and 32 and sex chromosome 'Y'. Sex chromosome 'Y' has exhibited NOR at short arm. The results indicate that there is close resemblance between both the species with regards to location of NORs i.e. at telomeric region. The cytogenetic study of both the species suggests that there is similarity between both the species with regards to diploid chromosome number ( 2n ), its morphology and banding pattern including G-banding and C-banding. Also there is close resemblance between these species with regard to location of NORs. The standardization of karyotype of dog and wolf was difficult, as there is little variation in size of chromosome number ranging from 22 to 38. Also it requires high band resolution of the small chromosomes as they have few bands. Moreover, correct identification of centromeric position requires use of molecular cytogenetics.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF KATHIAWARI HORSE USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS.(AAU, Anand, 2005) BHUPENDRABHAI, RAVAL KETANKUMAR; Brahmkshtri, B. P.Genetic diversity can be described as genomic variation among individuals within and between breeds. Characterization of breed is the very first step for its conservation. Microsatellites have been found very useful as genetic markers for characterization. This study is an attempt to characterize Kathiawari breed of horse using six sets of microsatellite markers. A set of five bovine and six equine origin microsatellite primers viz. ILSTS-005, ILSTS-011, ILSTS-030, ILSTS-033, ILSTS-034, LEX 025, LEX 027, LEX 032, LEX 034, LEX 035, and LEX 041 were tested for PCR amplification on randomly collected Kathiawah horse DNA samples. Out of these, six microsatellites viz. LEX 025, LEX 027, LEX 032, LEX 034, LEX 035, and LEX 041 were selected based on their ability to amplify chosen genomic regions. Out of fifty-three DNA samples, forty-six responded well to PCR amplification after optimisation of their quality. The PCR products were electrophoresed on 2% agarose along with lOObp DNA ladder to judge the size of different PCR products. Tine sizes of different PCR products were found to be approximately 145 bp, 195 bp, 260 bp, 250 bp, 252 bp and 155 bp for microsatellites LEX 025, LEX 027, LEX 032, LEX 034, LEX 035, and LEX 041 respectively. The amplified PCR products were further subjected to electrophoresis on 6% denaturing urea polyacrilamide gel (Denaturing PAGE) for allelic typing. Microsatellite LEX 025 exhibited five alleles in 6 different genotypic combinations. Allele # 3 was predominant in Kathiawari breed with maximum gene frequency (0.435). This allele was mainly expressed in heterozygous form. Allele # 1 was observed at least frequency (0.043). Microsatellite LEX 027 exhibited five alleles in nine different genotypic combinations. Allele # 2 occurred at maximum frequency i.e. 0.326. This allele mainly exhibited in heterozygous form. Allele # 1 occurred at minimum frequency i.e. 0.044 which was observed in only 3 animals. Microsatellite LEX 032 exhibited five alleles in ten different genotypic combinations. Allele # 1 occurred at maximum frequency i.e. 0.348, which was mainly exhibited in heterozygous form. Allele # 5 occurred at minimum frequency i.e. 0.054 which was observed in only 5 animals. Kathiawari horses exhibited four alleles in six different genotypic combinations at LEX 034 microsatellite locus . Allele # 4 occurred at maximum frequency (0.696), which was mainly exhibited in homozygous form. Allele # 3 occurred at minimum frequency i.e. 0.011, which was observed in only 1 animal. Microsatellite LEX 035 exhibited four alleles in eight different genotypic combinations. Allele # 1 occurred at maximum frequency (0.446). This allele mainly observed in heterozygous form. Allele# 4 occurred at minimum frequency (0.13). Kathiawari horses exhibited six alleles in eight different genotypic combinations at LEX 041 microsatellite locus. Allele # 5 occurred at maximum frequency of 0.402 in contrast to minimum frequency of 0.022 for Allele# 2 . The heterozygosity values at different loci were 0.684, 0.760, 0.755, 0.476, 0.702, and 0.717 for microsatellites LEX 025, LEX 027, LEX 032, LEX 034, LEX 035, and LEX 041 respectively. Microsatellite LEX 027 was highly polymorphic while microsatellite LEX 034 was the least polymorphic locus among all six microsatellites. The average heterozygosity of all six loci was 0.682. The polymorphic information content (PIC) was calculated from number of alleles and heterozygosity. The values were 0.621, 0.709, 0.704, 0.427, 0.645 and 0.662 for microsatellites LEX 025, LEX 027, LEX 032, LEX 034, LEX 035, and LEX 041 respectively. Microsatellite loci amplified in present study were found to be polymorphic with 4 to 6 alleles in Kathiawari horse. The heterozygosity and PIC ranged from 0.476 to 0.760 and from 0.427 to 0.709 respectively.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF "KATHIAWARI" BREED OF HORSE USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS(AAU, Anand, 2004) GANGARAMBHAI, KORINGA PRAKASHKUMAR; Solanki, J. V.It is essential to characterize the germplasm for introgenetic variability, which will help in planning for conservation strategy as well as genetic improvement. Microsatellite markers are widely accepted as a marker of choice as they are highly polymorphic single locus DNA sequenced throughout the genome and are readily adaptable to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Present study is an attempt to characterize Kathiawari horse breed using fifteen sets of equine microsatellite markers. DNA samples were taken from sixty horses from its native tract. These samples were assessed for genetic variation using fifteen equine specific microsatellite markers viz. loci NVHEQ 05, NVHEQ 21, NVHEQ 54, NVHEQ 79, LEX 20, HTG 07, NVHEQ 29, ASB 02, NVHEQ 18, HMS 03, HMS 07, NVHEQ 11, VHL 20, HTG 14 and HTG 15. All samples did not respond to PCR amplification. Forty seven to fifty eight samples yielded amplification. The PCR products were checked on 2% agarose for amplification. Further the amplicons wefe run on sequencing PAGE (DenaturingPAGE) with 10 bp ladder for allele sizing and allele typing. The sizes (length) of different microsateliites were found to be approximately 153bp, 174bp, 173bp, 176bp, 216bp, 142bp, 122bp,200bp,137bp, 166bp,178bp, 126bp, 97bp, 142bp, and 144bp for microsateliites NVHEQ 05, NVHEQ 21, NVHEQ 54, NVHEQ 79, LEX 20, HTG 07, NVHEQ 29, ASB 02, NVHEQ 18, HMS 03, HMS 07, NVHEQ 11, VHL 20, HTG 14 and HTG 15, respectively. A wide range of genetic analyses were then performed on the resultant data. A high level of genetic variation was observed. Microsateliites NVHEQ 05, NVHEQ 21, NVHEQ 54, NVHEQ 79, LEX 20, HTG 07, NVHEQ 29, ASB 02, NVHEQ 18, HMS 03, HMS 07, NVHEQ 11, VHL 20, HTG 14 and HTG 15 showed 4, 4, 2, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 8, 8, 6, 6, 8, 4 and 3 alleles as well as 7, 7, 2, 7, 13, 6, 12, 9, 11, 20, 14, 10, 20, 9 and 5 genotypic combinations, respectively. The heterozygosity values in these microsateliites were 0.5306, 0.5745, 0.1400, 0.6400, 0.8600, 0.5472, 0.8200, 0.8200, 0.6792, 0.7959, 0.7241, 0.8478, 0.8235, 0.7400 and 0.5185 for microsateliites NVHEQ 05, NVHEQ 21, NVHEQ 54, NVHEQ 79, LEX 20, HTG 07, NVHEQ 29, ASB 02, NVHEQ 18, HMS 03, HMS 07, NVHEQ 11, VHL 20, HTG 14 and HTG 15 respectively. Microsatellite LEX 20 was highly polymorphic and NVHEQ 54 was least polymorphic among all fifteen microsateliites. Polymorphic information content (PIC) was calculated from number of alleles and heterozygosity. It was 0.441, 0.485, 0.122, 0.483, 0.737, 0.434, 0.732, 0.664, 0.711, 0.752, 0.707, 0.699, 0.820, 0.682 and 0.377 for microsatellite NVHEQ 05, NVHEQ 21, NVHEQ 54, NVHEQ 79, LEX 20, HTG 07, NVHEQ 29, ASB 02, NVHEQ 18, HMS 03, HMS 07, NVHEQ 11, VHL 20, HTG 14 and HTG 15 respectively. The microsatellites were found to be highly polymorphic with 2 to 8 alleles, 0.1400 to 0.8600 heterozygosity and 0.122 to 0.820 PIC in the Kathiawari horse. This is the first reported molecular characterization study on Kathiawari horse.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF IGF-I,IGF-II AND TGF.β3 GENE EXPRESSION ON FEED CONSUMPTION AND EGG PRODUCTION IN SYNTHETIC WHITE LEGHORN(AAU, Anand, 2009) PANCHAL, JAYESHKUMAR RAMESHCHANDRA; Savaliya, F. P.The present study was carried out to compare the levels of expression of IGF-I, IGF-II and TGF-β3 gene in liver of 24 Synthetic White Leghorn chicken from four groups (six bird/group) with different level of feed consumption and egg production and to estimate correlation between levels of gene expression on various economic traits by quantitative real time PCR using GAPDH as endogenous control. The relative expression ratio (fold of induction) for groups was determined in relation to a calibrator which was represented by the smallest signal detectable for that specific gene. There were significant (p < 0.05) differences in IGF-I expression level in four groups. Maximum level of expression was in HL group (13.81 ±3.84a) followed by, LL (13.70 ± 6.07a), LH (4.74 ± 0.91ab), and HH (2.88 ± 0.47b HL and LL groups have significantly (p<0.05) higher expression over the HH and LH. However, there were no significant differences in expression between HL and LL and between HH and LH. There were no significant differences in expression level of IGF-II and TGF-β3 in four groups. The correlation of IGF-I with Age at Sexual maturity, body weight at all ages were non significant. The correlation of IGF-1 with egg weight at 32 weeks of age was positive, high and significant (p < 0.05), whereas, with egg weight at 40, 56, 64 and 72 weeks of age were non significant. The correlations of IGF-I with egg production were negative, high and significant (p < 0.05), except with egg production up to 40 weeks of age which was non significant. The correlation between IGF-I and Total Feed consumption during 51-60 weeks of age was non significant. The correlation of IGF-II with Age at Sexual maturity, body weight at 16, 20, 32, 40, 56, 64 and 72 weeks of age were non significant. The correlation between IGF-lI and egg weight at 32, 40, 56, 64 and 72 weeks of age were non significant. The correlation of IGF-II with egg production up to 72 weeks of age was negative, high and significant (p < 0.05), while, the correlation at other ages were non significant. The correlation between IGF-II and Total Feed consumption during 51-60 weeks of age was non significant. The correlation of TGF-β3 with Age at Sexual maturity, body weight at all ages, feed consumption during 51-60 weeks and egg production at all ages were non significant. The correlation between TGF-β3 and egg weight were non significant. Feed consumption per egg (g/egg) was positive, high and significant (p<0.05) with IGF-I, while non significant with IGF-II and TGF-β3. Present finding suggests that correlation of IGF-I gene with egg production were Significant and negative while, positive with body weight at different ages and increase as age advances.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION TRAITS OF SURTI BUFFALO ON AN ORGANIZED FARM(AAU, Anand, 2005) PANDYA, GAURAV MULVANTBHAI; SOLANKI, j. vBuffaloes are considered to be the principal milk producing livestock species in India. Surti is one of the well-defined buffalo breeds of India. Estimation of genetic parameters for production traits is important to know the genetic basis for production performance of the animal and to access how much improvement is possible in the next generations. Detailed genetic analysis of production traits in Surti buffalo maintained on an organized farm help us in identifying various factors affecting the productivity of animals. Estimation of genetic parameters for various production traits also help the breeder in identification of various selection criteria and planning of breeding programs for genetic improvement in Surti buffalo. The studies on lactation curve and persistency is very much helpful to know the sustainability of the lactation. The data for the present study were collected from breeding and production records of Livestock Research Station, Navsari from 1988 - 2002. The data pertaining to body weight, milk production and other records of Surti buffaloes were collected. Total there were 545 body weight records at BWQ, BW3, BWe and BW12 under 13 sires and daily milk production records (morning and evening) for 298 lactations from 130 buffaloes were collected under 15 sires. Maximum data up to four lactations were collected of each animal. Other records i.e. Age at First Calving (AFC), lactation length, Service period (SP), Dry Period (DP), Gestation Period (GP), Calving Interval (CI) were collected for animals under study. The records were analyzed using least squares analysis procedures. The Harvey (1990) programme was used to estimate the genetic parameters i.e. heritability (h2), genetic and phenotypic correlations by Paternal Half sib method. Period of birth, period of calving, season of birth, season of calving etc. non-genetic factors were incorporated in appropriate statistical model. Lactation curve was prepared through Statistical Packages for Social Sciences programme. Two functions, i.e. Gamma function and Inverse Polynomial functions were fitted to the daily milk yield records. Persistency was calculated through simple analysis in Microsoft Excel 2000 on the weekly records of the milk yield. BWo, BW3 and BWe were significantly affected by period of birth and season of birth. The sex of calf significantly affected only body weight at birth. BW12 was not affected by any of the non genetic factors under study. Body weights at different ages were found to be moderate to highly heritable and were favorably genetically correlated with each other. Lactation traits were not affected by any of the non genetic factors except age at first calving by season of birth. The heritability estimates for first lactation yield, age at first calving, first gestation period, and first calving interval were found to be high. Heritability estimates for other traits i.e. first lactation length, first service period and first dry period could not be calculated on account of negative sire component of variance. The first lactation yield and age at first calving, and age at first calving and first gestation period were found to be negatively correlated. Gamma function was found to be more effective as compare to Inverse Polynomial function with higher R2 value. The value of persistency ranged from 97.94% in fourth lactation to 98.56 % in first lactation, indicating Surti buffaloes as fairly persistent in milk production throughout the lactation.ThesisItem Open Access ESTIMATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG GIR, KANKREJ AND DEONI CATTLE BREEDS USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS(AAU, Anand, 2004) Kale, Deepak S.; Rank, D. N.Microsatellites or short tandem repeats (STRs), DNA markers relatively abundant in the genome, have a high degree of polymorphism and therefore great potential for characterizing population. The present study describes genetic variability within and between three indigenous cattle breeds viz; Gir Kankrej and Deoni investigated using seven raicrosateilite markers (ETH-225, CSRM-60, HEL-5, INRA- 005, INRA-035, ILSTS-002 and ILSTS-006). Twenty-two to fifty-two DNA samples per breed isolated from non-related animals were utilized for PCR amplification of microsatellite loci. PCR products were resolved on 7% denaturing polyacrylamide gels and visualized by silver staining. The microsatellite alleles were sized using 10 bp DNA ladder. Allelic frequency, heterozygosity and polymorphic information content (PIC) were estimated. Allelic frequencies were tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The results showed that genetic equilibrium was not always maintained. The observed number of alleles ranged from five (in HEL-5) to eight (in CSRM-60) with total 46 alleles across three breeds. The overall heterozygosity and PIC values were 0.730 and 0.749. Genetic distance was least (0.2034) between Gir and Kankrej and highest between Deoni and Kankrej (0.4442). A dendrogram following UPGMA clustering was generated from Nei's genetic distance matrix using Popgene programme (Version 1.31).The clusters obtained on phylogenetic tree agreed with the geographic origin of the breed.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION TRAITS OF TRIPLE CROSS (HF 25 % X J 25 % X KANKREJ 50 %) CATTLE ON AN ORGANIZED FARM(AAU, Anand, 2007) PATEL, JITENDRAKUMAR SHANTILAL; RANK, D. N.Present study was undertaken for genetic analysis of production and reproduction traits of HJK triple cross (HF 25% x J 25% x Kankrej 50%) maintained at Livestock Research Station, AAU, Anand, Gujarat from 1990 to 2005. The study included analysis of 572 lactation records of 223 HJK triple cross cows of three generations belonging to 36 sires. Data were scrutinized for abnormality and finally 266 lactation records of 126 cow progenies of 21 sires having complete set of all necessary records were used for genetic analysis. Various traits like Calf weight (CW), Weight at first calving (WFC), Age at first calving (AFC), Service period (SP), Calving interval (CI), Breeding efficiency (BE), Lactation length (LL), Dry period (DP), Lactation milk yield (LY), Standard lactation milk yield (SLMY), Lifetime total lactation days (LTTLD), Lifetime total milk yield (LTTMY), Average milk production per day of lactation length (MY/LL), Average milk production per day of calving interval (MY/CI), Average milk production per day of lifetime milking days (MY/PL), Average milk production per day of lifefime calving intervals (MY/HL), Peak yield (PY), Days to attain peak milk yield (DAPMY), Persistency of lactation, Milk production efficiency per kg of WFC (MPEK), Milk production efficiency per kg of WFC and lactation days (MPEKD), genetic and non-genetic factors affecting the traits, lactation curve dynamics and path analysis have been studied. Data were analyzed using Mixed Model Least Squares and Maximum Likelihood computer programme (Harvey, 1990) to overcome the non-orthgonality of the data. Three sets of data for Fl, F2 and F3 generations were categorized. Various effects like sire, season of calving, period of calving, parity, etc. on important dairy traits were estimated by using model-1, genetic parameters like heritability, genotypic and phenotypic correlation, etc. were estimated by using model-2 and repeatability was estimated by using model-8. The Gamma, Inverse Polynomial, Gaines and Rook functions were fitted to derive lactation curves using SPSS programme. The Path analysis was carried out using phenotypic correlations of traits affecting SLMY. The least squares means of SLMY, PY, DAPMY, MY/LL, MY/CI, LL, DP, SP, CI, AFC, Birth weight, WFC, BE, MPEK, MPEKD, TC, TCI, TLTLD, TLTMY, MY/PL and MY/HL in Fl generation of HJK triple cross were 2253.76 ± 41.31 kg, 13.91 ± 0.24 kg, 27.96 ± 1.47 days, 7.49 ± 0.15 kg, 5.53 ± 0.13 kg, 299.63 ± 3.68 days, 115.56 ± 7.3 days, 137.74 ± 7.11 days, 415.20 ± 7.12 days, 1032.95 ± 27.40 days, 22.93 ± 0.19 kg, 335.55 ± 14.99 kg, 86.64 %, 6.43 ± 0.92 kg, 0.021 ± 0.0019 kg, 3.61 ± 0.64 unit, 1498.15 i 268.97 days, 1079.39 ± 195.50 days, 7436.61 ± 634.13 kg, 4,96 ± 0.25 and 2.93 ± 0.22 respectively. ' The estimates for the same in F2 and F3 generations were 2166.68 ±47.16 and 1846.90 ± 47.34 kg, 12.21 ± 0.24 and 09.56 ± 0.63 kg, 30.98 ± 3.42 and 16.50 ± 1.39 days, 7.19 ± 0.15 and 6.30 ± 0.23 kg, 5.64 ± 0.15 and 5.11 ± 0.14 kg, 308.94 ± 4.07 and 287.00± 4.46 days, 94.97 ± 7.99 and 66.50 ± 2.08 days, 125.99 ± 8.16 and 85.00 ± 4.59 days, 403.92 ± 8.20 and 353.50 ± 3.69 days, 1227.65 ±31.78 and 1285.60 ± 93.42 days, 22.42 ± 0.13 and 21.99 ± 0.29 kg, 314.09 ± 8.33 and 294.59 ± 17.50 kg. 90.09 and 99.17 %, 6.87 ± 0.52 and 6.41 ± l.Ol kg, 0.019 ± 0.0011 and 0.019 ± 0.0022 kg, 3.42 ± 0.4 and 3.32 ±0.74 unit, 1378.26 ± 168.16 and 1179.96 ± 208.98 days, 1053.36 ± 118.06 and 952.84 ± 125.53 days, 6685.15 ± 452.91 and 6207.74 ± 896.12 kg, 4.85 ± 0.16 and 5.26 ± 0.46 & 2.56 ± 0.18 and 2.51 ± 0.34 respectively. Their pooled estimates were 2207.61 ± 31.25 kg, 13.08 ± 0.18 kg, 28.98 ± 1.68 days, 7.34 ± 0.11 kg, 5.57 ± 0.09 kg, 303.30 ± 2.69 days, 105.71 ± 1.09 days, 131.56 ± 2.04 days, 409.02 ± 6.02 days, 1148.11 ± 51.02 days, 22.34 ± 0.21 kg, 322.96 ± 4.70 kg, 88.40 %, 6.66 ± 0.20 kg, 0.02 ± 0.0003 kg, 3.5 ± 0.13, 1421.67 ± 81.06 days, 1059.94 ± 40.17 days, 6990.43 ± 342.51 kg, 4.91 ±0.09 and 2.71 ± 0.14 respectively. There was decline in SLMY (18.05 %), PY (31.28 %), MY/LL (13.89 %), MY/CI (7.60 %), LL (4.02 %), WFC (12.21 %), MPEK (0.32 %), MPEKD (9.53 %), TLTLD (11.77 %), TLTMY(16.53 %) on interbreeding. AFC increased by 24.5 % and DAPMY by 41.00 %. However, there was improvement in BE (15.26 %), MY/PL (8.45 %) and MY/HL (7.96 %). Improvement was also observed in the form of decreased DP (42.45 %), SP (38.0 %), CI (14.96 %) and TCI (21.24 %). The effect of generation was significant only for SLMY, CI, MY/LL, PI-1, PI-4 and PI-7.