EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION IN ASSOCIATION WITH MULCH AND NITROGEN ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHILLI (Capsicum annum L.) cv. JWALA
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Date
1998
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AAU, Anand
Abstract
A field experiment was carried out at the College Agronomy Farm, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand on loamy sand soil, with a view to study the effect of drip irrigation in association with mulch and nitrogen on growth and yield of chilli (Capaicum annum L.) cv. Jwala during winter-summer seasons of 1994-95 and 1995- 96. Twenty four treatments comprising of four levels of irrigation (drip Irrigation at 40, 60 and 80 per cent of CPE and surface irrigation at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio with 50 mm depth of irrigation water), two levels of mulching (No mulch and mulching with black polyethelene mulch) and three levels of nitrogen (75, 100 and 125 kg N/ha) were tried in a split plot design with four replications. Levels of irrigation were assigned to main plots and combinations of mulch and nitrogen were relegated to the sub-plot treatments. The results on effect of irrigation revealed that drip irrigation at 80 per cent of CPE in comparison to surface irrigation, remarkably Increased plant height, secondary branches/plant at all dates of observations, started fruit setting and 50 % of flowering 1 days earlier, while initiation of ripening 3 days later, considerably increased chlorophyll 'a' and chlorophyll 'b' and total chlorophyll content in leaf lamina at 60, 120 and 150 DAP and markedly reduced weed count and dry biomaas of weeds, while tended to increase dry biomass of broom rape. This treatment also recorded the maximum values of the yield and yield attributes for green chilli i.e. total number of green chilli fruits/plant, yield of green chilli fruits/plant, average green chilli fruit length and weight, green chilli yield (14140, 17729 and 15934 kg/ha) and dry stalk yield (1898, 2203 and 2051 kg/ha) during both the years as well as on pooled basis. Drip irrigation at 80 % of GPE was also found superior In recording the higher values of yield and yield attributes for dry red chilli yield i.e. total number of dry red chilli fruits/plant, yield of dry red fruits/plant average weight of dry red fruit and dry red chilli yield (2072, 2355 and 2214 kg/ha), yield attributes for seed yield i.e. number of mature seeds/fruit, seed weight/fruit, seed and flake yield/plant, weight of 100 seed, seed yield (615, 681 and 648 kg/ha) and flake yield (1209, 1356 and 1283 kg/ha), respectively during both the years as well as on pooled basis. Field water use efficiency values for green chilli, dry red chilli and seed yields were maximum under drip Irrigation at 40 % of CPE during both the years and in the pooled results and the values of field WUE under drip irrigation at 80 % of CPE were comparatively higher than that under surface irrigation. Different levels of irrigation did not influence significantly the root-knot index and nutrient status of soil I.e. total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potash after harvest of first and second season crop. The results pertaining to the effect of mulching revealed that as compared to no mulch, treatment of mulching with black PM remarkably increased plant height, secondary branches/plant, chlorophyll 'a', chlorophyll 'b' and total chlorophyll content in leaf lamina at 60, 120 and 150 DAP, yield attributes for green chilli yield i.e. number of green chilli fruits/plant, yield of green chilli fruits/plant, green chilli fruit length and weiglit, yield attributes for dry red chilli yield i.e. number of dry red fruits/plant, yield of dry red fruits/plant, weight of dry red chilli fruit, yield attributes for seed and flake yields i.e. number of mature seeds/fruit and seed weight/fruit, while remarkably reduced total weed cotint, dry blomass of weed as well as broom rape, favoured early fruit setting, during both the years and in the pooled analysis. Green chilli yield (12785, 15171 and 13978 kg/ha), dry stalk yield (1809, 2199 and 2004 kg/ha), dry red chilli yield (1967, 2202 and 2086 kg/ha), seed yield (579, 630 and 605 kg/ha) and flake yield (1138, 1266 and 1202 kg/ha) were recorded the maximum under mulching treatment during the year 1994-95, 1995-96 and in the pooled results, respectively. Mulching treatment also registered the highest field WUE for green chilli, dry red chilli and seed yield during both the years and in the pooled analysis. This treatment also increased N, P and K content in dry red chilli and dry stalk during both the years and significantly increased uptake of N, P and K by crop during both the years and in the pooled results over no mulch. Treatment of mulching did not influence significantly the root-knot index, days to 50 % flowering, initiation of ripening, weight of dry red fruit, total soil nitrogen, available phosphorus and potash status of soil after harvest of first and second season crop. Among different levels of nitrogen, as compared to lower level of 75 kg N/ha, the nitrogen fertigation @ 125 kg/ha recorded the maximum values of plant height, secondary branches/plant, chlorophyll 'a', chlorophyll 'b' and total chlorophyll contents in leaf lamina, dry weight of weeds as well as broom rape, yield attributes for green chilli, i.e. total number of green chilli fruits/plant, yield of green chilli fruits/plant, average length and weight of green chilli fruit, yield attributes of dry red chilli and seed yields, i.e. total number of dry red chilli fruits/plant, yield of dry red chilli fruits/plant, number of mature seeds/fruit, seed weight/fruit, seed and flake yields/plant weight of dry red fruit and 100 seed during both the years and on pooled results. This treatment also registered the maximum yields of green chill fruit (13235, 15320 and 14277 kg/ha), dry stalk (1863, 2063 and 1963 kg/ha), dry red chili (2023, 2207and 2115 kg/ha), need yield (588, 630 and 630 kg/ha) and flake yield (1175, 1272 and 1223 kg/ha) during both the years and in the pooled result, respectively. Field WUE for green chilli, dry red chilli and seed yields and N, P and K content in dry stalk and P and K content in dry red chilli and uptake of N, P and K, total soil nitrogen after harvest of first and second season crop during both the years as well as In the pooled results. Different levels of nitrogen did not influence significantly root-knot index, days to 60 % flowering, fruit setting initiation and weed count. Though the nitrogen level 125 kg/ha recorded the maximum values of these characters, this treatment tended to delay initiation of fruit ripening. Interactive effect I x M was found significant in respect of chlorophyll 'a' and chlorophyll 'b' contents in leaf lamina at 60 DAP, total chlorophyll at 60 and 150 DAP, dry weight of broom rape, number of green chilli and dry red chilli fruits/plant, green chilli yield, flake yield and K uptake and treatment combination of drip irrigation at 80 % CPE coupled with tarping with black polyethelene mulch on soil was found superior in recording the maximum values of these parameters. Interactive effect I x N was found significant for chlorophyll 'a' and total chlorophyll contents in leaf lamina at 120 DAP, total dry weight of weeds, stalk yield, number of dry red fruits/plant, seed and flake yield/plant, field WUE for green chilli, dry red chilli and seed yield. Treatment combination of drip irrigation at 80 % of CPE in association with 125 kg N/ha stood first. Interactive effect M x N had significantly influenced total dry weight of weeds, green chili yield, dry stalk yield, dry fruit yield/plant, dry fruit yield/ha, seed and flake yields/ha, field WUE for green, dry red chilli and seed yield and K uptake. All these characters were the under treatment combination of mulch in conjuction with 125 kg N/ha. From the economic point of view, treatment involving drip irrigation at 80 % of CPE, coupled with mulching (black PM) and application of @125 kg/ha nitrogen through fertigation in form of uren in 10 equal splits at every 4th Irrigation starting from third irrigation registered the highest green chilli yield (18939 kg/ha) or dry red chilli yield (2689 kg/ha) or seed yield (791 kg/ha) with the net benefit of Rs. 47287 or 40369 or 192018 for respective yields. Drip should be run with the pressure of 1 kg/cm2 for the period of 10.30 to 11.00 hrs before transplanting for complete wetting of soil for transplanting of seedlings and 3.30 to 4.00 hrs after 3 days of planting as common irrigations and subsequently It should ba run at three days interval for the period of 3.30 to 4.15 hrs in, October and November, 3.00 hrs In December and January; 3.45 to 4.30 hrs. in February and 5.30 to 6.00 hrs in March and 6.45 to 7.15 hrs in April. Under situation of assured irrigation If a farmer is not in a position to adopt drip Irrigation system or black polyethelene mulching, 15 irrigations each of 50 mm depth including two common irrigations for transplanting and establishment of the crop should be given and crop should be fertilized with 125 kg N/ha in four equal splits at 30 days interval for obtaining maximum benefit from green or dry red chilli yield. Irrigation should be applied at an Intervals of 12-13 days in November, 17-19 days In December, January and February, 10-12 days In March and 8 days In the month of April. Seed crop fetched the highest net profit (Ra. 133866/ha) when mulching was done in addition to above combination of the treatments.
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AGRONOMY, AGRICULTURE, A STUDY