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ThesisItem Open Access AN ASSESSMENT OF PERCEPTION AND PRACTICES OF WATER FOOTPRINT IN DAIRY FARMING(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2020) SITARAM BISHNOI; MEENA, H. R.Dairy farming involves not only direct consumptive water used by dairy animals for milk production but also embedded water in green fodder and by products of cereal crops and crop residues that are fed to dairy animals. Water footprint (WF) is a measure of the virtual (or embedded) water required to produce a product. Virtual water refers to the amount of water required to produce a product, from start to finish. Virtual water is hidden and neglected and not accounted. It is commonly considered in three categories: blue, green and grey. The study was conducted in two Agro climatic zones namely Trans-Gangetic Plains Region and Western Dry Region. Both the zones were selected purposively based on well-established dairy sector and major contribution in milk production. Further from both the zones two states namely Haryana and Rajasthan were selected purposively. Two districts from Haryana state and one district from Rajasthan state were selected through simple random sampling. Further four blocks were selected from each selected district and one cluster of the village was selected from each selected blocks, finally 18 respondents were selected through simple random sampling. Thus, total of 216 respondents were selected from both the zones. The results of study showed that majority (53.24%) of the dairy farmers were of middle aged and their age ranging from 36 to 50 years followed by the category of old (<35 yrs) and young (>50 yrs) which accounts for 28.24 and 18.52 per cent, respectively. It was found that a sizable proportion of the dairy farmers were Primary and Middle level of education (41.20%) which was closely followed by farmers had education up to Secondary and Senior Secondary (31.48). Whereas their average annual income was 83365.74 Rs/Year. A large number of the dairy farmers (41.44%) were found in medium level of social participation category. As well as 41.20 per cent of the dairy farmers had medium level of experience in dairying followed by low and high levels of experience in dairying. The weighted mean score for perception scale was calculated and it was found that Most of the dairy farmers (61.11%) experienced that “Fodder crops required less water as compared to the other cereal crops”. The weighted mean score of this statement was 90.83 and first rank given by farmers. The PCA was used for dimension reduction the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of sampling adequacy was .739 and Bartletts test of Sphericity was found significant. In Ordered logistic regression socio-economic variable like age, experiences in dairying and education level were found significant. The total water requirement (Direct and Indirect) for crossbred was 14.72 m3/animal/day followed by buffaloes and indigenous cow which was 13.82 m3/animal/day and 10.02 m3/animal/day respectively. The water productivity for milk production for local cow was 1.90 m3/lit followed by buffaloes and cross bred, which was 1.72 m3/lit and 1.62 m3/lit respectively. The prioritization of water conservation practices was done by using Garret ranking method in which the water conservation practices like “Life saving irrigation from water harvesting structure” was given first rank and garret score was 81.14 in Bikaner district as well as in Sonipat and Hisar district “Life saving irrigation if available” was given first rank and garret score was 86.18. It would be a useful tool for reducing water footprint of milk production, which could be achieved by educating the dairy farmers about the negative consequences of high consumptive water use.ThesisItem Open Access DAIRYING AMONGST THE BROKPA TRANSHUMANCE PASTORAL NOMADS: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2019) AZAD, ABUL K.; JHA, SUJEET KUMARPastoralism is a complex food producing system. Pastoralist produce food from the driest, coldest, hottest and mountainous environment, yet is marginalized and misunderstood. The zero input livestock farming not only nourishes them but equally contributes to the international trade. Likewise the Brokpa, community followed the zero input yak and cattle-yak hybrid farming and contribute the same but they were poorly documented. On the other hand, the migratory system of animal rearing by the pastoralist is unique although it was not extensively highlighted. They had enriched indigenous techniques in milk processing and preservation, despite of that very few attempt was made to be documented. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to document the dairy husbandry practices followed by the Brokpa pastoral Nomads. The study was an ‘ethnography’, therefore, the Brokpa pastoral community were selected purposively. Furthermore, this pastoral community exist in Arunachal Pradesh and mostly reside in Tawang and West Kameng districts. Therefore, the Arunachal Pradesh and Tawang district and West Kameng district were selected purposively followed by identification of migratory routes. From each district, four migratory routes were identified, further, from each migratory route 15 pastoralists were interviewed. Thus, a total of 120 pastoralist’s were selected as the respondents. The study revealed that the pasture land and forest degradation were increasing due to repeated human and natural factors. Their distance covered during migration were increased by 2.5 per cent in Tawang district and by 8.3 per cent in West Kameng districts due to perceived climate variations as reported by the respondents. Staying at alpine pastures during summer season was also extended. Feed and fodder scarcity, water problem and lack of proper shelterhome at high-altitude especially during winter were encountered. The economy of Brokpa were based on selling of milk products such as chhurpi, churkam and butter. But, the young generations had lost their interest on yak rearing and preparing of milk products as the farming required highly related skilled manpower as revealed by respondents. The pure breed for mating and basic amenities of livelihood such as health centres and schools at high altitude were also invisible. As per healthcare of animal was concerned, Leech infestation, Bebesia, Tick infestation and poor night vision were reported by the respondents. Apart from these, lack of basic amenity centres such as health centre, school, banks etc. at high-altitude were also unseen.ThesisItem Open Access TECHNOLOGY REACH AMONG DAIRY FARMERS OF KERALA- A MULTISTAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS(ICAR-SRS, BENGALURU, 2019) SMITHA. S.; ARUNMOZHI DEVI, M. C.Dairying is one of the most promising allied sectors of the agriculture and an important economic activity in the livestock sector accounting for about 67.00 percent of the value of output. The country still faces a production shortfall due to massive demand from the growing population and low productivity of Indian cattle. Various efforts, therefore, are underway to generate and disseminate improved livestock practices/technologies to improve the livestock productivity. The present investigation was taken with specific objectives to study the “Technology reach among dairy farmers of Kerala- A Multistakeholder Analysis’. The study was conducted in Kerala State and considering the topographical parameters, four representative districts from each regions of Kerala were selected for the study through random sampling method.From each districts, two villages were selected and from each village twenty five farmers and stakeholders from research and extension domain were randomly selected for the study. Thus the data were collected from a sample of 200 dairy farmers and 90 stakeholders through personal interview method using pretested structured interview schedule. The findings indicated that majority of the farmers (77.00%) were having agriculture and dairying as their primary occupation and a significant percent (68.00%) of them had undergone training programme. The milk production in the respondent household ranged from 25-88 litres/day. The herd size possessed by the respondents ranged from 2 to 23 crossbred cattle. Majority of the respondents had medium level of innovativeness and risk orientation. With regard to technology dissemination activities, research- extension linkage was strong with involvement of researchers as resource person for training programme organized for extension personnel and involvement in animal health and veterinary services. Overall linkage index is strong in extension-farmer linkage, moderate in research -extension linkage and weak in research-farmer linkage. Significant percent (69.00%) of respondents had medium level of overall adoption of technologies. The major constraint faced by the dairy farmers were high cost of cattle feed, veterinary service and medicine. The major constraints experienced by extension and research system include time constraint for executing extension activities and lack of transportation facilities to make frequent visit to farmer’s field. In case of research system priority for teaching and research mandates of university is the another major constraint. Institutional linkages should be done at regional and state level and formulate joint collaborative programmes through effective resource utilisation from various stakeholders for enhancing farm income and thereby standard of living.ThesisItem Open Access AWARENESS AND PERCEPTION AMONG STAKEHOLDERS ON PROBIOTIC DAIRY FOODS FROM HEALTH PERSPECTIVE(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2019) KUMAR, SANJEEV; JHA, SUJEET KUMARModern consumers are increasingly interested in their personal health, and expect the food that they eat to be healthy or even capable of preventing illness. Probiotic-based food products especifically dairy based, continue to attract a growing interest due to their promising physiological effects as well as the value they add to the new products from commercial and scientific point of view. Different indicators showed the changing life-style of people and their consequences on the health and life style of the human beings. This, in turn, affects the productivity of a person and nation as well. In this situation, it is very much needed to focus on the health aspects of the people, changing life-style, foods available, and our perception. On this context, this study was conducted in the National Capital Territory- Delhi. Four districts were randomly selected and one market area from each district was selected purposively. From each market area, 25 consumers and 5 sellers were selected. For consumers, snowball sampling was adopted. In addition to this, 30 researchers involved in the process of ‘Research and Development (R & D)’ of probiotics and probiotic dairy foods were also selected, thereby making the total sample size of 150. Majority of the consumers happened to be young, male, and had a nuclear family. Most of them had studied up to graduation level. Among the consumer, their primary source of information was found to be ‘friends and peer group’; while among the researcher, it was found to be scientific journals ; and for sellers, their primary source of information was found to be ‘friends and peer group’. Nearly equal proportions of (46% and 45%) consumers were found in medium level and low level of awareness respectively. Half (50.00 %) of the researchers were found to have medium level of awareness, and nearly 45 per cent of sellers had low level of awareness. Consumers mostly had positive perception about the probiotic dairy foods including its health benefits, its acceptance among consumers. Perceptions among researchers were also positive including and its effectiveness against diarrhoea, intestinal infection. Similarly, sellers had positive perception regarding the factors favouring its demand, satisfaction among consumers. Among different constraints, costly nature of probiotic dairy food; concern for the viability of the bacterial strains; marketing of such products in specific urban packet were the main constraints for consumers, researchers and sellers. “Probiotic dairy foods were mostly available in bigger shops” was the most common feedback with respect to its availability while “limited accessibility to desired probiotic dairy foods” was the most common feedback in terms of its accessibility among others.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL MODULE ON BRUCELLOSIS IN DAIRY ANIMALS(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2018) VERMA, ARJUN PRASAD; MEENA, H RLivestock population in India is threatened by disease outbreaks, droughts, floods and other climatic anomalies. There are several diseases affecting production of livestock, human health, trade of livestock and animal products. Among these, Brucellosis is the second most important zoonotic disease of the world after rabies. It is one of the highly contagious ubiquitous reproductive disease of dairy animals and its prevalence varying from 0.13 to 44.00 percent. The study was purposively conducted in Haryana and Punjab state. From each state, three districts were selected purposively based on highest cattle population in and from each district 20 respondents were selected. Thus, a total of 120 respondents were selected based on snowball sampling method and interviewed on the criteria that they should have at least 25 dairy animals. Apart from this, 10 veterinarians from each district were selected constituting of total 60 veterinarians as respondents. An Educational Module and Mobile Application on brucellosis prevention were developed and its effectiveness in knowledge gain was collected from half of total respondents i.e. 60 respondents for each. Data were collected through well-structured and pre-tested interview schedule. The study revealed that nearly half (45.83%) of respondents were young, small and large family size (39.17% to respective category), had qualification up-to higher secondary education, medium land holding (44.17%) and low annual income category (47.50%). Average herd size of respondents was 42.14 animal per farm. Majority (61.67%) of the respondents used artificial insemination (AI), average milk production was 173.77 litres/day per farm. Respondents had medium experience (54.17%) in commercial dairy farming, 96.17 percent consulting with paravet, preference to community butcher for disposal of dead body of animals (66.17%) and aware about rabies (92.50%). It was seen that majority of respondents following regular vaccination for HS, Black Quarter and Theileriosis. All the respondents wash udder before milking, 96.67 percent wash hands before and after milking, rapidly disposal of dead cattle body practiced by 96.67 percent, burying aborted fetus with slaked lime (90.83%), daily cleaning of animals shed (93.33%), daily feeding and water trough cleaning (90.00%) and taking specific action to keep wildlife/stray animals away (80.00%). Half of the respondents were having a high perceptual level towards brucellosis disease risk and Significant association was found between perception of commercial dairy towards brucellosis disease risk and independent variables like landholding, annual income, herd size and milk production. About half of VOs (56.67%) were having a high perceptual level followed by moderate perceptual level towards brucellosis disease risk (25.00%). The overall mean knowledge gain of commercial dairy farmers through educational module with regards to brucellosis was 34.51 percent while overall mean knowledge gain with regards to brucellosis through Mobile Application was found to be 43.05 percent. Majority of the respondents and field officers were satisfied with Educational Module and Mobile application. Increase in knowledge about brucellosis was significantly associated with education, landholding, income, herd size and experience in commercial dairy farming which indicates their importance in implementing of educational programme and ICT based intervention.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF EXTENSION STRATEGY FOR MANAGING REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS IN ANIMALS UNDER DIFFERENT DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2018) PATEL, DIKSHA; Ponnusamy, KReproductive problems in dairy animals have emerged as prime concerns for less profitability and sustainability of dairy ventures in India. If these problems addressed with proper extension strategies, could increase the efficiency of dairy farming at individual farm level. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of reproductive problems under different dairy production system and their management by different extension strategies. The study was carried out by developing dairy Production System Index to classify 20 Indian states into three categories i.e. dynamic, transient and subsistence dairy production systems. Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh were selected randomly to represent these three categories, respectively. Based on the highest bovine population, two districts from each state were selected purposively. Assessment of prevalence of reproductive problems with 240 dairy farmers from the three states revealed that high prevalence of anestrus (19.19%), repeat breeding (18.15%) and prolapse (15.83%) in Haryana; late sexual maturity (15.22%), anestrus (12.20%) and repeat breeding (10.58%) in Madhya Pradesh; and late sexual maturity (16.07%), anestrus (11.96%) and RFM (8.91%) in Chhattisgarh were observed. Reproductive management adoption index was 0.56, 0.42 and 0.35 in Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh respectively. Majority of respondents used AI method for breeding in both cow (87.17%) and buffalo (75.80%) in Haryana; AI for cow (58.98%) and natural service for buffalo (80.65%) in Madhya Pradesh; and natural service for cow (58.75%) and buffalo (90.50%) in Chhattisgarh. The effectiveness of developed extension strategies namely Booklet (T1), Video (T2) and Video+ Booklet (T3) was assessed with 60 respondents in Karnal district in terms of knowledge gain. The mean knowledge gain was found to be 10.75 per cent, 13.28 per cent and 15.23 per cent for T1, T2 and T3 respectively. The study suggests to develop appropriate programmes to address the identified gaps, localised effective combination of extension methods and synergy involving participation of different stakeholders at the grass root level in each production system to enable farmers to practise sustainable and profitable dairy production.ThesisItem Open Access DYNAMICS OF DRAUGHT ANIMALS IN MOUNTAIN AGRICULTURE(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2018) BHATT, ARCHANA; Meena, B SDYNAMICS OF DRAUGHT ANIMALS IN MOUNTAIN AGRICULTUREThesisItem Open Access Carbon footprint of milk production from commercial dairy farms in Haryana.(ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, 2018) Paul, Pampi; Meena, B SThesisItem Open Access A study on management of dairy animal waste and its effect on environment in urban and peri-urban areas of national capital region (NCR), India.(ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, 2018) Misha, Madhavan M; Sankhala, Gopal
