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Open Access
An in vitro Study on Immune Response of Mammary Epithelial Cells (MEC) in Goats against Bacterial Cell Wall Components
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology- Jammu (J&K), 2022-09-12) Sharma, Vaishali; Ahmed, Jafrin Ara
The study was aimed to evaluate the immune response of caprine mammary epithelial cells (MECs) as an in vitro model against bacterial PAMPs through NOD mediated pathway. Primary culture of Bakarwali and non-descript goat MECs was established and exposed to bacterial cell wall components(iE-DAP and MDP), and the cell response following exposure was studied through mRNA expression profiling of cellular PRR components. Expression of genes encoding for receptors NOD1 and NOD2; transcription factors RICK and NF-kB; and for pro/ anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-08, IL-1β, IL-10, GM-CSF) and interferon (IFN) were evaluated by qRT-PCRthrough designed primers at 15 min, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 32 h post exposure. Caprine mammary epithelial cells (MECs) for both Bakarwali and non-descript goat were established andconfirmed through expression of signature β-casein (Csn2), Keratin 18 (Krt18) and Vimentin (Vim) genes. Ligand binding stimulated PRRs in both goat MECs and mediated immune response through the NLR pathway.In general, expression of immune response components was early and intense in MECs derived from Bakarwali goat, and otherwise relatively late, of lower magnitude, but of a more sustained response in non-descript goat MECs. In comparison, stimulation with iE-DAP induces an earlier immune response and reaches maximal at 16-24 h post stimulation, whereas response against MDP reaches peak levels at 24 h post stimulation in both MECs. This implies that there exists breed difference in pattern of innate immune response against bacterial PAMPs mediated by MECs. Further, insights into the genetic variation of caprine NOD1 gene was also evaluated through amplification of different fragments using designed primers. Nucleotide sequence alignment revealed nucleotide changes AG1227 and GA1689 specific to the goat of Jammu and Kashmir and CT1263, CT1286, CT1611 specific to the Caprine species without any amino acid changes. Phylogenetic construct revealed a separate clade for Caprine with closeness to Ovis. Multiple amino acid alignment with CaprineNOD1 showed a single Caprine specific IsoMet11 substitution, with close homology with Ovine. Caprine-Ovine specific amino acid changes included CARD domain (SerPro17), NACHT domain (ValAla347;GlyGlu509) and LRR4 (AgrGly776). The critical binding residues of NACHT domain of NOD1 was analysed further and no caprine specific amino acid changes were observed but shared homology with other ruminants, suggesting that caprine NOD1 are conserved
Open Access
A study on retinoic acid inducible gene1 like receptors (RLR) mediated in-vitro immune response in goats
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2022-08-18) Kaur, Gurjeet; Ahmed, Jafrin Ara
The aim of this work was to study the in vitro innate immune response in goats through retinoic acid inducible gene-1 like receptors (RLR). The study was conducted on Bakarwal and indigenous non-descript goat, both native to Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory, and immune response variation through RLR was studied in both goat types. Primary culture of foetal fibroblast cell of Bakarwal and non-descript goat was established through explant technique. The study also investigated the use of Poly I:C in simulating dsRNA infection in the cell culture, and the successful induction of RLR mediated antiviral response in both goat foetal fibroblast cell types. The expression profiles of the entire RLR pathway were evaluated through mRNA quantification employing qRT-PCR technique. The following host pathway components- RLR (RIG1, MDA5), adaptor molecules (MAVS, IRF3, IRF7) and effector molecules (ISG15, ISG54 and ISG56) were evaluated. The intensity of antiviral response induced by poly I:C was maximal after 4 h post transfection. A wavy pattern of expression of RIG1 and MDA5 was observed for both the goat cell types. Respone was early but of lesser duration in non-descript goat cells, but late and of intense type in Bakarwal breed. It may be concluded that the pattern of antiviral response induced by RLRs after stimulation could vary between goat breeds. Sequence analysis of RIG1 and MDA5 genes revealed conservation of critical amino acid residues in goats.
Open Access
“Effect of summer stress on rumen function and microbiota in crossbred cattle”
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2021-12-13) Sheikh, Amir Amin; Sheikh, Amir Amin; Mahapatra, P. S.; Mahapatra, P. S.
Heat stress is the most concerning abiotic stressor due to present changing climatic scenario. Heat stress results in reduced growth, production, as well as increases vulnerability of animals to diseases. To date, very little attention has been given to comprehensive detailed data on the adverse effect of heat stress on rumen. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to find out the adverse effects of summer stress on rumen function and its microbial population as well as to study the alleviation of summer stress by providing cold drinking water to summer stressed cross bred cattle. The study was conducted with six numbers of crossbred cattle of similar age and sex selected from animals of ILFC, F.V.Sc & A.H., R.S. Pura during the month of March and July-August, 2021. As the climatic condition in the month of March 2021 was not producing stress based on calculated temperature humidity index (70.02±0.49) for cattle (NRC, 1971) considered as control. During July-August 2021, the effect of summer stress on rumen function was studied confirming the stress produced in animals based on THI value (80.50±1.94) and increased expression of intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidise (GPx) activities. Results of study indicate that summer stress was not only significantly (p<0.05) affected feed and water intake, but also produced significant (p<0.05) adverse effects on the studied parameters related to rumen function (colour, consistency, odour, sedimentation rate, pH, methylene blue reduction time, carboxymethyl cellulase activity, and volatile fatty acid profile). Though summer stress did not affect the number of total microbial population and population of selected fibrolytic rumen bacteria (Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminococcus albus), it affected adversely the blood biochemicals (glucose, total protein, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, ALT and AST). Provision of cold drinking water to summer stressed cross bred cattle, not only provide cooling effect to the animals, but also improved significantly (p<0.05) the deranged parameters related to rumen function and blood biochemicals towards values observed during comfortable climatic condition.
Open Access
Effect of Chromium Propionate and Vitamin C Supplementation on Growth Performance, Biochemical and Immunological Parameters in Quail.
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2021-12-13) Majeed, Warfa; Kour, Kawardeep
The study was aimed to observe the effect of Chromium Propionate and Vitamin C supplementation on growth performance, biochemical, antioxidant and immunological parameters in quail during stress. The study was performed in the Division of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, F.V.Sc & A.H. SKUAST-Jammu. The chicks were reared in the Poultry farm in the Division of ILFC, F.V.Sc & A.H. SKUAST-Jammu. A total 320 Quail chick were divided into 4 groups with 4 replicates having 20 birds each and randomly divided in to control ( with no Cr & Vit C supplementation), T1 (Chromium Propionate @ 400 µg/kg diet), T2 (Vitamin C @ 250 mg/kg diet) and T3 group (Chromium Propionate @ 400 µg/kg diet + Vitamin C @ 250 mg/kg diet). The Total period of study was 42 days starting from Mid April to ending May. Birds were reared under standard managemental practices. Two bird from each replicate that is Eight birds per group were slaughtered weekly from 2nd week onwards to study various production, biochemical and antioxidant parameters. Whereas, Two birds from each replicate that is Eight birds per group were kept up to 48 day for immunological parameters. The feeding was provided in accordance to the stage viz starter ration (1-21 days) and finisher ration (21-42 days). It was observed that there was significant (P<0.05) increase in body weight gain in treatment groups as compared to control. Evisceration yield, carcass yield and blood yield was observed to be at higher levels in the treated group especially the T1 group in comparison to control. Whereas cholesterol and glucose was significantly (P<0.05) decreased and total protein and albumin levels significantly (P<0.05) increased in treatment group. The antioxidative enzymes activity for SOD, GST, GPX and Catalase were increased in the treatment group highest being in the T3 group. No significant (P<0.05) change was observed in FCR, PER, and enzymes ALT and AST activity. A significant (P<0.05) higher immunological response for both cellular and humoral immunity and an increase in weight was observed in the chromium supplemented groups.
Open Access
Effect of zinc methionine supplementation on the growth performance, biochemical parameters and morphology of the intestine in broilers
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2021-04-22) Arwa, Faieza; Devi, Jonali
Effect of zinc methionine supplementation on the performance traits, serum biochemical parameters, liver enzymes, antioxidant enzyme activities, intestinal histomorphometry and carcass traits of Vencobb strain broilers were studied from day old to 42 days. A total 240 broiler chicks were randomly divided into 3 groups. The broilers fed with basal diet were kept as control group (C), T1 group consists of the broilers fed with zinc methionine @ 45mg/kg in basal diet; whereas, T2 group consists of broilers fed with zinc methionine supplementation @ 90mg/kg of basal diet. Body weight was taken from day 1 to day 42 and feed intake, body weight gain and FCR were recorded from day 7 to 42 on weekly basis. Blood samples were collected on 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 day. One drop of whole blood was used for glucose estimation. Blood was collected, serum was separated and different parameters viz serum enzymes, biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzymes were studied. Sacrificed birds were used for the histomorphometry of small intestines, carcass characteristic and texture analysis of raw meat. Performance traits, total protein, total cholesterol, SOD, GPx, histomorphometrical parameters of small intestines, breast, drumstick and evisceration yield percentages, chewiness, hardness and adhesiveness showed significantly (P<0.05) increasing trend with the advancing age. Zinc methionine supplementation in broilers significantly (P<0.05) enhanced body weight, feed intake, average body weight gain and improved FCR. Total protein, serum zinc level, SOD and GPx antioxidant enzyme activities, histomorphometrical parameters of small intestines (villus height, villus width, height of epithelial cells and thickness of muscularis laminae) increased significantly (P<0.05) in the supplemented groups. Dressing, evisceration, giblet, drumstick and breast yield percentages were also significantly (P<0.05) increased in supplemented groups as compared to control. However, creatinine, total cholesterol, serum enzymes (ALP, ALT and AST) and scores of chewiness and cohesiveness significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the zinc methionine supplemented groups as compared to control. From the present study, it can be concluded that zinc methionine can be used as a diet supplement for increasing the overall performance in broiler chicks during their growth period. Dietary supplementation of zinc methionine @ 45mg/kg is recommended in broilers for overall better performance
Open Access
Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticle supplementation on the growth performance, biochemical parameters and morphology of the intestine in broilers
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2021-08-02) Dogra, Samriti; Devi, Jonali
Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticle supplementation on the performance traits, serum biochemical parameters, enzymatic parameters, antioxidant enzyme activities, intestinal histomorphometry and carcass characteristics of Vencobb strain broilers were studied from day old to 42 days. A total 240 broiler chicks were randomly divided into three groups. The broilers fed with basal diet were kept as control group (control), T1 group consists of the broilers fed with zinc oxide nanoparticle @ 45mg/kg in basal diet; whereas, T2 group consists of broilers fed with zinc oxide nanoparticle supplementation @ 90mg/kg of basal diet. Body weight was taken from day 1 to day 42 and feed intake, body weight gain and FCR were recorded from day 7 to 42 on weekly basis. Blood samples were collected on 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 day. One drop of whole blood was used for glucose estimation. Blood was collected, serum was separated and different parameters viz serum enzymes, biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzymes were studied. Sacrificed birds were used for the histomorphometry of small intestines, carcass characteristics and texture analysis of raw meat. Performance traits, biochemical parameters, enzymes (ALP and AST), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx), histomorphometrical parameters of small intestines, drumstick yield percentage and adhesiveness showed significantly (P<0.05) increasing trend with the advancing age. Zinc oxide nanoparticle supplementation in broilers significantly (P<0.05) enhanced body weight, feed intake, average body weight gain and improved FCR. Total protein, serum zinc level, serum enzymes (ALP, ALT and AST), SOD and GPx antioxidant enzyme activities, histomorphometrical parameters of small intestines (height of intestinal epithelium, villus height, villus width and thickness of muscularis mucosa) increased significantly (P<0.05) in the supplemented groups. Carcass, evisceration, giblet, neck, thigh, drumstick and back yield percentages were also significantly (P<0.05) increased in supplemented groups as compared to control. Blood glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol and scores of hardness, chewiness and gumminess significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the zinc oxide nanoparticle supplemented groups as compared to control. From the present study, it can be concluded that zinc oxide nanoparticle can be used as a diet supplement for increasing the overall performance in broiler chicks during their growth period. Dietary supplementation of zinc oxide nanoparticle @ 90 mg/kg is recommended in broilers for overall better performance.
Open Access
Effect of dietary cholesterol and niacin supplementation on experimentally induced hepatic cirrhosis in wistar rat
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2018-07-20) Koul, Aditi Lal; Raghuwanshi, Dr. Pratiksha
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of dietary cholesterol and niacin supplementation and hepatic cirrhosis in wistar rats. 84adult healthy wistar male rats were divided into twelve groups. Experiment was carried out as per 2 x 3 x 2 factorial design with two clinical conditions (healthy rats and rats with hepatic cirrhosis); three levels of cholesterol supplementation (0%, 0.5% and 1.0%) and two niacin levels (unsupplemented and supplemented @ 100mg/kg body weight), respectively. At the start of the experiment, hepatic cirrhosis was induced in rats of cirrhotic groups by intra-peritoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride @ 0.5ml/kg body weight dissolved in olive oil (1:1 ratio) for 21 days alternatively. Blood samples were collected periodically and analysed for biochemical parameters and antioxidant profile. Hepatic glycogen, hepatic oxidative stress, immune response and semen quality were also assessed. At the end of trial, animals were sacrificed and liver, kidney, spleen and testes were harvested for histopathological analysis. Hepatic cirrhosis and cholesterol supplementation resulted in significant augmentation of almost all the biochemical, enzymatic, oxidative stress, immune and semen quality parameters with significant interaction among these two factors. Meanwhile, niacin supplementation had a favourable effect over these parameters and was also able to mitigate the adverse impact of hepatic cirrhosis and/or dietary cholesterol supplementation with significant interaction. It can be concluded that niacin supplementation appears to have hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antioxidant effect under experimentally induced hepatic cirrhosis in hypercholesterolemic wistar rats.
Open Access
Impact of Chromium Propionate Supplementation on Stress Markers, Immune Response and Productive Performance of Buffaloes
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2019-09-19) Kour, Kawardeep; Devi, Dr Jonali
The work was aimed to study the effect of chromium propionate supplementation on morphological, physiological, hemato-biochemical, oxidative, immunological, hormonal, expression pattern of HSP family genes and productive parameters in lactating buffaloes during summer, autumn and winter seasons. Eighteen numbers of lactating buffaloes were selected and divided into 3 groups viz control, treatment -1 (T1) & treatment-2 (T2). T1 and T2 groups were supplemented with 9mg & 18mg chromium propionate/head/day, respectively in all the seasons; whereas, control group was not given chromium supplementation. Blood and milk samples were collected from each animal at an interval of fifteen days during all seasons and assessed for hematobiochemical, oxidative, immune, hormonal and productive parameters. It was observed that chromium propionate supplementation significantly lowered (P<0.05) RR, PR, WBC, blood glucose, cholesterol, SOD, LPO, GPx, GST, catalase and cortisol levels in animals; whereas, significantly increased (P<0.05) Hb, PCV, RBC, eosinophil, total protein, T3, T4, HSPA8, milk protein, milk fat and total milk yield recorded in supplemented groups. Chromium supplementation had no effect on hair length, skin thickness, RT, RBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, basophil, monocyte, ALT, AST, prolactin, total Ig, IgG, SNF and lactose level in any season. Significant higher (P<0.05) PR, RR, ALT, AST and cortisol levels were observed in summer season; whereas, Hb, PCV, T3, T4, HSPA2, HSPA1A, HSPA8 and total milk yield were significant higher (P<0.05) during winter season. Season did not have any significant effect on hair length, skin thickness, RT, lymphocyte, basophil, monocyte, prolactin, HSPA1L, total Ig, IgG and lactose level in different treatment groups. Hence, it was observed that thermal stress negatively affects the parameters, thereby causing a decrease in total milk production and its composition. Chromium supplementation @ 9mg/head/day and 18 mg/head/day was found to ameliorate thermal stress (hot and cold) in lactating buffaloes as observed by improvement in physiological, oxidative, hormonal and production parameters. Between the two doses of chromium supplementation, dose of 18 mg/head/day was found to be better during summer stress as reflected in some parameters like respiration rate, WBC count and oxidative stress parameters.
Open Access
EFFECTS OF ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH, BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE AND DEVELOPMENT OF TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS IN MALE WISTAR RAT
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2017) Kour, Juneet; Jonali Devi
The study was conducted on 72 weaned Wistar male rats for 8 weeks from 4 to 12 weeks of age and they were divided into 3 groups as control: rats fed diet without zinc supplementation, T1 and T2: rats fed diet containing zinc sulphate @ 50mg and 100mg/kg body weight/day, respectively. Body weight was measured from 3 to 12 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected on 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks of zinc supplementation and different parameters viz plasma enzymes, oxidative enzymes, zinc and hormones were studied. After blood collection, each rat was sacrificed, testis and epididymis were collected and different biometrical parameters were recorded. Tissue pieces from testes and epididymidis (caput, corpus and cauda) were processed and stained for different micrometrical and histological studies. Significantly higher (P<0.01) body weight, enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP), zinc and hormone (T3, T4 and Testosterone) levels were found in zinc-supplemented groups as compared to control. Body weight, ALT, AST, ALP, ACP, T3, T4 and testosterone concentrations were found higher in T1 than T2 group. With advancing age, body weight, enzymes and hormones showed increasing trend in all the groups; whereas plasma zinc levels showed increasing trend only in Zn-supplemented groups. Oxidative enzymes viz SOD, GPx, G-s-T, CAT and LPO activities showed decreasing trend in T1 group, whereas increasing trend was observed in T2 group as age advanced; no such increasing or decreasing trend observed in control, except LPO activities, which showed increasing trend. Testicular and epididymal dimensions (biometry & micrometry) showed increasing trend from 6 to 12 weeks of age in all groups and were found significantly higher (P<0.01) in Zn-supplemented groups than control at different ages. Increased biometrical parameters of testes of T1 as compared to T2 in later phase of Zn-supplementation (10 and 12 weeks). Higher values in T1 were found for epididymal biometry and micrometrical (testicular and epididymal) studies. Histological study revealed earlier development of functional germ cells in zinc-supplemented rats as compared to control. Earlier development of functional germ cells could be achieved by supplementation of zinc @ 50mg/kg b.wt/day (T1) and this proved to be a better choice than zinc @ 100mg/kg body wt/day (T2) in growing rats.

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