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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SOWING/TRANSPLANTING METHODS, SOWING TIME, ROW SPACING AND FERTILIZER LEVELS ON YIELD OF MUSTARD [Brassica Juncea (L.) Czern and Coss](AAU, Anand, 1997) Desai, Harivadan V.; PATEL, T. D.A field experiment was conducted on sandy loam soil of Agronomy Farm, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand during the rabi season of the year 1991-92 to study the "Effect of Sowing/ Transplanting Methods, Sowing time. Row Spacing and Fertilizer Levels on Yield of Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss]". Twenty four treatments comprising of all possible combinations of two levels of sowing dates viz., 25th October and 14th November, two methods of sowing viz.. Drilling and Transplanting, two spacings viz., 30cm x 10cm and 45cm x 10cm and three levels of fertilizer viz., 25 + 25 + 0 NPK kg/ha, 50 + 50 + 0 NPK kg/ha and 75 + 75 + 0 NPK kg/ha were tried in split plot design with four replications. Sowing dates, methods of sowing and spacing were relegated to the main plots whereas fertilizers levels were taken as subplot treatments. The results indicated that the plant height, number of primary and secondary branches/plant, number of pods/plant, seeds/pod, seed weight and test weight were significantly more under 25th October sowing than the later sowing (14th November). The mustard seed and stover yields were also higher under early sown crop than the sowing at later date. Sowing on 25th October (2325 kg/ha) gave 42.28 per cent higher seed yield over 14th November (1634 kg/ha) sown crop. Maximum net profit of Rs. 15715/ha was obtained with 25th October sown crop. Drilling method of sowing recorded appreciably higher plant height, number of primary and secondary branches/plant, number of pods/ plant, number of pods/plant, seeds/pod, seed weight and test weight and also the seed and stover yields. The seed yield recorded with drilling method (2221 kg/ha) was 27.71 per cent higher than the transplanted crop. The drilling method also recorded maximum net profit of Rs. 14936/ha. Different levels of spacing viz., 30cm x 10cm and 45cm x 10cm were significantly superior for all growth as v/ell as yield attributes and stover yield but seed yield of mustard was not significantly changed due to spacing. However, net profit obtained under both the spacings was almost identical. Fertilizing mustard with 75 + 75 + 0 NPK kg/ha recorded significantly higher plant height, number of primary and secondary branches/ plant, number of pods/plant, seeds/pod, seed weight, test weight and seed and stover yields over lower levels of fertilizers. The seed yield (2206 kg/ ha) recorded with 75 + 75 + 0 NPK kg/ha was 31.46 and 7.29 percent higher over 25 + 25 + 0 NPK kg/ha and 50 + 50 + 0 NPK kg/ha, respectively. This level of fertilizer also recorded maximum net profit of Rs.9562/ha and was found to be optimum. Sowing on 25th October produced significantly higher oil yield (917 kg/ha) than 14th November sown crop. Early sown crop (25th October) gave 42.83 percent higher oil yield over 14th November sown crop. But oil content of seed was not affected significantly due to sowing time. Between methods of sowing /planting^ drilling gave significantly higher oil yield (873 kg/ha) than the transplanting. The percent increase in oil yield was 27.44 under drilled crop over transplanted one. However, oil content was not significantly affected due to different methods of sowing. Different levels of spacing did not make significant variation in oil content and oil yield of mustard crop. Application of 75 + 75 +0 NPK kg/ha gave significantly higher oil yield (854 kg/ha) of mustard. Contrary to the above findings oil content was found to decrease with the increase in levels of fertilizer application. Based on the results from one year experimentation, it seems quite logical to indicate that potential production and profit from mustard crop can be secured by sowing on 25th October by adopting drilled method spaced at 30cm or 45cm row spacing and fertilized with 75 + 75 + 0 NPK kg/ha on loamy sand soil of middle Gujarat.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION IN ASSOCIATION WITH MULCH AND NITROGEN ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHILLI (Capsicum annum L.) cv. JWALA(AAU, Anand, 1998) Chauhan, Naransinh Prabhatsinh; UPADHYAY, P. N.A field experiment was carried out at the College Agronomy Farm, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand on loamy sand soil, with a view to study the effect of drip irrigation in association with mulch and nitrogen on growth and yield of chilli (Capaicum annum L.) cv. Jwala during winter-summer seasons of 1994-95 and 1995- 96. Twenty four treatments comprising of four levels of irrigation (drip Irrigation at 40, 60 and 80 per cent of CPE and surface irrigation at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio with 50 mm depth of irrigation water), two levels of mulching (No mulch and mulching with black polyethelene mulch) and three levels of nitrogen (75, 100 and 125 kg N/ha) were tried in a split plot design with four replications. Levels of irrigation were assigned to main plots and combinations of mulch and nitrogen were relegated to the sub-plot treatments. The results on effect of irrigation revealed that drip irrigation at 80 per cent of CPE in comparison to surface irrigation, remarkably Increased plant height, secondary branches/plant at all dates of observations, started fruit setting and 50 % of flowering 1 days earlier, while initiation of ripening 3 days later, considerably increased chlorophyll 'a' and chlorophyll 'b' and total chlorophyll content in leaf lamina at 60, 120 and 150 DAP and markedly reduced weed count and dry biomaas of weeds, while tended to increase dry biomass of broom rape. This treatment also recorded the maximum values of the yield and yield attributes for green chilli i.e. total number of green chilli fruits/plant, yield of green chilli fruits/plant, average green chilli fruit length and weight, green chilli yield (14140, 17729 and 15934 kg/ha) and dry stalk yield (1898, 2203 and 2051 kg/ha) during both the years as well as on pooled basis. Drip irrigation at 80 % of GPE was also found superior In recording the higher values of yield and yield attributes for dry red chilli yield i.e. total number of dry red chilli fruits/plant, yield of dry red fruits/plant average weight of dry red fruit and dry red chilli yield (2072, 2355 and 2214 kg/ha), yield attributes for seed yield i.e. number of mature seeds/fruit, seed weight/fruit, seed and flake yield/plant, weight of 100 seed, seed yield (615, 681 and 648 kg/ha) and flake yield (1209, 1356 and 1283 kg/ha), respectively during both the years as well as on pooled basis. Field water use efficiency values for green chilli, dry red chilli and seed yields were maximum under drip Irrigation at 40 % of CPE during both the years and in the pooled results and the values of field WUE under drip irrigation at 80 % of CPE were comparatively higher than that under surface irrigation. Different levels of irrigation did not influence significantly the root-knot index and nutrient status of soil I.e. total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potash after harvest of first and second season crop. The results pertaining to the effect of mulching revealed that as compared to no mulch, treatment of mulching with black PM remarkably increased plant height, secondary branches/plant, chlorophyll 'a', chlorophyll 'b' and total chlorophyll content in leaf lamina at 60, 120 and 150 DAP, yield attributes for green chilli yield i.e. number of green chilli fruits/plant, yield of green chilli fruits/plant, green chilli fruit length and weiglit, yield attributes for dry red chilli yield i.e. number of dry red fruits/plant, yield of dry red fruits/plant, weight of dry red chilli fruit, yield attributes for seed and flake yields i.e. number of mature seeds/fruit and seed weight/fruit, while remarkably reduced total weed cotint, dry blomass of weed as well as broom rape, favoured early fruit setting, during both the years and in the pooled analysis. Green chilli yield (12785, 15171 and 13978 kg/ha), dry stalk yield (1809, 2199 and 2004 kg/ha), dry red chilli yield (1967, 2202 and 2086 kg/ha), seed yield (579, 630 and 605 kg/ha) and flake yield (1138, 1266 and 1202 kg/ha) were recorded the maximum under mulching treatment during the year 1994-95, 1995-96 and in the pooled results, respectively. Mulching treatment also registered the highest field WUE for green chilli, dry red chilli and seed yield during both the years and in the pooled analysis. This treatment also increased N, P and K content in dry red chilli and dry stalk during both the years and significantly increased uptake of N, P and K by crop during both the years and in the pooled results over no mulch. Treatment of mulching did not influence significantly the root-knot index, days to 50 % flowering, initiation of ripening, weight of dry red fruit, total soil nitrogen, available phosphorus and potash status of soil after harvest of first and second season crop. Among different levels of nitrogen, as compared to lower level of 75 kg N/ha, the nitrogen fertigation @ 125 kg/ha recorded the maximum values of plant height, secondary branches/plant, chlorophyll 'a', chlorophyll 'b' and total chlorophyll contents in leaf lamina, dry weight of weeds as well as broom rape, yield attributes for green chilli, i.e. total number of green chilli fruits/plant, yield of green chilli fruits/plant, average length and weight of green chilli fruit, yield attributes of dry red chilli and seed yields, i.e. total number of dry red chilli fruits/plant, yield of dry red chilli fruits/plant, number of mature seeds/fruit, seed weight/fruit, seed and flake yields/plant weight of dry red fruit and 100 seed during both the years and on pooled results. This treatment also registered the maximum yields of green chill fruit (13235, 15320 and 14277 kg/ha), dry stalk (1863, 2063 and 1963 kg/ha), dry red chili (2023, 2207and 2115 kg/ha), need yield (588, 630 and 630 kg/ha) and flake yield (1175, 1272 and 1223 kg/ha) during both the years and in the pooled result, respectively. Field WUE for green chilli, dry red chilli and seed yields and N, P and K content in dry stalk and P and K content in dry red chilli and uptake of N, P and K, total soil nitrogen after harvest of first and second season crop during both the years as well as In the pooled results. Different levels of nitrogen did not influence significantly root-knot index, days to 60 % flowering, fruit setting initiation and weed count. Though the nitrogen level 125 kg/ha recorded the maximum values of these characters, this treatment tended to delay initiation of fruit ripening. Interactive effect I x M was found significant in respect of chlorophyll 'a' and chlorophyll 'b' contents in leaf lamina at 60 DAP, total chlorophyll at 60 and 150 DAP, dry weight of broom rape, number of green chilli and dry red chilli fruits/plant, green chilli yield, flake yield and K uptake and treatment combination of drip irrigation at 80 % CPE coupled with tarping with black polyethelene mulch on soil was found superior in recording the maximum values of these parameters. Interactive effect I x N was found significant for chlorophyll 'a' and total chlorophyll contents in leaf lamina at 120 DAP, total dry weight of weeds, stalk yield, number of dry red fruits/plant, seed and flake yield/plant, field WUE for green chilli, dry red chilli and seed yield. Treatment combination of drip irrigation at 80 % of CPE in association with 125 kg N/ha stood first. Interactive effect M x N had significantly influenced total dry weight of weeds, green chili yield, dry stalk yield, dry fruit yield/plant, dry fruit yield/ha, seed and flake yields/ha, field WUE for green, dry red chilli and seed yield and K uptake. All these characters were the under treatment combination of mulch in conjuction with 125 kg N/ha. From the economic point of view, treatment involving drip irrigation at 80 % of CPE, coupled with mulching (black PM) and application of @125 kg/ha nitrogen through fertigation in form of uren in 10 equal splits at every 4th Irrigation starting from third irrigation registered the highest green chilli yield (18939 kg/ha) or dry red chilli yield (2689 kg/ha) or seed yield (791 kg/ha) with the net benefit of Rs. 47287 or 40369 or 192018 for respective yields. Drip should be run with the pressure of 1 kg/cm2 for the period of 10.30 to 11.00 hrs before transplanting for complete wetting of soil for transplanting of seedlings and 3.30 to 4.00 hrs after 3 days of planting as common irrigations and subsequently It should ba run at three days interval for the period of 3.30 to 4.15 hrs in, October and November, 3.00 hrs In December and January; 3.45 to 4.30 hrs. in February and 5.30 to 6.00 hrs in March and 6.45 to 7.15 hrs in April. Under situation of assured irrigation If a farmer is not in a position to adopt drip Irrigation system or black polyethelene mulching, 15 irrigations each of 50 mm depth including two common irrigations for transplanting and establishment of the crop should be given and crop should be fertilized with 125 kg N/ha in four equal splits at 30 days interval for obtaining maximum benefit from green or dry red chilli yield. Irrigation should be applied at an Intervals of 12-13 days in November, 17-19 days In December, January and February, 10-12 days In March and 8 days In the month of April. Seed crop fetched the highest net profit (Ra. 133866/ha) when mulching was done in addition to above combination of the treatments.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON THE INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION METHODS, NITROGEN AND BIOREGULATOR ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF HYBRID COTTON(AAU, Anand, 1994) Haytham, Al-Hneidi; Mehta, H. M.A field experiment was conducted on loamy sand soil of College Agronomy Farm, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand, to study the interactive effect of irrigation methods, nitrogen and bioregulator on growth, yield and quality of hybrid cotton cv. GC HY-8 during kharif season of the years 1991-92 and 1992-93. Thirty treatment combinations comprising three methods of irrigation (surface flooding, every furrow irrigation and alternate furrow irrigation), two concentrations of NAA (0 and 20 ppm) were assigned to main plots and five levels of nitrogen (140, 200, 260, 320 and 380 kg/ha) were relegated to sub-plots in split plot design with three replications. Every furrow irrigation method remarkably increased numbers of monopodial and sympodial branches/pl, LAI, dry biomass/pl, RGR, CGR and NAR as compared to alternate furrow irrigation and surface flooding methods during both the years. However, plant height and number of flowers/pl remained unaffected by irrigation methods.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF HERBICIDES FOR WEED CONTROL IN GREENGRAM [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek](AAU, Anand, 1996) Vaidya, Pankajkumar Maneklal; Barevadia, T. N.The study indicated that integrated weed management practices of pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 0.5 kg/ha + IC at 30 DAS and fluchloralin 0.5 kg/ha + IC at 30 DAS were most effective in controlling weeds and were comparable with twice manual weedings (20 and 45 DAS). These integrated treatments reduced the dry weight of weeds by 87.1 to 89.1 X as compared to unweeded control (3533 kg/ha) and found equally effective and selective to greengram. For every kilogram of dry matter produced by weeds, there was 0.230 kg reduction in grain production. Of the different weed control treatments, the higher grain yield was obtained under the integrated treatment pendimethalin 0.5 kg/ha coupled with IC at 30 DAS (1681 kg/ha), followed by fluchloraln 0.5 kg/ha coupled with IC at 30 DAS (1656 kg/ha) and hand weeding twice (1641 kg/ha). The yield differences among these treatments were not significant. Plant growth as well as yield attributing characters were higher under these treatments. The lower grain yield (947 kg/ha) of greengram was recorded under weedy check with 42.2 % weed index. Oxadiazon herbicide proved phytotoxic to the crop showing suppression of growth leading to reduction in yield. Weed control treatments had no marked influence on the protein content of grains. Weed control practices restricted the nutrient removal by weeds substantially compared with the unweeded check. Weeds removed 49.46, 21.02 and 47.51 kg N, P2O5 and K2O kg/ha, respectively. Weed control proved helpful in arresting nutrients depletion to the extent of 81 per cent. Bacterial population in the soil was significantly reduced immediately after application of oxadiazon at both levels and at higher level (0.75 kg/ha) of fluchloralin and pendimethalin herbicides. Whereas, all herbicides proved ineffective in changing fungal population. The highest net returns (Rs. 20,727) was obtained by the pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 0.5 kg/ha + IC at 30 DAS, followed by fluchloralin 0.5 kg/ha + IC at 30 DAS (Rs.20,569) and twice manual weedings treatment (Rs.20,382). The benefit : Cost ratio were also higher in these treatments (3.54 to 3.61). The present study thus indicated that the integrated weed management involving pre-emergence herbicides at reduced dosage followed by one intercultivation (30 DAS) offers a viable alternative to conventional method of weed management.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DATES OF LAST CUTTING. IRRIGATION SCHEDULES AND PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES ON SEED YIELD OF LUCERNE (Medicago sativa L.)(AAU, Anand, 1990) Patel, Kirit K.; Barevadia, T. N.A field experiment was conducted on loamy sand soil of the College of Agronomy Farm Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand during the rabi season of 1989-90 to study the effect of various dates of last cutting, irrigation schedules and plant proection measures on seed yield of lucerne (Medicago sat iva L.) Cv. "Gujarat lucerne-1'. Different combinations of three levels of irrigation (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 IW/CPE ratio) and two levels of plant protection measures (without and with plant protection measures on the basis of need application) were allotted as main plot treatment. While, three different dates of last cuttin (15th February, 2nd March, 17th March) were allotted as sub plot treatment of split plot design with four replications. Lucerne crop was sown at 25 cm inter row spacing using seed rate of 5 kg/ha on 6th November 1989. The crop was uniformly fertilized with 20 kg N and 40 kg P2O5 per hectare before sowing. Three forage cuttings were taken before seed crop under 15th February and 2nd March date of last cutting while, 17th March date of last cutting offered four forage cuttings before the seed crop. Owing to lower insect-pests population, treatments of plant protection measures could not be imposed during whole experimental period. Irrigation treatments were imposed at bud stage of the lucerne seed crop and depth of irrigatin was maintained to 50 mm by applying measured quantity of water through Parshall Flume. The experimental results revealed that scheduling of irrigation at 0.5 IW/CPE ratio produced significantly the highest seed yield (341 kg/ha). Simultaneously, it recorded significantly the highest value of various yield attributing parameters viz., number of racemes/ pod (15.00), number of filled pods/head (11.89), number of seeds/pod (7.13), number of mature seeds/pod (6.72) and test weight (2.494 g) as compared to remaining two levels of irrigation. IW/CPE ratios of 0.5 and 0.75 were found alike in recording numlier of effective tillers/metre row length and size of head however, both were significantly superior to 0.25 IW/CPE ratio. Consumptive use of water, total biomass yield and all the morphological parameters increased significantly with successive increase in levels of IW/CPE ratio from 0.25 to 0.75. While contradictory to this, decreasing trend was observed in case of water use efficiency and water expense efficiency with each increment in IW/CPE ratio from 0.25 to 0.75. Among different dates of last cutting, 17th March established its superiority by giving significantly the highest seed yield (329 kg/ha) along with green forage (260.51 q/ha) yield. Conspicuously the highest value of all the yield attributes viz., number of effective tillers/metre row length (40.96), number of racemes/shoot (15.10), number of filled pods/raceme (11.43), size of head (2.73 cm), number of seeds/pod (7.03), number of mature seeds/pod (6.57) and test weight (2.424 g) were recorded when the lucerne crop was left for seed on I7th March. Harvesting of last forage cutting on 17th March produced the lowest total biomass yield (1907 kg/ha) and all the morphological parameters at 20 days after last cutting as well as at harvest. It was observed that each delay by 15 days in leaving the crop for seed showed significant reduction in consumptive use of water and simultaneously, increased the water use efficiency and water expense efficiency. Lucerne crop left for seed on 17th March and irrigated at 0.5 IW/CPE ratio turned out to be best for reaping maximum seed yield (389 kg/ha) and green forage yield. This said treatment combination was found c conducive for recording remarkable higher values of various parameters viz., number of effective tillers/ metre row length (47.50), number of racemes/shoot (17.50), number of filled pods/raceme (12.65), size of head (2.97 cm), number of seeds/pod (7.64), number of mature seeds/pod (7.31), test weight (2.580 g), harvest index (18.55%), water use efficiency (1.691 kg seed/ha mm), water expense efficiency (1.555 kg seed/ha mm). Treatment combination involving 0.25 IW/CPE ratio of irrigation and 17th March date of last cutting recorded significantly the lowest value of total biomass yield (1369 kg/ha) and consumptive use of water (146.15 mm). However, just reverse to this» it recorded significantly the highest vaue of water use efficiency (1.759 kg seed/ha mm) and water expense efficiency (1.714 kg seed/ha mm). Lucerne crop left for seed production on 17th March and irrigated at 0.50 IW/CPE ratio gave maximum net profit (Rs. 14073/ha) and cost benefit ratio (1 : 3.30). From this investigation, it is indicated that lucerne crop (Cv. 'Gujarat lucerne-l') should be left for seed on 17th March and irrigated at 0.50 IW/CPE ratio after the bud stage which required only three irrigations each of 50 mm depth of water to get maximum seed yield and net profit under middle Gujarat conditions.ThesisItem Open Access RESPONSE OF SUMMER GREENGRAM [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] TO DATES OF SOWING AND LEVELS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS UNDER MIDDLE GUJARAT CONDITIONS(AAU, Anand, 1998) Chotaliya, Ramji L.; PATEL, J. J.A field experiment was conducted on loamy sand soil of Pulse Research Station, Model Farm, Gujarat Agricultural University, Vadodara to study the Response of Summer Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] to Dates of Sowing, and Levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorus during summer season 1996. Twenty seven combinations comprising three dates of sowing, alloted in main plot as main plot treatments (D1 : 15th February, D2 : 1st March, D3 : 15th March), and as sub plot treatments three levels, each of nitrogen (N1: 10 kg ha-1, N2 : 20 kg ha-1 and N3 : 30 kg ha-1) and phosphorus (P1 : 20 kg ha-1, P2 : 40 kg ha-1 and P3 : 60 kg ha-1). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications using greengram cv. GM-3. The result revealed that crop sown on 1st March had significantly increased initial and final plant stands,periodical plant height (at 20th DAS, 45th DAS and at harvest), number of effective branches plant-1, pod plant-1, pod length, grain and fodder yield whereas grain pod-1 and test weight remain unchanged due to various dates of sowing.ThesisItem Open Access NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR IRRIGATED CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)(AAU, Anand, 1995) Shah, Pankajkumar C.; Patel, S. H.A field experiment was conducted on loamy sand soil of College Agronomy Farm, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand to study the nutrient management for irrigated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the year 1993-94. Thirty two treatment combinations comprising two levels of Farmyard manure (0 and 5 t FYM ha-1) and two levels of Rhizobium inoculation (uninoculation and inoculation) assigned to main plots and four levels of nitrogen (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg ha-1 ) and two levels of phosphorus (0 and 50 kg ha-1) were relegated to sub-plots. The experiment was carried out in a split plot design with four replication using chickpea cv. ICCC-4. The result revealed that FYM application significantly increased plant height at all the growth stages except 42 DAS, number of primary and secondary branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, grains pod-1 and grains plant-1, grain weight plant-1, grain and straw yield (kg ha-1) and harvest index but days to 50 per cent flowering and pod formation as well as days to maturity and test weight and straw weight plant-1 were remained unchanged. All the growth and yield attributes as well as yield were not influenced by the seed inoculation with Rhizobium due to absence of nodulation. Different levels of nitrogen had showed variable trend wherein linear significant increase with each increasing level of nitrogen was observed in plant height at 21 DAS, number of secondary branches plant-1 and number of grains pod-1, while for plant height at 42 and 63 DAS N3 being at par with N2 and N2 being at par with N1 showed significant increase than lower level. The nitrogen level N3 being at par with N2, differed significantly to N1 and N0 recorded significantly higher plant height at 84 DAS, number of primary branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1 and number of grains plant-1, test weight, grain and straw weight plant-1, grain and straw yield (kg ha-1) and harvest index. Contrary to above findings days to 50 per cent flowering and pod formation as well as days to maturity were not altered by different levels of applied nitrogen. All the growth and yield attributes studied during the course of investigation except periodical plant height at 42 , 63 and 84 DAS, days to 50 per cent flowering and pod formation as well as days to maturity and harvest index were significantly increased with application of phosphorus. Similar increasing trend in grain and straw yield (kg ha-1 ) was also noticed with phosphorus application. The treatment combination F1N3 was dominant on number of pods plant-1, grain yield (kg ha-1) and harvest index while, N3P1 was superior in plant height at 21 DAS, number of secondary branches plant-1 and number of grains plant-1; the higher order interaction of F1N3P1 and F1N2P1 were obvious in plant height at 21 DAS and straw yield (kg ha-1), respectively. To get maximum grain and straw yield as well as net realization, chickpea (var. ICCC-4) should be fertilized with 5 t FYM ha-1 + 50 kg N ha-1 + 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 alongwith seed treatment of Rhizobium inoculation.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON CROP-WEED COMPETITION AND WEED MANAGEMENT IN LUCERNE (Medicago sativa L.) FOR SEED PRODUCTION(AAU, Anand, 1991) Rathore, D. S.; Mehta, H. M.The field experiment was conducted at the College Agronomy Farm, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand, with a view to study the effect of crop-weed competition and herbicides in lucerne seed crop during rabi season of 1989-90. In the present experiment, treatment for crop-weed competition study were lucerne + unweeded control, lucerne + population of only dodder, lucerne + population of only Chenopodium album and lucerne + population of only monocot weeds. In addition to these, weed management treatments viz., one hand weeding (21 DAS), two hand weedings (21 + 42 DAS), pre-emergence application of pendimethalin, fluchloralin, oxyfluorfen, alachlor (each at 0.5 kg/ha), dimethazone (at 0.8 and 1.2 kg/ha), post emergence application of fluazifop-butyl (at 0.3 kg/ha) and glyphosate (at 0.1 and 0.2 kg/ha), were assigned at random in randomized block design with four replications. Periodical weed counts of total, monocot and dicot weeds at 30 DAS, 45 DAS, 75 DAS, 120 DAS, 150 DAS and at the timeof harvest were taken. To know the competiton 11 between crop and dodder, Cj^ album and monocot weeds their count were taken separately. Dry weight of monocot, dicot and total weeds along with weed control efficiency were recorded at harvest. The effect of treatments on yield, yield attributing characters and quality characters were also recorded. The economics of treatments was evaluated on the basis of lucerne forage and seed yield considering the then prevailed market prices. The crop-weed competition was critical upto first three weeks and subsequently the crop was able to compete with weeds. The parasitic weed dodder started, competition with lucerne 30 DAS. Gradually infestation of this weed became serious, so much so that crop reduced seed yield to the tune of 88 per cent as compared to two hand weedings. The competition between Cj_ album and lucerne was highest upto 75 DAS and gradually it was decreased. The lucerne seed yield was not reduced significantly by C^ album and was found at par with two hand weedings. Initially (upto 75 DAS) monocot weed intensity was low, however, when environment become conducive their density increased. Inspite of the higher density, monocot weeds were unable to compete with crop due to vigourous crop growth and deep root system. In respect of suppression of total, monocot and dicot weed count pre-emergence application of alachlor at 0.5 kg/ha and post-emergence application of fluazifop-butyl Ill at 0.3 kg/ha were found superior over rest of the treatments by recording lowest count of total, monocot and dicot weeds at all stages of crop growth. Herbicide dimethazone and oxyfluorfen were observed very effective and consistent in controlling C. album, however, performance of both these herbicides was not encouraging in terms of green forage yield. Single application of glyphosate significantly controlled dodder established on lucerne crop but when crop left for seed production haustoria embedded in host plants and tendrils on host stems recovered growth to varying degree and seriously damaged the seed crop. The dry biomass of total, monocot and dicot weeds at harvest was lowest in pre-emergence application of alachlor @ 0.5 kg/ha followed by pre-emergence application of fluchloralin @ 0.5 kg/ha and post-emergence application of fluazifop-butyl 0.3 kg/ha. Weed control efficiency was significantly increased by all the weed management treatments except glyphosate at lower dose. Plant height and plant population at different stages were significantly higher in post-emergence application of fluazifop-butyl (a 0.3 kg/ha and pre-emergence application of alachlor l? 0.5 kg/ha. IV Green forage yield was significantly increased by different weed management treatments. Pre-emergence application of alachlor @ 0.5 kg/ha recorded highest yield followed by post-emergence application of fluazifop-butyl 0.3 kg/ha. One hand weeding (21 DAS) and two hand weedings (21 + 42 DAS) did not differ significantly for green forage yield. Leafiness and crude protein content of lucerne forage were significantly increased by different weed management treatments. Lucerne seed yield differed significantly with different weed management treatments. Post-emergence application of fluazifop-butyl at 0.3 kg/ha gave the highest lucerne seed yield followed by pre-emergence application of alachlor at 0.5 kg/ha. As regard to economics, alachlor at 0.5 kg/ha ranked first in respect of ICBR value, followed by fluazifop-butyl at 0.3 kg/ha.ThesisItem Unknown RESPONSE OF MUSTARD (Brassica juncea L.) TO IRRIGATION BASED ON IW/CPE RATIO UNDER VARYING LEVELS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS(AAU, Anand, 1991) Patel, Prabhatsinha Mansukhabhai; Upadhyay, P. N.A field experiment was conducted on loamy sandy soil of Agronomy Farm, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Gampue, Anand during the rabi season of the year 1989-90 to study the response of mustard (Brassica juncea Lo) to irrigation scheduling based on IW/CPE ratio under varying levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. Eighteen treatments comprising of all possible combinations of three levels of irrigation viz., 50 mm irrigation based on IW/CPE ratio of 0.4 il^), 0,6 (I2) and 0,8 (I3); three levels of nitrogen viz . 25 (N1), 50 (N2) and 75 (N3) kg/ha and two levels of phosphorus viz ., 50(P) and 75 (P-) kg/ha were tried in: split plot design with three ceplicatlons. Different levels of IW/CPE ratio constituted . the main plot treatments and levels of nitrogen as well as phosphorus were put up in sub«plot treatments. The results indicated that the primary branches/plant, number of seeds/pod, length of pod and stover yield of mustard did not significantly influenced due to different IW/CPS ratios . Irrigation at IW/CPE ratios of 0.6 and 0.8 were equally effective in producing number of pods/plant, seed weight/plant as well as seed yield of mustard, but significantly superior over IW/CPE ratio of 0.4. IW/CPE ratios of 0.6 and 0.8 gave 15.04 and 15.94 per cent higher seed yield, respectively over IW/CPE ratio of 0.4 (1794 kg/ha). Maximum net profit (Rs.9102/ha) was obtained with IV//CPE ratio of 0,6 and was turned out to ,be optimum. Fertilizing mustard with 75 kg N/ha recorded appreciably higher plant height, number of pods/plants seed weight/plant similarly seed and stover yields recorded with this level of nitrogen were significantly superior over lower levels of nitrogen. The seed yield (2217 kg/ha) recorded with 75 kg N/ha was 34.75 and 6.79 per cent higher over 25 and 50 kg N/ha, respectively. This level of nitrogen also recorded the maximum net profit of Rs, 9824/ha and was found to be optimum. Different levels of phosphorus viz . , 50 and 75 kg P2O5/ha were failed to show their significant influence on all the growth as well as yield parameters under study and both levels were remain equally effective. Net profit obtained were also remained almost equal, with both the levels of P2O5, Scheduling irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 and 0.8 were at par in producing oil yield (kg/ha) as well as uptake of N, P and K, but significantly superior over IW/CPS ratio of 0.4. IW/CPE ratios of 0.6 and 0.8 gave 15,13 and 16.69 per cent higher oil yield, respectively over IW/GPE ratio 0.4 (707 kg/ha), however, oil content (%) was not affected significantly due to different levels of irrigation . Water use efficiency decreased with each increase IV in IW/CPE ratio , IW/CPE ratio of 0.4 increased significantly the water use efficiency (11,98 kg secs/ha mm) over higher levels. Application of 75 kg N/ha gave significantly the highest oil yield (852 kg/ha) of mustard, but was at par with 50 kg N/ha. Oil content {'A) was found to be decreased with increase in level, of nitrogen whereas, uptake of U, P and K as well as water use efficiency was observed to be increased with the respective increase in level of nitrogen. Application of 7 5 kg N/ha recorded the highest water use efficiency of 11.07 kg seed/ha ram than the lower levels of nitrogen. Different levels of phosphorus did not make significant variation in oil content (%)/ oil yield (kg/ha), uptake of N, P and K (kg/ha) as well as water use efficiency {%) of mustard. Based on the results from one year experimentation, it seems quite logical to indicate that potential production and profit from mustard crop can be secured by scheduling irrigation based on IW/CPS ratio of 0,6 (Total 4 irrigations) and fertilizing the crop with 75 kg N/ha as well as 50 kg P2O5/ha on loamy sand soil of charotar tract.