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Open Access
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana) STRAW AND ARECA SHEATH (Areca catechu) BASED EXTRUDED COMPLETE FEED IN MANDYA LAMBS.
(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, NANDINAGAR, BIDAR, 2022) SANJAY, G. C.; UMASHANKAR, B. C.
The present study was conducted for comparative evaluation of the efficiency of utilization of the finger millet (Eleusine coracana) straw and areca sheath (Areca catechu) based extruded complete feed in Mandya lambs. Sixteen Mandya / Bannur lambs of about 3 to 4 months of age with body weight ranging from 7.8 to 12.9 kg were divided into two groups of eight each in a completely randomized design. Twelve weeks feeding trial was carried out with an initial adjustment period of two weeks and six days digestion trial in the 11th week of the experiment. The animals were randomly assigned to one of the treatment groups viz. T1 (Experimental group one; finger millet straw based extruded complete feed) and T2 (Experimental group two; areca sheath based extruded complete feed). Chemical analyses (%) revealed that, areca sheath was comparable with finger millet straw except for lower CP, ADF and ADL (3.29 v/s 4.79; 52.63 v/s 54.43; 3.52 v/s 5.66) and higher NDF (76.66 v/s 71.61) contents. Similarly, the composition of areca sheath based extruded complete feed was also comparable with finger millet straw extruded complete feed except for lower CP and ADL (14.14 v/s 15.32; 2.8 v/s 4.9) and higher NDF and ADF (61.03 v/s 59.16; 25.52 v/s 22.15) contents. Cumulative gas (ml / 200mg DM / 24 h) production and energy density (ME MJ / kg DM) was higher in areca sheath (38.44 & 7.63) as compared to finger millet straw (32.56 & 6.92). There was a significant (P≤0.05) difference in total DMI (as g per day and gram per kg metabolic body weight) between the two treatment groups (T1; 433 & 64.9 and T2; 402 & 60.4). However, there was significant (P≤0.05) difference in CP, OM and NDF intake. The ADG (g per day) and FCR (g DMI / g BW gain) for T1 and T2 groups were statistically non-significant (T1: 68.53 & 6.23 and T2: 65.58 & 6.06). The mean apparent digestibility (%) of nutrients (DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF) and the per cent DOMDM was higher in AS ECF group (T2; 76.13) than FMS ECF group (T1; 70.89). It was concluded that the areca sheath could completely substitute the conventional finger millet straw, as a source of roughage for feeding growing lambs.
Open Access
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana) STRAW AND MAIZE (Zea mays) COB BASED EXTRUDED COMPLETE FEED IN MANDYA LAMBS
(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR - 585 226, 2022) SACHIN, S. S.; T. M. PRABHU
The present study was conducted for comparative evaluation of the efficiency of utilization of the finger millet (Eleusine coracana) straw and maize (Zea mays) cob based extruded complete feeds in Mandya lambs. The extruded complete feed was prepared using roughage and concentrate at 40:60 proportion, respectively. Sixteen Mandya ram lambs of about 3 to 4 months of age with body weight ranging from 7.8 to 12.9 kg were divided into two groups of eight each in a completely randomized design. Twelve weeks feeding trial was carried out with an initial adjustment period of two weeks and six days digestion trial in the 11th week of the experiment. The animals were randomly assigned to one of the treatment groups viz. T1 (Finger millet straw based extruded complete feed) and T2 (Maize cob based extruded complete feed). Chemical composition analyses (%) revealed that, maize cob was comparable with finger millet straw except for lower total ash (2.52 v/s 8.61) and higher NDF & Hemicellulose (86.66 v/s 71.61; 29.79 v/s 17.18). Rumen in vitro net gas (ml / 200mg DM / 24 h) production and energy density (ME MJ / kg DM) was higher in maize cob (36.05 & 7.29) as compared to finger millet straw (33.79 & 7.09). However, the energy density of finger millet straw and maize cob based extruded complete feeds was comparable (10.27 v/s 10.15 ME MJ/kg DM). There was no significant difference in total DMI (g/d, % BW and g/kgW0.75) between the two treatment groups. However, there was significant (P≤0.01) difference in CP, EE and ADF intake. The ADG (g) and FCR (g DMI/ g BW gain) for T1 and T2 groups was statistically non-significant (T1;68.53 & 6.48 and T2;65.70 & 8.07). The mean apparent digestibility (%) of nutrients (DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF) was statistically significant (P≤0.01 or P≤0.001) between the two treatment groups except for EE. The per cent DOMDM (T1 , 70.89 & T2 , 63.33) was also significantly (P≤0.01) different between the two treatments. It was concluded that both finger millet straw and maize cob based extruded complete feeds can be utilized for feeding small ruminants to sustain production performance of livestock during feed scarcity period.
Open Access
ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF JAMUN (Syzygium cumini) SEEDS IN GIRIRAJA BIRDS
(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, NANDINAGAR, 2022) P. SRAVANI; SUMA, N.)
Overall human, livestock and poultry expansion has outpaced cereal output growth, following severe feed shortage and a resultant increase in feed cost which compels for the search of alternate feed resources and one such resource, Jamun seed (Syzygium cumini) was used in the present study for assessing its benefits in Giriraja birds’ diets. A total of 150 birds were divided into three treatments (T1, T2 and T3) which were fed with control diet, 2% Jamun seed incorporated in control diet and 4 % Jamun seed incorporated in control diet, respectively for a period of eight weeks. By the end of the feeding trial, (T3) group reported significantly higher body weights (1873g) than other two groups (T1-1788g and T2-1831g). Feed consumption was also higher in T2 (4346g) and T3 (4364g) groups than T1 (4281g) group. The metabolizability values for different nutrients were comparable among all the treatments except for ether extract which was significantly higher in T3 group. Among different biochemical parameters estimated, total cholesterol and glucose levels were significantly (P≤0.05) lower in test groups (T2 and T3) and ranged from 161.80mg/dL (T3) to 236.90mg/dL (T1) and 112.31mg/dL (T3) to 137.13mg/dL (T1), respectively. T1 groups showed lower liver weights than other two groups (T2 and T3). Abdominal fat was significantly (P≤0.05) lower in T2 and T3 than the control group (T1). T3 prevailed to score highest economic index value than control group (T1). Present study results clearly indicate that Jamun seeds can be included up to 4% in the feeding of Giriraja birds without any detrimental effects on the bird’s health and performance.
Open Access
EFFECT OF FEEDING TAMARIND (Tamarindus indica) SEED KERNEL INCORPORATED DIET ON INTAKE AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION IN LARGE WHITE YORKSHIRE PIGLETS
(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, NANDINAGAR, BIDAR, 2022) GIRISH, S.; SUMA, N.)
A study was designed to examine whether Large White Yorkshire pigs had any effect of feeding tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seed kernel incorporated diet on feed intake and nutrient utilization. The conventional swine diet (T1) was formulated to meet ICAR (2013) specifications and other two test diets were compounded with 5% (T2) and 10% (T3) tamarind seed kernel inclusion in control diet. A total of 18 piglets at 10th week were divided in to three treatment groups in a completely randomised design. Measured quantity of respective diet was individually offered to six animals each housed in separate pens for 12 weeks. All other standard managemental practices followed were uniform for all the animals. Analysed chemical composition of tamarind seed kernel was found to contain OM-95.03%, CP-19.95%, EE-7.55%, CF-2.73%, TA-4.97% and calculated NFE-64.80%. This test sample was also composed of good amounts of essential amino acids. Other constituents like phenols, flavonoids and tannins remained lower in tamarind seed kernel than husk. Daily feed intake of animals on dry matter basis was recorded as 1478g in T1, 1472 in T2 and 1468 in T3. Whereas, initial and final body weights for T1, T2 and T3 groups were 12.82 and 46.73kg; 12.85 and 48.40kg; and 12.78 and 46.73kg, respectively. Hence, the total body weight gains (kg) as well as daily gains (g) were 33.92 and 382.1 in T1, 35.55 and 384.7 in T2 and 33.95 and 382.4 in T3, respectively. Finally, the FCR was derived to be statistically non-significant (P ≥ 0.05) among all the treatments with an average value of 3.86. Digestibility of different nutrients were also showed statistically similar values between the treatments. Net returns were more from T2 group than other two groups (T1 and T3). The study results concluded that opted levels of tamarind seed kernel (up to
Open Access
JAMUN (Syzygium cumini) SEED SUPPLEMENTATION FOR PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS STUDY IN COMMERCIAL BROILER CHICKEN
(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, NANDINAGAR, BIDAR, 2022) ADARSH, J.; SUMA, N.)
Objectives of the experiment was to study the effect of Jamun (Syzygium cumini) seeds on growth, carcass characteristics and serum biochemical parameters of commercial broiler birds. Treatment diets comprised of different levels of Jamun (Syzyzium cumini) seeds i.e. 0, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%, respectively from T1 to T4. All the diets were maintained as isonitrogenous and isocaloric as per ICAR, 2013 standards. Two hundred and forty commercial chicks were selected, wing banded, weighed and randomly distributed to 4- treatment groups of 5-replicates each in a completely randomized design. Per cent composition of Jamun seeds revealed that OM-95.11%, CP-5.10%, EE-0.57%, CF-4.07%, TA-4.89% and NFE-85.37%. Body weights and FCR values were found to be statistically significant at sixth week. Mean cumulative feed consumption per bird among various treatment groups was 4204g, 4211g, 4232g and 4300g in T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Metabolizability of OM, EE and CF of experimental diets differed significantly and ranged from 68.18(T4) to 73.02(T1); 76.13(T4) to 81.12(T1) and from 46.78(T4) to 53.23(T1) per cent, respectively. At the end of day-42, mean total cholesterol values in different dietary treatments were 128.3mg/dl, 108.9mg/dl, 114.2mg/dl and 116.7mg/dl in T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Cholesterol level in serum was significantly (P≤0.05) lower in T2, T3, T4 than the control group (T1). Catalase level in serum was significantly (P≤0.05) higher in T2, T3, T4 than the control group. The results though variable, do indicate that 1.5 per cent Jamun seeds is quite tolerable in broilers.
Open Access
ASSESSMENT OF STARTER RATIONS ON DRY MATTER INTAKE AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF MILKFED HALLIKAR CALVES
(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SAADATH PASHA; JAISHANKAR, N.
A study was carried out to assess various calf starter rations on the dry matter intake, growth performance, blood biochemical parameters and rumen fluid analysis of Hallikar calves. A total of 24 Hallikar calves of 15 to 20 days age were selected at field condition, randomly distributed into four groups of six calves each. Each group was assigned to one of the four experimental starter diets viz., Group T0 calves provided dam’s milk. Groups T1 fed calf starter in dry mash form, Group T2 fed calf starter in gruel form and Group T3 calves fed germinated horse gram. Trial was carried out for 3 months. Gruel and dry starter fed group attained significantly(p<0.05) higher body weights, average daily gains, dry matter intake and nutrients intake. However, there is no significant(p>0.05) difference in feed efficiency. The Dry matter digestibility per centage was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2, T0 and T1 group calves than T3. Digestibility of crude fiber and EE were significantly (p<0.05) higher in T0 group calves than T1, T2 and T3. Rumen pH is significantly (p<0.05) more acidic in T1 group than T2, T3 and T0 but within normal range. Total bacterial counts and total protozoa counts were significantly higher in T1 and T2 calves than the T3 and T0 calves group. Blood biochemical parameters were not affected between the treatments. Calf starter feeding in gruel form(T2) or mash form (T1) found economically more viable than germinated Horse gram and Conventional milk feeding in Hallikar calves.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF SINGLE CELL PROTEIN AS A PROTEIN SOURCE IN LARGE WHITE YORKSHIRE PIGS
(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) NAVEEN KUMAR, V.S.; Suresh, B. N.
An experiment was conducted for 28 weeks to evaluate dietary inclusion of single cell protein (SCP) as a protein source by replacing soybean meal in Large White Yorkshire pigs on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood biochemical parameters, carcass traits and gut health. Eighteen weaned piglets were randomly distributed into three treatment groups containing six animals each. Control diet (T1) was prepared using corn and soybean meal as per NRC (2012) specification. The test diets viz., T2 and T3 were prepared by incorporating SCP at 5 and 10%, respectively replacing SBM. All the diets were made iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric in mash form for phase1 (starter, 7-11 kg), phase 2 (grower 1, 11-25 kg), phase 3 (grower 2, 25-50 kg) and phase 4 (finisher, 50-75 kg). The animals were fed with respective diets for 28 weeks. Body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio of pigs fed 5 and 10% SCP incorporated diets were comparable to the control group at all 14-day intervals, phases, and cumulatively. Further, the inclusion of SCP at 5 and 10% by replacing SBM in the diets has no significant (p>0.05) effect on serum biochemical parameters viz., SGPT, SGOT, ALP, uric acid, creatine, total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin globulin ratio. Similarly, no difference in carcass characteristics, weight of vital organs, length and pH of gastro intestinal tract and villi length/crypt depth ratio of duodenum, jejunum, ileum among treatment groups was observed except for back fat thickness and loin area. The digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE and NFE showed significant (p<0.01) difference among three treatments. It was concluded that SCP can be included at 5% in the pig diets as a protein source replacing SBM without any adverse effect on the growth performance of pigs for better economic returns.
Open Access
PERFORMANCE OF LAMBS FED SORGHUM HAY, MAIZE STOVER AND ARECA SHEATH BASED TOTAL MIXED RATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) PAVAN, BL.; V. NAGABHUSHANA
An in vitro and in vivo evaluation of sorghum hay, maize stover and areca sheath based TMRfb, initially by gas production technique followed by three months feeding cum metabolism trial in lambs to find out voluntary feed intake, digestibility, growth performance and rumen fermentation parameters. Eighteen non-descript lambs aged 4-6 months with average body weight of 17±0.9kg were randomly allotted to three diets with roughage to concentrate ratio of 60:40. The T1-diet comprised of sorghum hay based TMRfb, T2-diet comprised of maize stover based TMRfb and T3- diet comprised of areca sheath based TMRfb. The mean DMI (g/kg W0.75) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T1 (110.62) compare to T2 (66.19) and T3 (60.14). ADG (g/d) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T1 (85.2), compared to T3 (64.3) fallowed by T2 (35.9). The digestibility of DM, OM, and CF was higher in T3 compare to T1 and T2. Digestibility of CP is (P<0.01) higher in T1 and T3 compared to T2. DCP (g/d) intake, TDN (g/d) intake and ME (MJ/d) intake was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T1 (69.77, 531.87 and 9.03) as compared to T2 (30.82, 367.07 and 5.39) and T3 (32.85, 362.36 and 5.33). Rumen liquid profiles like ammonia nitrogen did not show any significant difference among the treatments and also before and after the experiment, but the rumen pH and TVFA showed significant (P<0.05) difference between the treatments, before and after the experiment. It was observed that the chemical composition of maize stover and areca sheath are almost comparable with sorghum hay but areca sheath is having higher energy yielding potential through rumen fermentation and better digestibility. It was concluded from this study that areca sheath can replace crop residues especially in TMRfb for feeding small ruminants. Key words: Total mixed ration feed block (TMRfb), digestibility, in vitro, lambs.
Open Access
EFFECT OF CEREMONIAL FLORAL WASTES ON PALATABILITY, ANTIOXIDANT STATUS AND EGG QUALITY TRAITS IN COMMERCIAL LAYERS
(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585401, 2022) ARUN, F.M.; T. THIRUMALESH
The study was conducted to determine the effect of ceremonial floral wastes on palatability, antioxidant status and egg quality traits in commercial layers. Three hundred and twenty-four commercial layer birds (30th weeks of age) were divided into nine treatments with four replications in each treatment and each replication had nine birds each in CRD. The CFW like marigold floral waste (MFW), rose floral waste (RFW) and chrysanthemum floral waste (CrFW) were incorporated in the commercial layer diet at 7 per cent (T2) and 8 per cent (T3) MFW, 7 per cent (T4), 8 per cent (T5) and 9 per cent (T6) RFW, 1 per cent (T7) , 2 per cent (T8) and 3 per cent (T9) CrFW and comparative to non CFW group (T1-control). The crude protein contents of MFW, RFW and CrFW were 8.55, 10.72 and 11.73 per cent respectively. The layer diets incorporate with CFW by replacing de-oiled rice bran contained 18 per cent CP, 2007 ME kcal/kg diet. The experiment was conducted for a period of 12 weeks containing 30th to 42nd weeks of laying phase. During the experiment feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production, egg weight were recorded, egg quality traits were evaluated. The blood samples were collected before and after the experiment to estimate the antioxidant activity in the serum and at the end of the experiment metabolism trial was conducted to know the digestibility of nutrients. The mean feed intake between the treatment groups were significantly higher in T1, T5, T8 and T9 whereas significantly higher (P<0.01) dry matter intake was noticed in T7. The per cent hen day egg production between the treatment was significantly different (P<0.01). The mean feed conversion ratio was better in T2, T3, T4, T7, T8 and T9 when compared to other treatment. The average mean yolk index was similar in T2 and T3 but significantly higher in T4 and lower in T7 and T8. The 180 yolk colour was significantly higher in T3 followed by T2, T4, T7 and T8. The levels of CP in the egg were higher in MFW and RFW fed groups. Almost all the CFW had better antioxidant activity and the benefit-cost ratio was higher in all the CFW supplemented groups than the control group. It can be concluded that beyond 8 per cent MFW and 3 per cent CrFW can be used without any adverse effect in the commercial layer diet, however RFW may be included only with petals but not with calyx and peduncles.

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