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Subject: Livestock Production and Management ×

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Now showing 1 - 9 of 61
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EVALUATION OF BODY CONDITION SCORE AND BASIC BEHAVIOURAL PATTERNS IN LACTATING DAIRY BUFFALOES IN NORTH KARNATAKA
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, NANDINAGAR, BIDAR – 585401, 2022) UMESH MIRJE; Mahadevappa D. Gouri
    The current experiment was conducted in 30 lactating dairy buffaloes to study the relationship between body condition score, body weight changes, milk yield and its composition and to study the Basic behavioural patterns (Ethogram) under intensive farming system. The results showed that the average values of body condition score for lactating dairy buffaloes in different parities and stages of lactation were in the range from 3.39±0.06 to 3.68±0.06, while the overall average values for body weight, height at withers, height at hook, heart girth and body length in buffaloes were 497.02±2.94 kg, 132.61±0.61 cm, 138.49±0.44 cm, 194.46±0.45 cm and 142.46±0.85 cm, respectively. The overall average values for the milk production traits viz., daily milk yield, Fat, SNF and Protein per cent were 6.17±0.13 kg, 7.06±0.02, 9.65±0.04 and 4.03±0.01, respectively. The statistical analysis revealed positive and highly significant (P<0.01) correlation between body condition score, body weight changes and body measurements. Similarly, the negative and significant (P<0.05) correlation was found between body condition score and average milk yield, fat percentage, whereas the coefficients of correlation between body condition score and Solids- Not-Fat per cent was negatively correlated, there was non-significant association. There was positive and significant (P<0.05) correlation observed between body condition score and protein per cent. The observations for basic behavioural patterns were made for a total period of 300 hours with an average six-hour observation in a day. Eight main behavioural categories consisting of forty-seven different patterns were grouped under different title, were employed for the study. Buffaloes exhibited 40 behavioural patterns out of 46 patterns, of which 9 patterns more commonly occurred (MCO), 9 patterns were commonly occurred (CO), 13 patterns rarely occurred (RO), 9 patterns very rarely occurred (VRO) and six patterns were not observed (NO) in buffaloes during the study period. Hence the results of the study suggested that the buffaloes to be selected for the best production performance should possess the body condition score in the range of 3.5 to 3.75. The knowledge about behavioural patterns in buffaloes is a boon for proper planning and adoption of general as well as planning for proper feeding managemental practices.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDY ON EFFICACY OF HERBAL TEAT DISINFECTANTS IN SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS IN DAIRY CATTLE
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR – 585401, 2022) RAVISHANKAR BIRADAR; VIVEK M. PATIL
    Sub-clinical mastitis can be defined as an infection that is accompanied by increase in leukocyte count of milk. The existing practice of treatment of udder infections, whether sub-clinical level or clinical mastitis involves the use of higher antibiotics causing anti-microbial resistance and residues in milk leading to public health concerns. Thus, the current study was conducted to compare the alternative low-cost herbal disinfectants in different combinations to know the effectiveness on sub-clinical mastitis, production performance and milk composition. A total of 16 lactating dairy HF crossbred cows in second and subsequent lactations were divided into four groups each having four cows; T1 (Control fresh clean water), T2 (aloe vera extract 5 grams, ozonated oil 2.5 grams, wood vinegar 7.5 grams, turmeric extract 0.5 grams, excipient q.s), T3 (aloe vera extract 5 grams, ozonated oil 2.5 grams, wood vinegar 5.0 grams. turmeric extract 0.5 grams, excipient q.s.), and T4 (aloe vera extract 5 grams, ozonated oil 2.5 grams, wood vinegar 2.5 grams. turmeric extract 0.5 grams, excipient q.s.). The study for period of 60 days showed that treatment groups had significantly higher milk yield, fat yield, protein yield and lactose, and better SCC, pH and bacterial load as compared to untreated animals. There were no deleterious effects on the teat skin and orifices, as indicated by the teat condition scores. All three herbal combinations were effective in combating SCM, with T4 showing slightly better bacterial load values. As compared to the cost of treatment, there are higher returns in the form of increased quantity and quality of milk. Key words: sub-clinical mastitis, herbal agents, milk yield and composition, teat condition score.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    AMELIORATION OF HEAT STRESS WITH MODIFIED MICROCLIMATE IN LACTATING DAIRY CATTLE
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, NANDINAGAR, BIDAR - 585401, 2022) RAGHAVENDRA.G; Mahadevappa D Gouri
    An experiment was conducted to compare the effectiveness of different heat stress alleviating methods for lactating dairy cattle. Twelve lactating dairy were selected and grouped into three treatments with four animals each group. The treatments vizT1 as control, T2 (micro sprinklers) and T3 (wet gunny bags). The daily variation of min & max environmental temperature and relative humidity were recorded both inside and outside the shed, whereas 18.7 and 31.5 °C & 36.4 and 79.2 per cent inside the shed respectively and outside the shed was 20.2 and 32.1°C & 41.7 and 84.0 per cent respectively. The chemical compositions of feed were estimated and dry matter intake was showed nonsignificant difference among treatment groups. The effect of heat stress or raise in ambient temperature on physiological parameters viz., rectal temperature and pulse rate was non-significant, whereas the respiration rate was found significant (P<0.005) among the groups. Milk yield (kg/d) was significant between T1 and T2 (P<0.013) & T2 and T3 (P<0.043) and non-significant between T1 and T3. Similarly for milk fat % showed significant difference (P<0.001) between T1 and T3 & T2 and T3 (P<0.001), but it was non-significant between T1 and T2 groups. The SNF%, protein %, lactose % and CLR showed non-significant difference among treatments groups. The fat yield (g/d) showed significant (P<0.05) difference among all the groups. The protein and lactose yields (g/d) were found to be non-significant. Fortnightly body weight changes (kg) showed nonsignificance among the treatment groups. The serum cortisol (μg/dl), sodium (mEq/L) and potassium (mEq/L) levels estimated on 0th, 30th and 60th day showed non-significant difference. Hence the mild heat stress may not alter performance of dairy cows significantly. Therefore, necessary modification of microclimate for rearing lactating dairy cows is needed.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY COWS FED WITH FEED ADDITIVES CONTAINING PROBIOTICS, ENZYMES AND ORGANIC ACIDS
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, NANDINAGAR, BIDAR – 585 401, 2021) MD MASOOD KHAN DURRANI; S.B. PRASANNA
    The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of feeding a combination of feed additives viz., probiotics, enzymes and organic acids on the performance of crossbred HF milking cows on milk yield, milk composition, rumen microflora changes and Body Condition Score of dairy cows. The cows were selected and divided into three treatment groups viz., T1 (control), T2 (single dose) and T3 (double dose) based on average previous month milk yield and stage of lactation. The results revealed that there was a significant (P ≤ 0.01) increase in the milk yield in group T2. Further among two experimental groups T2 and T3 there was no significant effect on the milk composition. On both the 30th and 60th day, there was an increase in the protozoan motility in groups T2 and T3 as compared to T1. Similarly, on the 30th and 60th day, there was a significant increase (P ≤ 0.01) in the bacterial count per 100 micro liters of rumen fluids in groups T2 and T3. There was no significant effect on rumen motility. The results of body condition score of all the animals in their respective groups were analyzed and it was found that there is no significant change in the body condition scores. The present study revealed that supplementing feed additives at a single dose (T2) level of 2ml /kg in concentrate feed (10ml/day) and 1 ml per kg of drinking water (30ml/day) is having the beneficial effect of 9.76% increase in milk yield or increase of 0.54 liter of milk per day per cow. Further, addition of feed additives in twice the dose (T3) had no beneficial effect on the milk yield or composition. Keywords: Feed additives, probiotics, enzymes, organic acids, feed additives, microflora, BCS.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF WELFARE STATUS OF KENGURI SHEEP UNDER INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE SYSTEMS OF REARING
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR - 585 401, 2022) KANAKARAJA; MAHADEVAPPA D. GOURI)
    The present experiment was conducted with 20 intensive and 20 extensive Kenguri sheep farms in Yadgir district of Karnataka. The welfare assessment as per AWIN (Animal Welfare Indicators) welfare assessment protocol for sheep was done at two levels- i) First level group (40minutes/herd) welfare indicators assessment revealed that, stereotypy (abnormal behaviour), social isolation, mild heat stress, panting, fleece cleanliness (very wet, filthy), fleece quality (fleece loss), faecal soiling (extensive soiling and dags), lameness (severe), lamb survival (lamb born live and dead; losses to weaning; minimum ewes mated and lambs reared) were significant at (P≤0.05) when compared between intensive and extensive rearing systems. ii) Second level individual (5minutes/sheep) welfare indicators assessment unveiled that, body condition score (emaciated, thin, good, fat), lesions to anterior part (ears, eyes, face/muzzle, head/neck) and anterior myiasis, lesions to posterior part (body, legs, teats) and posterior myiasis, anaemia and mastitis severity levels were significant at (P≤0.05) when compared between intensive and extensive rearing systems. The ethogram (basic behaviour patterns) was formed by observing the Kenguri sheep in the herd for a total of 300 hours, dividing into 6 hours per day (preferably during cooler parts of the day) observation. The results showed that, sheep exhibited 43 and 45 behavioural patterns in intensive and extensive rearing systems respectively, out of total 47 behavioural patterns. Veterinarians’ perceptions on welfare issues and other criteria were examined using a structured schedule. The constraints of sheep farmers in the study area were analysed consciously by using closed ended schedule through focused group discussion. The results of the experiment indicated better welfare, health status, general management and other practices of sheep under intensive system when compared to extensive system. Key words: Kenguri sheep, Welfare assessment, Ethogram, Socio-economic profile, Veterinarians’ Perception, Constraints of sheep rearing
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    APPROACHES TO IMPROVE THE WELFARE OF DAIRY COWS THROUGH ALLEVIATION OF LAMENESS
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR - 585 401, 2022) JETTABOINA SAI KIRAN; S. B. PRASANNA
    An experiment was conducted in 20 lactating dairy cows to study the effect of Hoof Trimming (HT) on the performance of dairy animals. Lameness Index Score (LIS 1-5) was allotted; milk yield and its composition, physiological indices and basic behavioral patterns (Ethogram 3-5 hrs/day) were recorded during the experiment. These recordings were done one week prior to HT and on 0, 3, 6, 8, 11and14th days after HT. The results showed that significant difference (P≤0.05) in milk yield was on 0th day, 3rd day, 6th day, 8th day when compared to before week of HT (13.25±0.83). Significant increase in milk Fat % (P ≤0.05) was observed on 11th day and 14th day (4.10±0.04), significant decrease (P≤0.05) in milk SNF % was observed on 0th day, 3rd day, 6th day and 8th day (8.45±0.03), whereas significant difference (P≤0.05) in milk protein % was observed on 0, 3 and 6th day (2.64±0.04) when compared with before week of HT. Significant difference (P≤0.05) in rectal temperature was observed on 0, 3 6, 8 and 11th day when compared with before week of HT (101.30±0.08) whereas significant increase (P≤0.05) in heart rate was observed on 0, 3, 6, 8, 11 and 14th day when compared with before week of HT (66.7±0.21). Significant increase (P˃0.05) in respiration rate was observed on 0th day (20.45±0.29). Significant improvement in LIS was noticed on 8th day (2.55±0.15), 11th day (2.00±0.13) and 14th day (1.95±0.14) when compared to before week of HT (2.90±0.12). Dairy cows showed 38 out of 46 total patterns, before HT. After HT dairy cows showed 36 out of 46 total patterns. Hence it may be concluded that HT showed positive effect towards increase of milk fat % and improvement in locomotion score of dairy cows. It didn’t affect the milk yield, physiological indices and behaviour except in the initial days which retained to normal within a few days.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IN VITRO EVALUATION OF LABORATORY SILAGES OF SUPER NAPIER AND MAIZE FODDERS WITH Stylosanthes hamata AND Melia dubia
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, NANDINAGAR, 2022) ABHISHEK MAHADEV JOLAPURE; MAHADEVAPPA D. GOURI
    A study was conducted for In vitro evaluation of laboratory silages of Super Napier (SN) and Maize fodder with Stylosanthes hamata (SH) and Melia dubia (MD). In the present trial, the fresh fodder and laboratory silages were made in combination of cereal fodder - Maize or Super Napier (70, 80 and 90 per cent) with legume fodders – SH or MD (30, 20 and 10 per cent), respectively. Comparison was made between and within the fresh and silage fodder in all combination for physical properties, proximate principles, digestibility, In vitro gas production and volatile fatty acid profile. Results showed sweet smell, no fungal growth, golden yellow and greenish yellow colour were the physical properties of silages prepared. In both fresh fodder and silage, 30% of legume inclusion to SN resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher crude protein and total ash content, but there was no effect on ether extract. True Dry Matter Digestibility (TDMD) and Neutral Detergent Fibre Digestibility (NDFD) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in both fresh fodder and silage of Maize mixed with 30% legume compared to other combinations. Legume inclusion to Maize fodder at 10% found to be having significantly (P<0.05) higher ME level. Gas production was significantly (P<0.05) higher in MD at 10% inclusion with Maize fodder. TVFA in both fresh fodder and silages were significantly (P<0.05) higher in 30% inclusion of legume with SN. Molar concentration of acetate was found to be higher in 10% combination of legume with Maize whereas propionate and butyrate were significantly (P<0.05) higher at 30% inclusion of legume to Maize. The results indicated that to obtain optimum levels of both energy and proteins in the diet/fodders/silages, the percentages of non-legumes and legumes can be restricted to 85 and 15% respectively. Further inclusion of legumes with non-legume fodders was found to be more ideal and can be recommended to dairy farmers to overcome the malnourishment in livestock in general. Keywords: Proximate principles, digestibility, In vitro gas production and volatile fatty acid profile.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CHARACTERIZATION OF INDIGENOUS CHICKEN AND THEIR MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN HASSAN DISTRICT
    (KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) VINAY, M.; M. C. SHIVAKUMAR
    Indigenous chicken (IC) plays an important role in rural household economics, nutritional security, women empowerment and socio-cultural aspects of farmers in developing countries. The present study was undertaken to characterize IC present in different agro-climatic region of Hassan district and to document their management practices. The agro-climatic zones consist of Central dry zone, Southern dry zone, Central transitional zone and Hilly zone. Physical characters of IC were recorded in 118 male and 282 female birds from the above regions and 20 farmers from each agro-climatic zone were interviewed through structured questionnaire schedule to collect data on management practices. More women (58.75%) were involved in rearing IC than men and average flock size was 23.16. Further 73.75% farmers holding <2.5 acre of land were rearing more IC and 70% of farmers were having other animal husbandry activities. Purpose of rearing indigenous chicken was for both own consumption and sale (62.5%) and 47.5% kept chicken with other livestock or in owner courtyard (26.25%). Only 8.75 per cent farmers vaccinate their flock and major constraits of rearing IC was predator attack (77.5%). In the phenotypic characters all male and female birds had normal feather morphology and only 5.1% in males and 2.13% in female IC had naked neck feather distribution. With respect to plumage colour among males 28.81% red, 27.12% multi-colour and in female 30.85% black and 27.30% brown were the major colours observed. Solid (58.47%) type plumage pattern was dominant in males and whereas in females solid (36.87%) and dull (36.88%) were predominated. White skin colour was most common in both male (83.91%) and female birds (82.62%). Among the ear lobe red colour (85.59%) observed in male IC whereas in female red (50.35%) and red and white colour (43.26%) was observed. Colour of comb was 100% red in male and female IC and single comb was dominant in male (93.22%) whereas in female both single comb (49.29%) and pea comb (48.58%) was common. Brown colour eye (69.50%) observed more in male, 53.19% brown and 38.3% grey eye was seen in female IC. Study indicated IC in Hassan district had varied phenotypic characters and farmers from different agro-climatic zones followed their own kind of management practices.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BEHAVIOUR AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF HASSAN LAMBS RAISED ON DIFFERENT BEDDING MATERIALS UNDER INTENSIVE PRODUCTION SYSTEM
    (VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) KRISHNAJI RATHOD; GURUPRASAD, R)
    The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different bedding materials on behavior and growth performance, haematological, biochemical parameters, Gastro Intestinal Parasitic load, Diarrhoea Score, dirt score of growing of Hassan lambs under intensive production system. The duration of study period was 90 days. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that the total time spent on resting, standing, walking and feeding was non-significant (P>0.05) in all the experimental lambs. The body weight gain, ADG, DMI, FCR and FCE, biometric measurements, physiological parameters (respiration rate, heart rate), haematological parameter, overall mean EPG count, diarrhea score were non-significant among lambs raised on different bedding materials. The lambs on Ragi straw bedding showed significantly (P<0.05) higher rectal temperature (0F). Floor/bedding surface temperature of soil/mud floor was found to be significantly lower compared to other bedding materials. The glucose, albumin, globulin and A/G ratio were comparable (P>0.05) among different groups, serum total protein levels and triglyceride levels were found to be significantly different (P<0.05). The cortisol level and OPG were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the lambs reared on maize cob bedding. The dirt scores were highest in lambs maintained on soil/mud. The present study indicated that the lambs reared on Ragi straw bedding were comparatively, more comfortable than those on maize cob and mud/soil bedding material.