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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON NEUROBIOCHEMICAL AND NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES IN WISTAR RATS EXPOSED TO ARSENIC WITH OR WITHOUT EXOGENOUS MELATONIN ADMINISTRATION(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-08) PRASADA NINGAPPA DURAPPANAVAR; PRAKASH NADOOR)(‘As’) induced alterations in neurobiochemestry in brain and its impact on neuropharmacological activities with or without the melatonin (MLT) as an antioxidant given exogenously. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided in to four groups of six each. Group-I served as untreated control, while group-II received ‘As’ [sodium (meta) arsenite; NaAsO2] @ 10 mg.kg-1 b.wt. (p.o) for a period of 56 days. Experimental rats in group-III received treatment similar to group-II but in addition received MLT @ 10 mg.kg-1 b.wt. (p.o) from day 32 onwards. Rats in group-IV received MLT alone from day 32 onwards similar to group-III. Sub-chronic exposure to ‘As’ (group-II) significantly (p0.05) reduction in pain latency. Sub-chronic administration of ‘As’ induced (group-II) significant (p<0.05) increase in the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) called malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain tissue (5.55±0.57 nmol.g-1), and their levels were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by MLT supplementation (group-III: 3.96±0.15 nmol.g-1). The increase in 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) levels in ‘As’ exposed rats indicated nitrosative stress due to the formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-). However, exogenously given MLT significantly (p<0.05) reduced the 3-NT formation as well as prostaglandin (PGE2) levels in the brain. Similarly MLT administration have suppressed the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (viz., IL-1β, IL-6 & TNF-α) and amyloid-β1-40 (Aβ) deposition in the brain tissues of experimental rats. To conclude, exogenous administration of melatonin can overcome the sub-chronic arsenic induced oxidative and nitrosative stress in the CNS, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines and restored certain disturbed neuropharmacological activities in Wistar rats. Key words: Arsenic (As), Neuropharmacology, Melatonin, Oxidative stress, Wistar ratsThesisItem Open Access PHARMACOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES OF LABLAB PURPUREUS IN RATS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FOISHERIE'S SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-07) PRAKASH V SOGALANNAVAR; N. B. SHRIDHARThe study was taken up to evaluate the pharmacological and toxicological properties of L. purpureus plant. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, phytosterols and triterpenoids. The study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory property of the plant extract using carrageenan induced paw oedema and the extract at the doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg is having significant anti-inflammatory activity. In vivo analgesic activity was conducted by using acetic acid induced writhings as peripheral pain model and the extract at the doses 400 and 600 mg/kg showed significant analgesic activity. Acute oral and repeated dose 28 day oral toxicity studies of methanol extract was carried out in Wistar albino rats as per the OECD guidelines 423 and 407 respectively. In sub-acute oral toxicity dose levels of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg were administered daily for 28 days and compared with the control rats. In both toxicity studies, no mortality and toxicity signs were observed. The MTD value was found to be more than 5 g/kg. Haematological and biochemical parameters showed significant effect of the extract on different organs which are evident by histopathological changes observed in extract treated groups. The plant leaves showed significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic property that can be utilized to explore the therapeutic efficacy. Key words: L. purpureus, phytochemical analysis, Anti-inflammatory activity, toxicity study, Wistar albino rats.ThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF PRESCRIPTION PATTERN OF VETERINARY DRUGS, PHARMACOVIGILANCE AND PHARMACOKINETICS OF MOST FAVOURED ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT IN MASTITIC DAIRY CATTLE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FOISHERIE'S SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-07) MAHADEVA SHARMA B.M; PRAKASH NADOORto document the pharmacovigilance data collected from veterinarians (voluntary) in the State of Karnataka (Phase-I). Further, pharmacokinetics (milk depletion drug kinetics) of most favoured antibacterial agent employed in the State was studied in HFx dairy cows (n=8) clinically ailing from mastitis (Phase-II). Analysis of prescriptions w.r.t livestock species (cattle, sheep and goats; N=912) revealed that among the major therapeutic segments drugs belonging to viz., antibacterials (28.37%) > non-steroidal agents (NSAIDs;15.70%) > antihistaminics (H1 blockers;12.42%) classes were prescribed most. Further, cephalosporins (19.39%) > tetracyclines (16.24%) > β-lactam + β-lactamase inhibitors (11.92%) were most prescribed among the antibacterial agents. The number of drugs per prescription was in the order of three or more (64.80%) > double (24.23%) > single (10.97%). Among the polydrug therapies, antibacterial agents prescribed in combination with NSAIDs accounted most (47.39%) followed by both with glucocorticoids and NSAID’s (11.60%). The extra-label usage of antibacterial agents in the treatment of mastitis and uterine infections in dairy cattle and buffaloes alone accounted 18.42 and 34.88 per cent, respectively. The survey revealed that cefquinome sulphate (intramammary) was most preferred antibacterial agent for the clinical mastitis in the State. Pharmacovigilance study (N=1005) revealed 6.07 and 0.80 per cent adverse drug reactions [ADR(s)] and adverse drug effects [ADE(s)], respectively. Pharmacokinetic studies following therapeutic administration (intramammary) of cefquinome (75 mg. q 12 h x three times) in mastitic dairy cows revealed a peak (Cmax.) concentration of cefquinome in milk of mastitic quarter (664.06±131.24 μg.mL-1) was observed (tmax.) at 6 h after last infusion. The elimination half-life (t1/2z), the area under curve (AUC0-) and mean residence time (MRT) was 5.24±0.51 h, 7915.38±1946.57 g.mL-1.h and 20.97±3.08 h, respectively, when the time vs milk concentration data was subjected to analysis by non-compartment model. The concentration last observed: Cmax. ratio was 0.0088±0.001. The milk concentration of cefquinome persists (LOD=0.052 μg.mL-1) up to 72 h (5.28±0.64 μg.mL-1) and 36 h (4.04 μg.mL-1) in mastitic quarter and untreated (healthy) quarter, respectively after the last therapeutic administration in HFx dairy cows. Keywords: Prescription analysis, Pharmacovigilance, Cefquinome, Pharmacokinetics, Mastitis, HFx dairy cowThesisItem Open Access PHARMACOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES OF VITEX NEGUNDO IN RATS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-08) PURANDAR B KAMBLE; Dr. N. B. SHRIDHARThe present study was conducted to evaluate various pharmacological and toxicological properties of the Vitex negundo extract. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, Phytosterols, triterpenoids. Acute oral and sub-acute toxicity studies of methanol extract was carried out in Wistar albino rats as per the OECD guidelines 401 and 407 respectively. In acute toxicity study, the LD50 cut off value was found to be more than 5 g/kg. No mortality and toxicity signs were observed. In sub acute toxicity study, methanol extract was administered @ 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg respectively and compared with the control rats. The results of body weight, gross and histopathological observations of the treated groups indicated the non toxic nature of the extract even @ 5000 mg/kg. In in vivo anti-inflammatory study of methanol extract, in carrageenan induced rat paw edema model, the extract @ 500 and 1000 mg/kg showed significant inhibition of rat paw edema in dose dependent manner indicating its anti inflammatory activity.ThesisItem Open Access Toxicity studies of fungal isolates from sorghum straw in rats, mice and calves(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2006-11-03) NIRMALA G. C.; N. B. SHRIDHAR; K. JAYAKUMAR; S. G. RAMACHANDRA; SHRIKRISHNA ISLOORMillions of tones of forage consumed by animals is contaminated with fungal species invading forage plants prior to harvest or during storage as hay, straw or silage (Gremmels, 2005). The species of fungi affecting the forage are of two groups, namely: field fungi and storage fungi (storage molds). Field fungi are those, which invade the crop when it is still in the field, and require 20-21 percent moisture. These include species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Clodosporium, Diplodia, Gibberella and Helminthosporium. The storage molds are those that invade the fodder during storage and need less moisture (13-18%) than field fungi. These include species of Aspergillus and Penicillium (Elizabeth, 2005). These fungi produce mycotoxins, when favorable conditions allow the fungi to grow on crops in the field, at harvest, in storage or during the processing of feed (Palmgren and Lee, 1986). Mycotoxins are the fungal secondary metabolites formed by consecutive series of enzyme-catalysed reactions from a few biochemically simple intermediates (Bohra and Purohit, 2003). These mycotoxins are present in foods as natural pollutants, thereby causing acute and chronic toxicities in both human and animalsThesisItem Open Access TOXICITY STUDIES OF FUNGAL ISOLATES FROM MAIZE HULLS IN RATS AND MICE(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2008) VENKANNA BALAGANURAgricultural economy is changing very fast. Today India produces 87.7 million tonnes of rice and 68.7 million tonnes of wheat and in between these two crops lie 84 million tonnes of milk. Thus India has emerged as largest producer of milk in the world. India has very large livestock population with more than 185.18 million cattle and 97.92 million birffaloes (17^^ Livestock Census 2003, Government of India, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi).ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF VOLKAMERIA INERMIS ON PARACETAMOL INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2017) YOGESHGOWDA, SPlants have been an integral part of human society, since beginning of the civilizationThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTI- INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY AND DERMAL TOXICITY STUDY OF CASSIA TORA(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2016) THIRUMALA, MBiodiversity of natural resources like plants, animals, microbes, minerals and marine sources has served not only the primary human needs but also health care since time immemorial (Patwardhan et al., 2004).ThesisItem Open Access TOXICITY STUDIES OF FUNGAL ISOLATES FROM PADDY STRAW IN RATS, MICE AND CALVES(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2006) VEENA, K.Ingestion of contaminated feed, straw, etc. with toxigenic moulds causes Mycotoxicosis in animals. The mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Trichoderma spp., Stachybotrys spp., Byssochlamys spp are very well known to affect farm animals. Contaminated raw feed ingredients with micromycetes species (fungi or moulds) is a current issue. The contamination of fungi contributes to raw feed, affects the nutritive quality, while the toxins released by these accumulate and endanger animal health and production. The toxic matter (mycotoxins) released by Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium genera forms the major risk of intoxication to farm animals.
