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Open Access
Genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus and the evaluation of the extracts of Carica papaya and Juglans regia for their scolicidal effect
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2023-03-17) Ahmad, Peerzada Rouf; Malik, M. A.
The prevalence of cystic echinococcosis was determined in 1254 small ruminants (723 sheep and 531 goats) and 305 dogs, including 122 pet dogs visiting small animal clinics, 183 stray dogs in Jammu division for a period from March, 2021 - August, 2022. Among sheep and goats, 209 animals (sheep = 137 and goats = 72) were found infected with hydatidosis with the overall infection rate of 16.67% (sheep = 18.95% and goats = 13.56%). Among different organs examined, the highest infection rate was recorded in liver as 56.94% (sheep = 59.85% and goats = 51.39%), followed by lungs as 31.58% (sheep = 29.93% and goats = 34.72%) and least as mixed infection in liver and lungs as 11.48% (sheep = 10.22% and goats = 13.89%). The overall fertility rate of hydatid cysts from slaughtered sheep and goats was found to be 66.03%. A total of 23.44% of the cysts were found to be sterile and 10.52% cysts were calcified. In terms of the different cyst size of slaughtered sheep, the fertility rate of hydatid cysts was 60.87%, 75.42% and 50.0% for cyst size <4cm, 4-8cm and >8cm, respectively. In terms of the different cyst size of slaughtered goats, the fertility rate of hydatid cysts was 52.38%, 84.21% and 46.15% for cyst size <4cm, 4-8cm and >8cm, respectively. Among dogs, high prevalence was observed in stray dogs (34.43%) as compared to pet/companion dogs (2.45%). Molecular prevalence based on copro pcr was conducted, in which the overall prevalence of Echinococcus was found to be 14.09% [stray (22.95%); pet (0.82%)]. The ethanolic extracts of Juglans regia and Carica papaya showed significant scolicidal activity against E. granulosus, under in-vitro conditions with reference to the known standard drug “Praziquantel”. Against Juglans regia, highest mortality was observed at 30 mg/ml concentration at different exposure time as 10 min. (88.58%), 20 min. (91.24%), 30 min. (93.16%) and 40 min. (96.64%). Against Carica papaya, highest mortality was observed at 30 mg/ml concentration at different exposure time as 10 min. (82.95%), 20 min. (85.83%), 30 min. (90.23%) and 40 min. (92.95%). For the identification of Echinococcus species from cyst of sheep, goats and humans, a PCR protocol employing the Cox1 primers was used. The amplified products of PCR were electrophoretically separated on agar gels (1%) and analysed in a gel documentation system. Clear amplification was noticed at 440 bp for sheep, goat and human. The eluted products were commercially sequenced in an automatic DNA sequencer at Biokart India Pvt. Ltd. Kasturi Nagar, East of NGEF, Bangalore. A total of five sequences were submitted to NCBI GeneBank. The generated Cox1 partial sequences were assigned the accession numbers as: dog (ON427821), goat (ON427822), sheep (ON427823), human1 (OP215294) and human2 (OP215295). All the Cox1 sequences from Dog, goat, sheep and humans were clustering in same clade, irrespective of their geographical location, representing the cycle of transmission in Jammu region as Echinococcus granulosus G1-G3 complex.
Open Access
ISOLATION AND ENTEROTOXIGENIC GENE PROFILE OF Aeromonas hydrophila FROM FISH
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-03-28) Raju, Vallavai; Malik, M. A.
Aeromonas hydrophila is a food-borne pathogen that is transmitted through contaminated fish and marine foods. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence and enterotoxin gene profile of Aeromonas hydrophila from fish in the Jammu region. One hundred fifty samples of fish were collected from retail markets in Jammu for bacteriological examination. Ampicillin dextrin agar was used for the preliminary isolation. After confirming it by biochemical tests, the positive isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila were screened for the presence of three enterotoxin genes encoding cytotoxic enterotoxin (act), cytotonic heat-labile enterotoxin (alt) and cytotonic heat-stable enterotoxin (ast) using a conventional PCR and the positive isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila were tested for antibiotic sensitivity. The results revealed that 28 isolates (18.6%) were identified as Aeromonas hydrophila out of 150 fish samples. Out of 28 isolates, act genes were present in 24 (85.7%), alt genes in 23 (82.1%) and ast genes in only 2 (7.1%). The isolates exhibited varying degrees of resistance to the antibiotic. Ampicillin/Sulbactam (100% resistance) was the most resistant, followed by Amoxyclav (85.7%), Ciprofloxacin (50%), Tetracycline (35.7%), Chloramphenicol (32.1%), Gentamicin (17.8%), Cefixime (14.2%) and Cefoperazone (3.3%). It is thus concluded that eating raw or undercooked fish may put human health at risk due to the presence of Aeromonas hydrophila since a significant percentage of isolates found in fish samples had one or more enterotoxin genes.
Open Access
STUDIES ON OCCURRENCE AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI FROM POULTRY AND POULTRY ENVIRONMENT IN JAMMU DISTRICT
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2022-03-06) Thakur, Ganesh Singh; Rashid, Mohd
Escherichia coli (E. coli) a potential pathogen found in the intestines of birds, animals and humans of public health significance. A study was conducted to isolate and characterize the Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli of the poultry and poultry environment in Jammu district. A total of 200 samples (ninety from faecal matter, forty-five from waterers, forty from Federer’s, and twenty-five hand-swabs of poultry workers) from 23 poultry farms were collected and processed. Out of 200 samples, 148 E. coli isolates were obtained and further processed for molecular characterisation for the screening of stx1, stx2, eaeA and ehxA. Eight out of 148 (5.40%) E. coli isolates were found positive for possessing virulence genes. Seven out of 08 (87.50%) found in faecal matter and remaining one, (12.50%) found in waterer of poultry farms. Out of five stx2 genes, four were detected in combination with eaeA genes and one alone stx2 was detected in faecal matter, while three eaeA genes were detected in samples from waterers. No target virulence genes found in feed and handwash samples. In antibiotic sensitivity assay, all virulent isolates were resistant to enrofloxacin (100%) followed by cefotaxime (87.50%), nalidixic acid (62.50%), norfloxacin (62.50%), tetracycline (50.00%), ciprofloxacin (50.00%) and sulphadiazine (37.50%). Among the sensitive antibiotics, amoxiclav (87.50%) was the most sensitive followed by chloramphenicol (75.00%), polymixin-B (75.00%) and doxycycline hydrochloride (62.50%). Majority of the poultry workers isolate their sick birds from healthy one and well aware about the contagious nature of diseases. Coherence was found between antibiotics usage by poultry farmers and antibiotic resistance obtained in the study.
Open Access
Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in cattle ofJammu andstudies on associated risk factors.
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences andTechnology of Jammu (J&K), 2022-10-13) Mahajan, Simran; Malik, M.A.
Neosporosis caused by protozoa Neospora caninum, is a leading cause of abortion in cattleworldwide.The aim of the present study was to analyze the seroprevalence of N. caninum and associatedrisk factors in cattle of Jammu.A total of 180cattle serum samples were collected from four areas of Jammu, namely, Jammu, Akhnoor, R.S. Pura and Bishnah.The serum samples were tested using Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay to detect N. caninum antibodies. Out of 180 samples tested, 25 were positive yielding the overall prevalence of 13.88 per cent. The highest prevalence was recorded from Akhnoor (18%) followed by Jammu (14.80%), R.S. Pura (8.82%) and Bishnah (6.67%). For analysis of risk factors associated with neosporosis, eleven parameters were taken into consideration viz., type of herd, breed, age, origin of animals, method of rearing, presence of dogs, parity, history of abortion, history of repeat breeding, method of disposal of foetus and foetal membranes, hygiene and disinfection of farm.. The factors that were significantly associated with N. caninum infection were method of disposal of foetal membranes (OR = 6.10, p = 0.0001)and presence of dogs (OR = 3.02, p = 0.0139). The overall prevalence of 13.88 per cent of N. caninum in cattle signifies the importance of screening the cattle population of Jammu regardless of any clinical symptoms in order to learn about the exposure of the animals to Neospora caninum
Open Access
ASSESSMENT OF AFLATOXIN M1 IN RAW MILK OF JAMMU
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2022-11-24) Slathia, Mageshwar Singh; Sharma, H.K.
The Jammu region of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir is known for its bovine rearing and milk production. Aflatoxin M1 is one of the most widely known contaminants in milk. It is known for its health hazards as well it has a binding affinity for casein in milk and is quite stable during milk cold storage. The present study was carried out with the objective to estimate the prevalence of AFM1 in pooled milk samples of commercial and household dairy establishments across four tehsils of Jammu and analyse the potential risk factors associated with Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk. A total of 62 pooled milk samples (662 milching animals) were analysed using a commercial ELISA kit, out of which 47 samples (75.8%) were above EC-MPL. However, all samples were detected below FSSAI-MPL. The mean concentration of Aflatoxin M1 was detected as 0.196 µg/L in Bishnah > 0.153 µg/L in Akhnoor > 0.140 µg/L in Jammu > 0.116 µg/L in R.S. Pura from 4 tehsils of Jammu. The Aflatoxin M1 detected concentration percentage was found highest in the Akhnoor and Bishnah tehsils of Jammu. The Risk analysis of associated factors with Aflatoxin M1 concentration found that large farms (100%), higher milk yield (81%; O.R. of 2.29), intensive farming (78%; O.R. of 2.1), left-over fruits and vegetables incorporated in animal feed (86%; O.R. of 3.53), cleanliness status at the farm (86%; O.R. of 2.71) and feed storage status (91%; O.R. of 4.81) to be at greater risk for occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk. As per the FSSAI standard limit for AFM1 in milk, all samples collected from the dairy farms of Jammu were found to be below the limits and safe for consumers.
Open Access
STUDIES ON ENTEROTOXIGENIC Escherichia coli IN SLUMS OF JAMMU
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2022-09-22) Sharma, Nikhil; Sharma, H.K.
The current investigation analysed diverse sources of samples for Escherichia coli and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). A total of 120 samples were analysed (75 drinking water, 25 waste water, and 20 dog faeces). A total of 71 samples (26 drinking water, 25 waste water, and 20 dog faeces samples) tested positive for E. coli, yielding 142 E. coli isolates. On analysis of 142 isolates by PCR for lt, stIa, and stIb genes to detect, none was positive. Isolates were analysed for their antibiotic resistance pattern against 9 antibiotics. The isolates yielded moderate to low resistance to antibiotics with highest resistance to norfloxacin (28.16%) followed by ofloxacin (16.91%), ampicillin/sulbactam (11.27%), ciprofloxacin (9.15%), ampicillin (7.74%), cefoperazone (3.53%) and cefixime (1.41%). Isolates were sensitive to amikacin and gentamicin. There were similarities regarding antibiotic resistance pattern among E. coli isolated from different sources, probably indicating about the contamination of water with faecal matter occurring in the study areas. For assessing the WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) conditions in the study areas, data by questionnaire was collected. All households have piped water supply with fifty five percent (55%) using public taps and forty five percent (45%) using household supplies. Fifty percent (50%) of households do nothing to make water safer to drink, while thirty percent (30%) strain it with a cloth, eleven point six percent (11.6%) use a filter, and eight point three three percent (8.33%) boil it. Fifty five percent (55%) of households practise open defecation, twenty three point three percent (23.3%) have open drain toilet facilities, and twenty one point six seven percent (21.67%) have proper toilet facilities with septic tank. After defecation, all households used water and soap/detergent for hand washing. The study generated the information on water, sanitation and hygiene in the slums of Jammu.
Open Access
“Epidemiological Study of Cryptosporidiosis in Livestock and their Associated Nomadic Rearers”
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2021-12-03) Kour, Palneez; Rashid, Mohd.
The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in livestock and their associated nomadic rearers in and around Jammu region. A total of 1040 faecal/stool samples (320 cattle, 320 buffalo, 140 sheep, 140 goats and 120 nomads) were analysed using modified Ziehl-Neelson acid fast staining technique with 120 samples being positive for Cryptosporidium species. The samples were subjected to rapid diagnostic test for Cryptosporidium species to confirm the positive samples. The modified Ziehl-Neelson acid fast staining technique revealed an overall prevalence of 11.54%, where prevalence in Cattle was 11.25% (36), buffalo 14.68% (47), Sheep 8.57% (12), Goat 10.71% (15) and nomads 8.33% (10). In cattle calves, siginificantly high prevalence was observed in diarrheic males (27.08%) (p<0.05) in the age group of <1 month (29.85%) (p<0.05) and in monsoon season 14.46 percent (p<0.05). In buffalo, highest prevalence was observed in diarrheic males 29.31 percent (p<0.05) in the age group of <1 month (32.83%) and in monsoon season (19.37%) (p<0.05). In sheep, highest prevalence was observed in diarrheic females (33.33%) (p<0.05) in the age group of <1 month (15.21%) and in monsoon season 14.28 percent (p<0.05). In goat, highest prevalence was observed in diarrheic females (38.09%) (p<0.05) in the age group of <1 month (21.73%) and in monsoon season (13.75%) (p<0.05). In nomads, prevalence was higher in diarrheic males (16%) (p<0.05) in the age group of below 10 years (14.54%) (p<0.05) in monsoon season (13.15%) (p<0.05). High risk of infection was observed in non-dewormed livestock (13.25%) (p<0.05) and in livestock that drink stream water (13.33%). Cryptosporidiosis was significant in nomads who were using stream water for washing hands, ablution and recreational activities and utensils (15%) (p<0.05) followed unhygienic practices like not washing hands after defecation (13.33%) (p<0.05) or not having toilets at home (13.33%) (p<0.05). Prevalence was higher in children who eat raw vegetables/fruits (12.85%) (p<0.05). This study conclude that Cryptosporidium spp. is very much prevalent in Jammu region of J&K and so awareness in general public and professionals who are dealing with animals and human health is necessary.
Open Access
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT OF RABIES AWARENESS PROGRAMMES IN RURAL COMMUNITIES OF JAMMU
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2021-12-15) Kaur, Sumandeep; Malik, M. A.
Rabies is a 100 percent fatal disease and India accounts for about one-third of human rabies deaths in the world. The studies on knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) on rabies in communities can help in targeting the control and prevention programmes. The present study assessed KAP on rabies in rural people of Jammu district, Jammu and Kashmir and the effects of intervention programmes on KAP scores. A total of 133 respondents were interviewed. All (100%) respondents have heard about the rabies and its fatal nature but voids were seen regarding transmission source, species affected, bite wound management and vaccination. Only 54 percent of the respondents were aware about animals (cats, mongoose, monkeys etc.) other than dogs as transmission source. Respondents were aware about the signs and symptoms in dogs and humans. Concerning bite wound management, only 53.3 percent acknowledged wound washing with water and soap while 78.1 percent believed that for wound management they will use traditional medicine like turmeric, kohl, chilies, etc. Around 81.9 percent acknowledged about seeking traditional healer in case of dog bite. Mean score of knowledge and attitude-practices before the intervention were 22.18 and 15.35, respectively. Awareness was imparted to same respondents via lectures, interactions and discussions. Respondents were examined again by same questionnaire. Mean scores of knowledge and attitude-practices after the intervention raised to 29.06 and 20.93, respectively. The KAP pertaining to transmission source, species affected, wound management and vaccination enhanced significantly (p ≤ 0.05). The study successfully identified the key areas to be targeted during public awareness campaign for effective rabies intervention program.
Open Access
Study on distribution of Salmonella enterica serotypes in poultry farms of Jammu
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2021-09-22) Singh, Arvinderpal; Singh, Maninder
Salmonellosis is a major public health concern worldwide and poultry is one of the largest reservoirs of Salmonella. In this regard, the present study identified the serotypes of Salmonella circulating in the poultry farms of Jammu region, Jammu and Kashmir. A total of 101 samples of poultry droppings from 30 poultry farms were processed for Salmonella isolation. Out of 30 poultry farms, 5 poultry farms (16.67%) were positive for Salmonella. From 5 positive farms, 19 Salmonella isolates were obtained. 19 Salmonella isolates belonged to four serotypes viz., S. Kentucky, S. Infantis, S. Agona and S. Typhimurium. All positive farms were having independent operations and none of farms on contract with private company was positive. In antibiotic sensitivity assay, all isolates were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline (100%). For other antibiotics, resistance pattern in descending order was doxycycline (94.73%) followed by nalidixic acid (73.64%), sulphadiazine (68.42%), gentamicin (26.31%), chloramphenicol (26.31%), ciprofloxacin (36.84%), cefotaxime (15.78%), ceftriaxone (15.78%) and cefoperazone (10.53). However, all 19 isolates were sensitive to amoxyclav. Serotypes differ in their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. S. Kentucky and S. Agona isolates have higher resistance for cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones than S. Infantis and S. Typhimurium. None of the poultry farms sampled in the study was using foot bath at the entry while 13 (43.3%) farms were using quick lime foot rub at the entrance. Majority of farms were using antibiotics for prevention and control of diseases on the farm. The study found the poultry being a reservoir of Salmonella in the region emphasizing the need to use intervention strategies at farm and from farm to fork to prevent non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in humans.

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