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ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES IN COMMON CARP (Cyprinus carpio) AS AN INDICATOR OF POLLUTION STRESS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCE'SUNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585226, 2011-09) MUTTAPPA KHAVI; H.R.V.REDDY; A.T.TAMCHANDAR NAIK; K.S.RAMESH; MRIDULA RAJESHThe use of insecticides is being increasing in the recent years to control the pest in which only 1% of the pesticide applied hits the target pest while, the remaining 99% of the pesticide drifts into the environment contaminating soil, water and biota. This poses a constant threat to the non-target organisms especially to fishes, because pesticides are known to alter their behavioral pattern, growth, and physiology. One of the early symptoms of acute pesticide poisoning is failure of respiratory metabolism, reduction in the food consumption, alteration in absorption efficiency, scope for growth and oxygen: nitrogen ratios of fishes. A static renewal bioassay was conducted to determine the acute toxicity (LC50) of commercial grade Organophosphate insecticide, Quinalphos (25% emulsified concentration) to common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The acute toxicity of Quinalphos to carp fingerlings exposed for 96 h was found to be 2.75ppm. For sublethal toxicity study, the fishes were exposed to two sublethal concentrations (1/10th of LC50 i.e 0.275ppm and 1/5th of LC50 i.e 0.55ppm) with lethal concentration (2.75ppm) for up to 48 hours. The carps were found to be under stress but mortality was insignificant in both sublethal and lethal concentrations. Considerable variation in respiratory rate was observed in both sublethal and lethal concentrations. 84 The effects of this pesticide on the physiological condition were remarkable. Food consumption rate, absorption efficiency, scope for growth and Oxygen: Nitrogen ratio of the fishes was affected when it was exposed to increasing concentrations of Quinalphos. The observed alteration in physiological condition may be a consequence of impaired oxidative metabolism and elevated physiological stress by the fish against quinalphos stress.ThesisItem Open Access TOXICITY STUDIES OF SAPINDUS LAURIFOLIUS LEAVES IN RATS(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2011) SANTHOSH KUMAR, C.NNature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sourcesThesisItem Open Access TOXICITY STUDIES OF HEVEA BRASILIENSIS LEAVES IN RATS(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2011) RAVIKUMAR, K. PHevea brasiliensis (rubber tree), a tree in the Euphorbiaceae family, the most economically important member of the genus Hevea and is the only commercial source of natural rubberThesisItem Open Access EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF A SILK PROTEIN COATED FILM, A WOUND HEALING AGENT IN LABORATORY ANIMALS(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2011) MANOHARA CThe term wound has been defined as a disruption of normal anatomical structure and more importantly the function of the intact tissue structuresThesisItem Open Access PHARMACOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF COW URINE DISTILLATE IN RATS(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2011) MAHESH KADAGICow urine is recognized as water of life (Ăą AmritaĂą ?, which means beverages of immortality) in the sacred Hindu writing (oldest books in Asia) called as VedasThesisItem Open Access STUDY OF ANTICANCEROUS PROPERTY OF ASTERACANTHA LONGIFOLIA IN RATS(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2011) NAIR DHANYA VENUGOPALANCancer (malignant tumour) is an abnormal growth and proliferation of cells. It is caused by a complex, poorly understood interplay of genetic and environmental factorsThesisItem Open Access Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus.(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University , Bidar, 2011-08-16) Ranganatha, S.; Rathnamma, D.; Shrikrishna, Isloor; Veeregowda, B.M.; Narayana Bhat, M.; Patil, S.S.; --, --Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis is one of the important viral disease of cattle caused by Bovine herpes Virus -1. In India, IBR causes great economic loss to the farmers and its prevalence is in increasing trend over the past 10 years. The present study was undertaken to isolate and characterise the BoHV-1 isolates circulating in Karnataka state. Samples such as Nasal swabs, conjunctival swabs and aborted foetal liver were collected from 40 cattle showing symptoms similar to IBR. All the samples were subjected for virus isolation in MDBK cell line. Among the 40 samples only three samples yielded BoHV-1 isolates in cell culture which were confirmed by Virus neutralisation test. A sensitive and specific PCR was developed targeting conserved region of gC gene and applied directly to the DNA extracted from field samples. The sensitivity of the designed gC specific primers was 75 per cent and compared with the published primers targeting gB gene whose sensitivity was 66 per cent. The gC based PCR products were subjected for restriction enzyme analysis which further confirmed the isolates as BoHV-1. The amplified product of gC based PCR was cloned in pGEMT vector and sequenced. The nucleotide sequences of gC gene of BoHV-1 field isolates viz., PD_ADMAS707/10, PD_ADMAS723/10, PD_ADMAS741/10 along with the reference virus were compared with published sequences using the BLAST programme and submitted to GenBank under the accession numbers JN022593, JN022594, JN171865 respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all three field isolates were clustered with BoHV-1.1 subtype. Thus, the study revealed the persistence of BoHV-1.1 subtype in India.ThesisItem Open Access Survey on Prevalence of Brucella Infection in Sheep and Goats(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University , Bidar, 2011-06-17) Nethra, R.; Ramesh, P.T.; Uppendra, H. A.; Ansar Kamaran, C.; Narayanswamy, H.D.; Rathnamma, D.; --, --The present study was carried out in six different farms of sheep and goats i.e., at Bengaluru, Haniyuru, Allipura, Huduguru, Veerapsandra and Peddaenhalli to survey on seroprevalence of brucella infection by RBPT and STAT. Preliminary screening of a total of 148 sheep and 104 goat sera samples in six farms by RBPT revealed 10 (6.7%) sheep and 7 (7%) goats as reactors. All the RBPT reactors were further subjected to standard tube agglutination test. All the animals selected in farms at Bengaluru and Haniyuru were seronegative which could be hypothesized that animals were not exposed to the infectious agent. So, the seroprevalence recorded were 7%, 14.3%, 3.3% and 2.85% at Allipura, Huduguru, Veerapsandra and Peddaenhalli respectively which might be due to endemicity. Identification of endemic areas would be helpful in culling the seropositive animals and undertaking vaccination program. In the hematological and biochemical analysis conducted, there was significantly higher (P<0.05) TLC values and neutrophil count, significantly lower hemoglobin levels, lymphocyte and monocyte count and no significant variation in PCV of blood samples in brucella seropositive animals. This might be due to cellular immune response to bacterial infection and anemia due to brucellaâs tropism to reticuloendothelial system. There was no significant variation (P<0.05) in AST & GGT and albumin: globulin ratio values in brucella seropositive animals and hence no damage to liver was observed in the present study conducted. The present study revealed 15 Km distance between each farm, communal pasturing and watering, comingling of the animals, open system of rearing and non utilization of immunization are the risk factors in seropositive farms which declared the minimal epidemiological unit of intervention.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Cryptococcosis in Ruminants, Equines and Birds(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University , Bidar, 2011-09-22) Bawane, Pradip Vishwanath; Ramesh, P.T.; Ansar Kamaran, C.; Narayana Bhat, M; Narayana Swamy, M.; Ranganath, L.; --, --In the study of Cryptococcosis in ruminants, equine and birds, a total of 290 fecal samples in which cattle (25), sheep (25), goats (30), and horses (30) fecal samples were collected from the without clinical signs of Cryptococcosis. From birds a total of 180 fecal samples were collected and they were: Fifty from Cockteil (dry and 25 fresh), 30 from Munia (15 dry and 15 wet) 30 from Pigeon (15 dry and 15 wet), 30 from Hornbill (15 dry and 15 fresh) and pheasant (40) in which (20 dry and 20 wet). After processing all the samples, 0.1 ml and 0.2 ml aliquot of the processed samples were streaked on the three media viz., sunflower seed agar media, malt agar media and Sabouraud dextrose agar media. All the inoculated plates were observed for the development of dark brown pigmentation of Cryptococcus for the next 9 to 10 days. Out of 180 fecal samples of birds processed, 23 (8%) samples were positive for the growth of Cryptococcus and showed positive urease test, growth at 37 ÂșC, phenoloxidase activity but failed for KNO3 utilization. The overall prevalence of Cryptococcus reported was 8% in ruminants, equines and birds while overall prevalence of Cryptococcosis in birds reported was 12.77%. in which, in cockteil 12 samples were positive including the eight dry fecal sample and four wet, from eight positive pigeon samples two were from dry samples and six from wet, three isolates from the pheasant birds showed the positive growth for Cryptococcus in which two samples were from dry fecal samples and one was wet while none of cultured plates inoculated with fecal samples of cattle, sheep and goat and equine were positive. It was concluded that sunflower seed agar is excellent media for growth of yeast Cryptococcus and dry fecal sample is good source of Cryptococcus.