Inefficient estrus detection and improper timing of artificial insemination are
among the major causes for the failure of conception which results in prolonged service
period, long calving intervals and reduced lifetime production which intum affects the
profitability of dairy farming. In dairy cows, upto 40 percent of estrus periods may pass
undetected inspite of normal ovarian cyclicity (Williamson et ah, 1972; King et al,
1976). Consequently, controlled breeding with induction of estrus and fixed time
inseminations have gained importance
