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ThesisItem Open Access “STUDIES ON BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE MOON FISH, MENE MACULATA (BLOCH AND SCHNEIDER, 1801) OFF MANGALORE COAST”(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, KARNATAKA, 2019) Sneha Darshan, C.,; H.N.ANJANAYAPPAThe moon fish, Mene maculata is belonging to the genus Mene, family Menidae, and order Perciforms, popularly called moon fish. The present study based on the observation of a 452 total individuals ranging from 11 to 27 cm size, comprising 227 males and 225 females were collected fortnightly from Mangaluru landing centre. The length-weight relationship of M. maculata did not show any significant difference between sexes and pooled equation were drawn Log W= 0.0276 + 2.8567 Log L. The relative condition factor (Kn) values for male and female varied from 1.055-1.059 respectively. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of gut content showed that the fish mainly fed on crustaceans, fishes and occasionally on mollusks, occurrence of the mud and sand particles in the gut indicated that the fish is bottom feeder. Active feeding observed during November and December which coincides with the post- spawning season, poor feeding was noticed in the month of February and April which indicates breeding season of the fish. The overall Sex- ratio was estimated as male: female = 1:0.99. The length at 50 % maturity was found to be 19-21 cm (TL), for male and female respectively. The Gonad-Somatic Index values ranged from 0.3794 to 2.5485 in male and in case of female, it fluctuated between 0.4245 to 3.3315. Fecundity of M. maculata varied from 1,01,051 to 2,38,875 eggs with an average of 1,66,962 eggs/female depending upon the size of the fish. The ova diameter ranged from 0.04 to 0.91mm. The species is a prolonged spawner. The proximate composition revealed that the Moisture has 71.10 %, followed by protein 23.29 %, ash 3.97 %, and fat 1.91 %.ThesisItem Open Access “STUDIES ON SOME BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE BLACK BANDED TREVALLY, SERIOLINA NIGROFASCIATA (RUPPELL, 1982) ALONG THE MANGALURU COAST”(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018) KALAVATHI N.R.,; MANSING NAIK)The black-banded trevally, Seriolina nigrofasciata found In indo-west pacific, from eastern coast of Africa to Australia, north to southern Japan. Seriolina nigrofasciata (order: perciformes, family : Carangidae ) is a non-schooling carangid fish which occurs at the depth from 20-150 m and is commonly found in offshore reefs over the continental shelf on rocky bottom. This species is also called as “black banded king fish or butter fish” and locally called as “Neyyi meenu”. The present study is based on the observation of a total 627 individuals ranging in size from 15 to 63 cm total length (TL) comprising 280 males and 347 females. The length-weight relationship for male was W= 0.0179L2.9596 and for female W=0.0186L2.9156 . The relative condition factor (Kn) values for male and female varied from 0.9727 and 1.3307 respectively. Analysis of the gut content indicated that fish is carnivore and the diet was composed of Semi-digested matter 68.04 %, teleost 20.80 %, molluscans 16.66 %, crustaceans 3.49 %. The size at the first maturity for male and female appeared at a length of 36 cm and 39 cm TL respectively. The sex-ratio of male:female was found to be 1:1.23 in the commercial catches, showing dominance of female in the population. The Ganado-Somatic Index values ranged from 0.2149 to 2.1769 in male and in case of female, it fluctuated between 0.2342 to 3.9696. The fecundity ranged from 1,92,295 to 7,60,248 eggs with an average 5,02,906 eggs per individual . The ova diameter ranged from 0.01 to 0.5mm. The maturity stages of Seriolina nigrofasciata indicated that this species is a annual single spawner during November to febraury. Proximate composition revealed that fish muscle has 74.03 % to 83.12 % moisture, 14.58 % to 21.87 %. protein, 0.57 % to 3.66 % fat, and 0.86 % to 1.64 %. of ash.ThesisItem Open Access TROPHIC INTERACTION IN COMMERCIALLY EXPLOITED DEMERSAL FINFISHES WITH EMPHASIS ON ONTOGENIC DIET SHIFTS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018) BHAVANJALI M.R; MRIDULA RAJESHTrophic interactions in seven commercially exploited marine demersal finfishes of Karnataka were studied to understand the trophic organization with an emphasis on ontogenic diet shifts and trophic overlap. In total, 4723 stomachs were examined of which 73 prey items were identified. Crustaceans and fishes formed the major prey item. Based on cluster analysis of predator feeding similarities and ontogenic diet shift within each predator, two major trophic guilds were identified. The first guild of ‘crustacean feeders’ included all size groups of Nemipterus japonicus, N. randalli, O. cuvieri and Priacanthus hamrur. The second trophic guild, ‘piscivores’, was mainly made up of larger size groups of all predators and all size groups of Saurida tumbil and S. undosquamis. The mean diet breadth and mean trophic level showed a strong correlation with ontogenic diet shift. TROPH values ranged from 3.4-4.6 for species indicating carnivorous diet pattern of the species. All the species were carnivores and the extent of carnivory increased with ontogeny. It is clear from the present study that most of the species when they were young preferred crustaceans, other invertebrates and smaller fishes but the preference changed for teleosts and other carnivores as they grew in size and age. A seasonal variation in the diet pattern observed was due to variations in prey abundance. Trophic network analysis showed maximum prey in Trophic level III and any alterations due to ecological or anthropogenic activities affecting the prey would result in alterations in community dynamics of the predators.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PLASTIC POLLUTION AND IT’S IMPACT ON BIOLOGY OF COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT FISHES OFF MANGALURU COAST(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019) YASHWINI, Y. MUTTA; S.R.SOMSHEKARThe issue of plastic pollution in the marine environment has already created a menace across all the coastal areas of the world. Monitoring is crucial to assess the efficacy of measures implemented to reduce the abundance of plastic debris. Sources of plastic marine debris found on the selected 3 stations along the Mangaluru coast were estimated. Samples were collected from 5 quadrats of 2 × 2 m for each station from January 2019 to July 2019. The total number of plastic debris varied between months and between stations with 70-224 nos. This has lead to a much larger concern regrading the presence of microplastics (MPs) (plastic debris <5mm) and its ingestion by the marine fauna. This study focuses, for the first time, on the presence of microplastics in stomach contents of 8 commerically important fishes along the Mangaluru coast, India. A total of 240 fishes were examined out of which 46 (19.16%) guts had microplastics in them. Microplastics found were of two types, fragments and fibres. The total number of microplastic found were 54, out which 87% (47) were fibres and 13% (7) were fragment, their size ranged between 0.1mm – 3.7mm. The presence of secondary microplastics in the fish has shown that the microplastic pollution of the area is mainly due to the coastal plastic pollution. These results are very important to crub plastic and microplastic pollution around the coastline, and public awareness of the harmful effects of these microplastics is neededThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF ICHTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY IN ESTUARINE SYSTEM OF KUNDAPURA REGION.(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019) PRASHANTH, R.,; H.N.ANJANAYAPPACoastal ecosystems of Karnataka situated closer to the Western ghats which are considered as one of the global biodiversity hotspots. In view of this, this study on ichthyofaunal diversity of estuarine system of Kundapura region gives important insights to the abundance and seasonality of fish diversity. From August 2018 - May 2019, a total of 64 species encountered that belonging to (49) genera, (36) families and (10) orders. Among them, Nematalosa nasus was found to be the most dominant species. Out of 10 orders, the order Perciformes stands first, comprised of 23 families represented by 37 species and the order Clupiformes ranked second with 3 families represented by 8 species. The seasonal abundance of ichthyofaunal diversity recorded during pre-monsoon (Feb-May) > post-monsoon (Oct-Jan) > monsoon (Aug-Sep). The diversity indices including Margalef’s richness index (d), Shannon-wiener index (H') (at log 10), Simpson index (ʎ) and Pielou’s evenness (J') were calculated. The K- dominance curve plot showed the diversity of species was high near the estuarine region and at the bar mouth region. These are showing closely similar diversity and proved that the number of species (richness) more near the estuarine region. Bray-Curtis similarity index revealed that the maximum similarity was found between pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons at S2 and S1 station. The same pattern was also evident in the MSD plot and the stress valve, which was overlain on the MSD plot (0.1, 0.1 and 0.08), showed a good ordination of the samples collected. Panchagangavalli estuary gives breeding and feeding ground for many commercially important fishes, In fisheries point of view it is a very sensitive zone, So it should be protected from all man-made disturbance legitimately, to enrich and sustain the biodiversity for the future.ThesisItem Open Access “STUDIES ON REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF SPINELESS CUTTLEFISH SEPIELLA INERMIS”(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019) PRAMOD SUVARNA; S.R.SOMASHEKARSepiella inermis, also known as the spineless cuttlefish, is an emerging species in the cuttlefish fishery. This species has been attracting international market in the recent years. The present study was undertaken to investigate the reproductive biology of S. inermis off Mangaluru, south-west coast of India. The S. inermis samples were collected from Mangaluru Fisheries Harbour during September 2016 and May 2017. The relationship between dorsal mantle length (DML) and body weight (TW) of Sepiella inermis was mathematically expressed as TW= 0.9873×DML2.0828 (r² = 0.8683) and TW = 0.9725×DML2.1789(r² = 0.8622) for male and female respectively. The species showed allometric growth. Maturity stages were assigned by gross macroscopic examination of the gonad as 1) immature, 2) maturing 3) mature and 4) spent. Apparently, female tend to gain more weight than male for a given length. The female: male ratio ranged between 0.90:1 (September) to 1:1 (April). 50% of the male matured at 50-55 mm and female matured at 60-65 mm. Fecundity varied from 172 to 560. Ova diameter varied between 0.29 to 6.12 mm, individuals in all the 4 maturity stages were found throughout the year. However, maximum proportion of matured male and female were encountered during September-October followed by February-April. Furthermore, the highest Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) for male and female also coincided with spawning season. Nidamental gland Index (NGI) peaked in the month of October. Based on the proportion of each maturity stage, as well as the maturity indices (GSI and NGI), the spawning seasons were inferred to be in the months of October-September and February-AprilThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION AND DOCUMENTATION OF MANGROVES AND ASSOCIATED FAUNA ALONG DAKSHINA KANNADA COAST.(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, KARNATAKA, 2019) MANOJKUMAR, M. N.,; H. ANJANAYAPPAThe present study was undertaken to identification and documentation of mangroves and associated icthyofauna along Dakshina Kannada during the study period from October 2016 to May 2017. Samples were collected monthly from three selected stations Talapady (S1), Baikampady (S2), Sasihithlu (S3) using cast net and gill net of different mesh size. A total of 48 species of finfish species belonging to 32 genera, 23 families and 8 order were recorded. And a total number of 9 species of Mangrove plants belonging to 8 genera, 5 families and 4 order were recorded from all the three stations during the study period. The present study deals with fish biomass and physico-chemical properties. Various physico-chemical parameters such as air temperatures, surface water temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity and pH were at the ranges of 26.5 to 31.9°C, 27 to 31.2°C, 2.18 to 8.15 mg/l, 8 to 31.5‰, 6.7 to 8.1 respectively. Air temperature, surface water temperature, salinity, pH, shows the positive correlation with fish biomass 0.86459, 0.60068, 0.664, 0.68324 respectively and dissolve oxygen is negatively with fish biomass with “r” value -0.71149. The relationship between tree density and total fish biomass at different stations showed positive correlation with ‘r’ value of 0.78819 and Fish biomass was found to be inversely related to the mangrove distance from the creek. Application of GPS based mapping help to measure the small patches of mangroves. A total 45.2 hectares of mangrove areas are recorded along Dakshina Kannada coast, from Talapady to Sasihithlu during study period.
