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ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SELENIUM, VITAMIN E, GARLIC AND THYME ON THE PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY OF BROILERS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-07) IMRAN, N. K.; Dr. MALATHI, VAn experiment was conducted to study the comparative effect of Selenium, Vitamin E, Garlic and Thyme on the performance and meat quality of 405 one day old broiler chicks over a 42-day period. The trial had nine treatments with three replicates (45 per treatment). The treatment groups were supplemented with two levels of sodium selenite viz., 0.15 ppm (T2) and 0.3 ppm (T3); two levels of vitamin E viz., 150 IU/kg (T4) and 300 IU/kg (T5); two levels of garlic powder viz., 0.5 per cent (T6) and 1 per cent (T7); two levels of thyme powder viz., 0.5 g/kg (T8) and 1 g/kg (T9) and T1 group was the control, fed with the basal diet (Se, 0.23 ppm and vitamin E 40 IU/kg). After 42 day of feeding, three birds from each replicate were slaughtered conventionally and carcasses were packed in polyethylene bags and stored for 10 day at 4°C. Cumulative body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency were not affected by the supplementThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF REARING GIRIRAJA CHICKEN UNDER BACKYARD SYSTEM IN HASSAN DISTRICT(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-08) RAKESH, K.; Dr. T. MUNEGOWDAData on profile characteristics of farmers, priorities for adoption, household nutritional security, gender issues, socio-economical contribution and constraints involved in rearing Giriraja chicken, collected from 100 respondents in Hassan district of Karnataka was analyzed. Majority of the respondents were middle aged, women, literates, nuclear families with average family size of 5.72 and belong to other backward classes. Majority of them were marginal farmers followed by small farmers with agriculture and animal husbandry as primary and subsidiary occupations, respectively. Majority of them were having experience in rearing Giriraja chicken. The practices of supplementary feeding; vaccination and treatment; low cost housing/ night shelter; and cleaning / disinfection of night shelter were well received and adopted by respondents, while chick production and recycling and brooding of day old chicks were not adopted. The overall adoption behavior of Giriraja chicken was medium with significant (p<0.0001) difference in change in flock size. Considerable nutritional and socioeconomic contribution of Giriraja chicken has been reported by majority of respondents. On an average each respondent was consuming 12g of chicken and 5.6 eggs per week. The distributional benefits of income through rearing Giriraja chicken were wide and well recognized. Non availability of Giriraja chicks at nearest place, unawareness about proper brooding technique were the major constraints and training on Giriraja chicken rearing, regular chick supply, provision of low cost feed supplements on subsidy and extending mini-incubator facilities to the farmers at subsidy cost were the major suggestions perceived by the respondents. The related implications for further diffusion of Giriraja chicken into the social system were discussed.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF DIETARY INORGANIC, ORGANIC AND NANO SELENIUM ON EGG PRODUCTION AND MEAT QUALITY IN CHICKEN(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR- 585 401, 2018-08) PRASOON, S.; Prof. JAYANAIKTwo biological trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of sodium selenite, selenium yeast and nano selenium on the growth performance and meat quality of Giriraja chicken up to eight weeks in trial I and egg production and hatchability percentage of Red Cornish hens from 29 to 52 weeks in Trail II. Both the trials had eight treatments with 384 birds (48 per treatment) in the trial I and 288 birds (36 per treatment) in the II trial. Control diet was formulated according to NRC (1994) specifications. To the basal diet (T1), sodium selenite at 150 ppb and 300 ppb, selenium yeast at 150ppb and 300ppb and nano-selenium at 50 ppb, 150 ppb and 300 ppb were added to form T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8. Cumulative body weight, feed intake, FCR, carcass yield, immune organ weight index, total blood count, haemoglobin concentration, H/L ratio, antibody titer against NDV and IBDV, egg quality parameters and survivability percentage were not influenced by selenium supplementation. Supplementation of 300 ppb selenium yeast and, 150 and 300ppb nano selenium significantly (P≤0.05) increased serum globulin level and decreased A:G ratio. Activity of GPx, SOD and CAT in liver was significantly (P≤0.05) improved by supplementation of 300 ppb selenium from all sources. Malondialdehyde concentration in breast muscle was decreased by supplementation of selenium yeast and nano selenium. Drip loss was reduced significantly in T4, T5, T6 and T8. Cooking loss was reduced by supplementation of 300 ppb selenium yeast and 50, 150 and 300 ppb nano selenium. Selenium supplementation improved selenium concentration in muscle and egg, HHEP%, HDEP%, feed efficiency, fertility and hatchability percentage. Cost of production of an egg was reduced by supplementation of selenium.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SELENIUM, VITAMIN E, GARLIC AND THYME ON THE PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY OF BROILERS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR- 585 401, 2018-07) IMRAN, N. K; Dr. MALATHI, V.An experiment was conducted to study the comparative effect of Selenium, Vitamin E, Garlic and Thyme on the performance and meat quality of 405 one day old broiler chicks over a 42-day period. The trial had nine treatments with three replicates (45 per treatment). The treatment groups were supplemented with two levels of sodium selenite viz., 0.15 ppm (T2) and 0.3 ppm (T3); two levels of vitamin E viz., 150 IU/kg (T4) and 300 IU/kg (T5); two levels of garlic powder viz., 0.5 per cent (T6) and 1 per cent (T7); two levels of thyme powder viz., 0.5 g/kg (T8) and 1 g/kg (T9) and T1 group was the control, fed with the basal diet (Se, 0.23 ppm and vitamin E 40 IU/kg). After 42 day of feeding, three birds from each replicate were slaughtered conventionally and carcasses were packed in polyethylene bags and stored for 10 day at 4°C. Cumulative body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency were not affected by the supplemented groups. Dietary Se, Garlic and Thyme increased spleen weight and antibody titres against IBDV. Meat colour L*, a*, b* values during storage showed no significant difference except for b* value on day 10 with lowest value found in Se (0.15 ppm) group. Se (0.15 and 0.3ppm), garlic powder (1 %) and thyme powder (0.5 g/kg) supplementation retained a slightly lower pH in thigh meat. Garlic (1 %) decreased the drip loss and in all the supplemented groups, the WHC of the breast and thigh meat increased during storage. Dietary Se (0.3 ppm) and both the levels of Vitamin E, Garlic and Thyme influenced the oxidative stability of the meat during storage. Vitamin E and thyme supplementation reduce the fat (%) content of breast meat. The results demonstrated that Se (0.3 ppm), Garlic powder (1 %), Thyme powder (0.5 g/kg) and Vitamin E (300 IU/kg) are effective in enhancing the meat quality and immune status of broilers.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF GRADED DIETARY LEVELS OF YEAST CELL EXTRACTED NUCLEOTIDES (YEN) ON PERFORMANCE, GUT HEALTH AND IMMUNE STATUS OF COMMERCIAL BROILERS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585 401, 2018-07) H.C. INDRESH; Dr. JAYANAIKAn experiment was conducted to study the effect of graded levels of yeast cell extracted nucleotide (YEN) on performance, carcass characteristics, organometry, blood biochemical profile and gut health of commercial broilers. Three hundred day-old straight run commercial broiler chicks were distributed in to 30 replicates of 10 chicks. Basal diet (control) T1 and the experimental diets were prepared by incorporating YEN @ 1, 2 and 3 % for pre-starter for 0-14 days (T2, T3 and T4), starter for 15-28 days (T5, T6 and T7) and finisher phases for 29-42 days (T8, T9 and T10). The results revealed that feeding of YEN at 2 and 3 per cent for 28 days and 42 days resulted in significant (P≤0.05) improvement in body weight, feed intake, FCR and survivability. Improvement in immune organ weight and antibody titre against Newcastle disease was observed only in birds fed YEN up to 28 and 42 days as compared to control and 14 days. The carcass traits and visceral organ weight were significantly (P≤0.05) influenced by feeding birds with 2 and 3 per cent YEN upto 28 and 42 days. Feeding of birds with graded levels of YEN for entire 42 days significantly (P≤0.05) improved the gut pH, intestinal thickness, villi height and crypt depth of intestine compared to that of control. The inclusion of YEN at different levels till 42 days significantly (P≤0.05) decreased the load of E. coli and improved the load of Lactobacillus in the intestine. The feeding of 2 and 3 per cent YEN up to 28 days was more economical compared to other levels of inclusion of YEN for different period. It was concluded that the dietary inclusion of YEN at 2 and 3 per cent for 28 and 42 days was beneficial in improving growth performance, gut health and immune performance in commercial broilers.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF PHYTASE SUPPLEMENTATION ON PERFORMANCE AND MINERAL RETENTION IN LOW PHOSPHORUS DIET FED IN GIRIRAJA BIRDS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-09) VIDYASAGAR; Dr. JAYANAIKThe effects of phytase supplementation on growth performance, mineral retention, bone and blood Minerals content, carcass characteristics and economy in Giriraja birds were studied from 1 to 42 d of age. Four hundred twenty one-day-old Giriraja chicks were assigned at random to seven dietary treatments. The basal diet Control (0.45% available P -T1), Low P diet (0.35% available P -T2), low P diet (0.3% available P -T3), Low P diet (0.35% available P + Phytase 500 FTU/kg -T4), Low P diet (0.3% available P + phytase 500 FTU/ kg-T5), Low P diet (0.35% available P + Phytase 1000 FTU/kg -T6), Low P diet (0.3% available P + Phytase 1000 FTU/kg -T7) were fed to respective experimental group of birds. The supplementation of phytase in Giriraja birds diets improved the body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio at the end of 42nd d of age. Phytase enzyme was effective in significantly improving mineral retention (Calcium and Phosporus). It was also revealed significant (P≤0.05) effect in bone mineral retention (Ca and P) The blood Calcium was not affected significantly by feeding of phytase enzyme but had significant effect on blood phosphorus. The phytase based diets did not show any significant difference in abdominal fat per cent, liver and gizzard weights. However, there was significant comparable effect on dressing percentage and heart percentage. There was significant (P≤0.05) difference in economy in control when compared to experimental groups.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF REDUCING CRUDE PROTEIN LEVELS SUPPLEMENTED WITH LIMITING AMINO ACIDS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SWARNADHARA FEMALE PARENT AND ITS PROGENY(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR - 585 401, 2017-10) BEENA C JOSEPH; Dr. JAYANAIKThree trials were carried out in Swarnadhara (SD) parent stock to evaluate the effect of reducing dietary crude protein levels supplemented with limiting amino acids on growth performance , production parameters and the progeny chick quality. First trial was conducted in SD chicks from 1-6 wks, to find out the effect of reducing crude protein with supplementation of limiting amino acids on growth parameters in a completely randomized design in 5 treatments with 4 replications of 20 birds in each. The control diet (T1) was based on corn soy bean meal formulated with 21% CP and 2800 kcal ME following the ICAR (2013) specifications which were recommended for improved native chicken breeds in India. The diets T2 to T5 were made iso caloric to control and composed with 20.5, 20, 19.5 and 19% CP, respectively meeting the levels of limiting amino acids as that of control by adding synthetic amino acids. No significant difference observed in body weight, FC, FCR, serum protein profile, immunological assay, dressing percentage, BMY percentage and survivability rate but inconsistent variations observed in giblet weights and abdominal fat percentage among groups. Second trial was conducted in SD layers from 29-40 wks, to find out the effect of reducing crude protein with supplementation of limiting amino acids on production parameters in a completely randomized design in 5 treatments with 6 replications of 8 birds in each .The control diet (T1) was based on corn soy bean meal formulated with 16% CP and 2700 kcal ME following the ICAR (2013). The diets T2 to T5 were made isocaloric to control and composed with 15.5, 15, 14.5 and 14% CP, respectively with supplementation of limiting amino acids. BW at 40th week tended to decline, but no significant difference observed in egg production, egg weight, egg quality, survivability, immunity and serum biochemical profile. Fertility rate tended to decline as the CP is reduced. Hatchability rate on TES and on FES were significantly low in 2.0 unit CP reduced group. In the third trial, progeny chicks from the experimental breeders of second trial were studied from 1-6 wks in a completely randomized design in 5 treatments with 4 replications of 20 birds in each feeding a standard diet (ICAR 2013) to all groups. Chick weight was not significantly affected but number of quality chicks non significantly tended to decline in the 2.0 unit CP reduced breeder diet group whereas, growth performance, carcass characteristics , immunity, survivability and serum biochemical profile were not affected by the CP reduction in the maternal diet with supplementation of limiting amino acids.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF NUTRITIVE VALUE OF RAGI AND SORGHUM REPLACING YELLOW MAIZE VIS-À-VIS IN PRESENCE OF SOYOIL, FISH OIL AND ENZYME IN BROILER DIETS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2008-03) Venkata Reddy, K.; K.S. PRATAP KUMAR; B.S. VENKATARAMI REDDY; B. UMAKANTHA); V. MANJUNATH; M.L. SATYANARAYANAPoultry in India, which was predominantly a backyard activity before 1960s has reached an industry status as well as an agri-business enterprise. India ranks third place in egg production and fifth place in broiler production in the world (Watt Executive Guide, 2006). At present, Indian meat production is 2.2 million tons and contributing about 260 billion (2%) to the GDP, providing both direct and indirect employment. Since the early 1990s, poultry meat has been the fastest growing sector in animal production and consumption in India. While demand has slowed for other meats, including fish, the poultry meat has accelerated and continues to lead the expansion of meat trade. Poultry meat is the cheapest animal protein providing food and nutrition security to both urban and rural population. During the past decade, egg production increased to over 45,200 million and the per capita availability of eggs has increased to 41 eggs. Broiler meat production increased to 2.2 million tons and the per capita availability of chicken meat increased to 1.73 kg. However, it is for below the recommended consumption of 180 eggs and 10.8 kg poultry meat per person per annum as by the Nutritional Advisory Committee. Over the years, poultry meat has found broad consumer acceptance, in part due to its low relative price and less fat compared to red meat. Without any social constraint the sector is growing at 12.64 per cent per yearThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC IMPACT OF VARIATION IN DIETARY PROFILE AND DURATION OF EARLY FEED RESTRICTION IN BROILERS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2006-09) O.R. NATARAJU; K. S. Prathapkumar; B. Umakantha; H.N. Narasimhamurthy; B. S. Venkatarami ReddyPoultry production in the country has gained momentum during the last four decades. Consequently, it has taken the shape of full-fledged industry. At present, this industry has emerged as the most dynamic and fastest expanding segment in Animal Husbandry sector with an annual growth rate of 6 per cent in 1980s, 11 per cent in 1990s and 19 per cent in 1997-2002 in broiler chickens and 5 per cent in egg production. With an annual production of around 43.67 billion eggs and 1440 thousand metric tones of broiler meat, India ranks 4th and 5th respectively, in the world (Mandal et al., 2005). Poultry sector in India contributes 100 billion rupees to the Gross National Product (GNP). The annual per capita availability of 1 kg meat in India is lower than 10.8 kg meat recommended by National Committee on Human Nutrition (Evans, 2002). Hence, the industry has potential to grow at about 10 times in meat sector. Broiler meat has a greater demand as compared to other meats, primarily because of the limitations and religious taboos in case of beef and pork. It also has the highest acceptability among all sections of consumers.
