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ThesisItem Open Access STANDARDIZATION OF GENETIC CAPTURE-MARK-RECAPTURE TECHNIQUE FOR POPULATION ESTIMATION IN ASIAN ELEPHANTS (Elephas maximus), USING SELECTED FIELD SITES IN KARNATAKA(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021) MARKAD MAYUR VILAS; NAVEEN KUMAR, S.A study was conducted to standardize Genetic Capture-Mark Recapture technique for population estimation of Asian elephants. Blood and dung samples were collected from 35 captive elephants of Mathigodu and Dubare camps for genetic diversity study and 138 dung samples were collected from the adjacent forest area of the Mathigodu camp for population density estimation. A panel of 10 microsatellite loci viz., LA04, EMU13, EMU07, EMU8, EMU14, EMU18, EMU02, EMU01, EMU11 and EMU03 were utilized for genotyping. The amplified PCR products were genotyped using an ABI Genetic Analyzer 3500XL. The genetic diversity parameters were estimated using CERVUS software package version 3.0. Out of 35 blood samples, 33.4 ± 0.49 samples showed genotyping results. The allele numbers ranged from 3 (LA04) to 6 (EMU07) with mean number of alleles of 4.3 ± 0.3. The mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.693 ± 0.06 and 0.654 ± 0.019, respectively. The mean PIC value was 0.586 ± 0.019 and the total combined probability of identity (PID) across all the loci was 4 x 10-8. Out of 35 dung samples, 23.8 ± 1.87 samples showed genotyping results. The allele numbers ranged from 3 (LA04) to 6 (EMU07) with mean number of alleles of 3.8 ± 0.29. The mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.624 ± 0.073 and 0.572 ± 0.024, respectively. The mean PIC value was 0.489 ± 0.023 and the total combined PID across all the loci was 1.5 x 10-6. Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (SECR) package of R statistical software was utilized to estimate the density. In the study area, 21 unique individuals were identified and the density was found to be 13.64 ± 3.68 elephants per 100 Sq. km.ThesisItem Open Access ULTRASONOGRAPHIC STUDIES IN CHELONIANS AND THEIR CLINICAL APPLICATIONS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) DIVYA GANESH; RAVI RAIDURG)The current study aims at evaluating the application of ultrasonographic techniques in chelonians, and to determine their possible clinica l utility. The study was conducted at the Tiger and Lion Safari, Tyavarekoppa in Shivamogga and Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens, Mysuru. Anatomical features such as the body weight, carapace length, carapace width, height and chest girth of the chelonians (n 19) were studied and classified based on morphometric characteristics. The four species studied incl ude the Indian Black Pond Terrapin (n 11), the Indian Flapshell Turtle (n 2), the Indian Star Tortoise (n 4) and the Red eared Slider Terrapin (n 2). The chelonians were restrained in ventral recumbency for the procedure and ultrasound examination was condu cted through the cervico brachial and pre femoral acoustic windows using a high frequency micro convex probe (6 15 MHz). The location, size, shape, thickness and echotexture of different coelomic organs like the heart, liver, gall bladder, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, urinary bladder and gonads were recorded. Though n o pathological changes were ob served during examination, the recorded data provides a useful standard for comparison to diagnose pathological abnormalities of the coelomic organs in chelonians. Detection of the gonads using sonographic scanning in the Indian Flapshell Turtle proved a helpful identifier to sex specimens in individuals which display no sexual dimorphic characters.ThesisItem Open Access AGE DETERMINATION IN ASIAN ELEPHANTS (Elephas maximus) BY DIFFERENT METHODS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-09) HITHAISHI, V.; Dr. K. V. JAMUNA); Dr. K. V. JAMUNA)A study was undertaken for determination of age in Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) by using different methods. Different morphometric measurements of 84 male elephants and 35 female elephants were taken. A total morphometric data of 119 animals belonging to 5 different places were analyzed by multiple regression analysis revealed that age was influenced by parameters like shoulder height and body length in males, right tusk girth was more significantly effecting than left tusk girth, whereas chest girth was more influenced by age in female elephants. Using this data the best fit equation was derived for male and female elephants separately to determine the age Y = - 61.254 + 0.277(H) ** + 0.536(L) ** Where, Y = age in years, H = height, L = length, ** represents that H and L is significantThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN LIONS AND EFFICACY OF ANTHELMINTICS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-07) DHAREPPA GANAGER; Dr. G. S. MAMATHA)The present study was carried out to know the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in lions and to evaluate the anthelmintics efficacy in different locations viz., BBP, Bengaluru (12), SCZG, Mysuru (4) and TLST, Shivamogga (4). In a total of 20 faecal samples examined by direct and concentration methods, 15 samples revealed positive for helminthic infections viz., Ancylostoma spp. (66.6%), Toxocara leonina (60.0%), Spirometra spp. (20%) and protozoan infection of Balantidium coli (13.3%) cysts with an oveThesisItem Open Access ULTRASONOGRAPHIC STUDY OF ABDOMINAL ORGANS IN SLOTH BEARS (Melursus ursinus)(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585 401, 2018-01) SUMEDH M. SHASTRY; Prof. M. NARAYANA BHATUltrasonographic study of abdominal organs in 18 sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) was conducted in Wildlife SOS, Bannerghatta Bear Rescue Centre. The sloth bears were anesthetized using ketamine and xylazine for the procedure. The animal was placed on the dorsal recumbency. The ultrasound study of different abdominal organs like the liver, gall bladder, spleen, kidneys and urinary bladder were carried out. The size, shape, thickness and echotexture of different organs were recorded. The lobes of liver were not well distinguished in ultrasound scanning except for caudate lobe. The normal hepatic parenchyma was uniform with fine or coarse granular echogenicity compared to spleen. The gall bladder was a round, oval or pear shaped structure. The wall was thin, smooth and hyperechoic with variable amount of sludge inside the bladder. Spleen was an elongated sock like structure. The spleen was divided into head, body and tail. The spleen was surrounded by a capsule which was found to be hyperechoic. The splenic parenchyma was fine, granular and relatively homogenous and was hyperechoic compared to the liver. Kidneys were paired, elongated and lobulated. Each lobule was surrounded by a capsule which was found to be hyperechoic. Echogenicity of both kidneys were the same. Each lobule consisted of cortex which had very fine and uniform echotexture. Medulla was an anechoic structure. The cortex and medulla were divided by a hyperechoic line. The normal bear urinary bladder was pear shaped. The bladder constituted of urine which was anechoic in nature. The physiological and biochemical parameters were also recorded. The respiration and heart rate were slightly below the normal range. This may have been due to the use of xylazine as anesthesia for sloth bears. The biochemical parameters were in the normal range.ThesisItem Open Access AGE DETERMINATION IN ASIAN ELEPHANTS (Elephas maximus) BY DIFFERENT METHODS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-09) HITHAISHI, V.; Dr. K. V. JAMUNAA study was undertaken for determination of age in Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) by using different methods. Different morphometric measurements of 84 male elephants and 35 female elephants were taken. A total morphometric data of 119 animals belonging to 5 different places were analyzed by multiple regression analysis revealed that age was influenced by parameters like shoulder height and body length in males, right tusk girth was more significantly effecting than left tusk girth, whereas chest girth was more influenced by age in female elephants. Using this data the best fit equation was derived for male and female elephants separately to determine the age Y = - 61.254 + 0.277(H) ** + 0.536(L) ** Where, Y = age in years, H = height, L = length, ** represents that H and L is significant and Y = -54.615 + 0.720 (CG) ** Where, Y = age in years, CG= chest girth respectively. The morphological observations by visual method were to some extent yielded results which were not accurate and was with lot of variations. Hence visual method yielded only approximate age which could be used for age classes. The most useful methods according to this study was determination of age through dentition that was by lamellar number, stage of molar in progression, length and width of molar teeth and by using age reference line method in the mandibles. The 12 specimens of unknown age were used for the present study. Age Reference Line method could be successfully used in Asian elephants to allocate the age.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON GASTRO-INTESTINAL PARASITES IN SLOTH BEARS (Melursus ursinus) AT BEAR RESCUE CENTRE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-11) SUPRITH SURYA; Dr. MURALIDHARA, A.A study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites in semi-captive sloth bears maintained at Wildlife SOS, Bannerghatta Bear Rescue Centre (BBRC), Bannerghatta, Bengaluru. The study was conducted from July to September, 2017. The study was conducted in relation to age and sex of sloth bears, the effect of anthelmintic treatment was also incorporated. A total of 60 fecal samples of sloth bears were screened using qualitative and quantitative techniques. Out of 60 samples screened 30 were positive out of which 50 % were infected with Toxocara sp., 26.66 % with Joyeuxiella sp. and 23.33 % had mixed infection of Toxocara sp. and Joyeuxiella sp. Among various qualitative screening techniques floatation technique was more effective. Among the floatation fluids used saturated zinc sulphate solution showed higher concentration of eggs compared to other floatation fluids. However, there was no statistical significance. The occurrence of gastro-intestinal parasites in various enclosures namely Panchavati block, Chithrakuta block, Kishkinda block, Dr. G.K.V block and Jambhava block were 58.33 %, 50 %, 60 %, 53.84 % and 33.33 % respectively. The incidence was higher in male (65.21 %) compared with female (40.54 %). Among the age groups studied occurrence of gastro-intestinal parasites was high in cubs (100 %) followed by sub-adults (55.55 %) and adults (46.93 %). The sloth bears which were positive for gastro-intestinal parasitic infection were dewormed with broad spectrum anthelmintic which contained ivermectin and praziquantel at the dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg BW and 5 mg/kg BW respectively as single dose orally. Anthelmintic efficacy was 100 %. Keywords: Semi-captive sloth bears, occurrence, gastro-intestinal parasite, Toxocara sp., Joyeuxiella spThesisItem Open Access COMPARISON OF XYLAZINE AND DEXMEDETOMIDINE AS PREANESTHETICS ON ZOLAZEPAM – TILETAMINE ANESTHESIA IN SLOTH BEARS (Melursus ursinus)(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR – 585 401, 2017-12) ANITHA, M. M.; Dr. L. RANGANATHThe study was undertaken to compare Xylazine and Dexmedetomidine as preanesthetics on Zolazepam + Tiletamine anesthesia in twelve captive sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) at Wildlife SOS, Bannerghatta Bear Rescue Center, Bengaluru. The bears were randomly divided into two groups of six each. Group A sloth bears were immobilized with Xylazine (1.33 mg/kg) and Zolazepam + Tiletamine (2 mg/kg) i.m. and Group B sloth bears were immobilized with Dexmedetomidine (6 µg/kg) and Zolazepam + Tiletamine (2 mg/kg) i.m. using blow pipe and dart. The induction time was 10.50 ± 0.43 minutes in Group A and 8.50 ± 0.43 minutes in Group B. Anesthetic induction and recovery was smooth and more predictable with good muscle relaxation in Group B bears. Duration of anesthesia was longer (64.00 ± 2.07 minutes) with recovery time of (66.17 ± 10.27 minutes) in Group B as compared to Group A where the duration of anesthesia was short (41.67 ± 1.06 minutes) with a recovery time of (57.17 ± 2.21 minutes) with adverse effects of salivation, retching and sometimes vomition during induction and recovery period. In conclusion, DexMZT combination was found to be superior as compared to the XZT because of its faster and smoother induction, longer maintenance period and absence of adverse effects. Key words : Sloth bears, anesthesia and recovery.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARISON OF XYLAZINE AND DEXMEDETOMIDINE AS PREANESTHETICS ON ZOLAZEPAM – TILETAMINE ANESTHESIA IN SLOTH BEARS (Melursus ursinus)(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR – 585 401, 2017-12) ANITHA, M. M.; Dr. L. RANGANATH; Dr. YATHIRAJ; Dr. V. MAHESH; Dr. SHANKAR, B. P; Dr. ARUN SHAThe study was undertaken to compare Xylazine and Dexmedetomidine as preanesthetics on Zolazepam + Tiletamine anesthesia in twelve captive sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) at Wildlife SOS, Bannerghatta Bear Rescue Center, Bengaluru. The bears were randomly divided into two groups of six each. Group A sloth bears were immobilized with Xylazine (1.33 mg/kg) and Zolazepam + Tiletamine (2 mg/kg) i.m. and Group B sloth bears were immobilized with Dexmedetomidine (6 µg/kg) and Zolazepam + Tiletamine (2 mg/kg) i.m. using blow pipe and dart. The induction time was 10.50 ± 0.43 minutes in Group A and 8.50 ± 0.43 minutes in Group B. Anesthetic induction and recovery was smooth and more predictable with good muscle relaxation in Group B bears. Duration of anesthesia was longer (64.00 ± 2.07 minutes) with recovery time of (66.17 ± 10.27 minutes) in Group B as compared to Group A where the duration of anesthesia was short (41.67 ± 1.06 minutes) with a recovery time of (57.17 ± 2.21 minutes) with adverse effects of salivation, retching and sometimes vomition during induction and recovery period. In conclusion, DexMZT combination was found to be superior as compared to the XZT because of its faster and smoother induction, longer maintenance period and absence of adverse effects. Key words : Sloth bears, anesthesia and recovery.
