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ThesisItem Open Access Price Dynamics and Export Competitiveness of Rose Onion in Karnataka(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Chithra H.A.; Balachandra K. NaikIndia ranks second in production of onion next only to china, but rose onions are mainly grown in Karnataka. Prices plays predominantly vital role in agriculture. Analysis of prices and forecasting the prices over time is important for formulating sound agricultural policy. Since rose onion is export oriented produce, it is necessary to know the export competitiveness and direction of trade of rose onion from India. In view of this the present study was undertaken by collecting monthly model prices of rose onion in selected markets of Karnataka (i..e. Chikkaballapura, Kolar and Yashwantpura) for a period of twenty four (1986-2011) years, export prices and quantity exported to various countries for the period 2001-2010. Increasing trend in prices was observed in all the markets, but the quantum of increase was difference from one market to another market. ARIMA model was employed to forecast the prices, the forecasted prices in all the markets under study showed increasing values. Analysis co-integration showed that there existed a strong integration between the selected markets, where in Yashwantpura has emerged as price leader. It is also observed that rose onion export had a high degree of comparative advantage in the world market and Bangladesh was one of the most stable countries among major importers of Indian rose onion. Hence it is necessary to improve the production and planning the marketing of rose onion in off season which would help the producer in getting higher returns. Since the expected exports to different destinations under study is much higher than the existing one, there is lot of scope for farmers to produce good quality rose onion in the study region and export them to demanding destinations.ThesisItem Open Access Need-Based Nitrogen Management Using Leaf Color Chart in Sweet Corn Genotypes (Zea mays L. saccharata)(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Khelge Datturam; G.B. ShashidharaA field study was conducted during kharif 2010-11 at College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to study nitrogen management in sweet corn genotypes (Zea mays L. saccharata) through leaf colour chart. Two varieties (Madhuri and Win orange ) as main plot, three LCC values (LCC 3, 4 and 5) as sub plot treatments and three nitrogen levels viz N @ 20, 30 and 40 kg ha-1 as sub-sub plot treatments were tried in split-split plot design with three replications. In addition, two controls 100% RDN were also selected. The fresh cob yield was higher with Win orange (98.71 q ha-1) variety as compared to Madhuri (89.05 q ha-1). The increase in fresh cob yield from 30 to 40 kg N ha-1 per dressing was 0.98 per cent and 20 to 40 kg N ha-1 was 10.20 per cent. Application of 40 and 30 kg N ha-1 per dressing by maintaining LCC threshold levels upto 5 resulted the 9.9 and 4.6 q higher cob yield ha-1 than the 100 per cent RDF for the Win orange and Madhuri varieties, respectively. The cob yield was greatly influenced by growth attributing characters such as LAI and DMP and yield attributing characters (cob length and girth, grain rows, number of kernels and grain weight per cob). Application of N @ 40 kg ha-1 recorded significantly higher N uptake (158.65 kg ha-1) over N@20 kg ha-1 (139.52 kg ha-1). Win orange (17.20) variety recorded higher total soluble solid compared to Madhuri (15.27). The carbohydrates (75.93) and protein (14.55) was high with 40 kg N ha-1 or 30 kg N ha-1 by LCC-5 than the LCC-3 and 4. Application of 40 kg N ha-1 dressing-1 at LCC-5 recorded higher gross returns (Rs. 90767 ha-1), net returns (Rs. 67352 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.87) by the variety Win orange compared to Madhuri (Rs. 81538 ha-1), (Rs. 58902 ha-1) and (3.48) respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Pre Harvest Insecticidal Spray on Seed Yield, Quality and Post Harvest Seed Treatment on Storability in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) C-152(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Ranganath N. Bangareppanavar; T.A. MalabasariAn investigation was carried out with two experiments, the field experiment were carried out at ARS, Bagalkot and storage experiment at Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2009- 2010. The field experiment was laid out in factorial RBD to study the effect of preharvest insecticidal spray on seed yield and quality of cowpea. Among the insecticidal spraying, crop sprayed with malathion @ 2 ml/l (I1) recorded significantly maximum number of pods per plant (21.09), pod weight (20.65g), seed yield per plant (3.16g) and per hectare (961kg), 100 seed weight (10.07g) and seed quality parameters with significantly least infected pods (5.54%) and infected seeds/plant (2.66), which was followed by Deltamethrin (I2) and Econeem (I4) as compared to control (I0) irrespective of the stages of insecticidal spray. Where as, spraying of insecticides at 20 and 10 DBH (S3) recorded significantly higher number of pods/plant (19.97), pod weight/plant (20.04g), seed yield/plant (2.85g) and hectare (897kg), 100 seed weight (9.85g) and also seed quality parameters with least infested pods/plant (7.36%) and infected seeds/plant (4.03) as compared to insecticide sprayed at 20 (S1) and 10 (S2) DBH. Where as the interaction effect is found to be non significant for all the parameters except yield. The storage experiment was laid out in CRD with 11 treatments to study the effect of post harvest seed treatment on storabilty of cowpea seed. Among the treatments seeds treated with castor oil @ 5 ml/kg of seed (T2) recorded maximum 100 seed weight (9.50g), germination rate index (18.71), germination (77.40%), root length (12.51cm), shoot length (10.14cm), seedling vigour index (1756) and seedling dry weight (51.73mg) whereas minimum seed infestation (8.30%), loss in seed weight (2.85%) and moisture content (8.93%) as compared to the other treatments and control (T0) at end of 10 months of storage.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) Cultivars to Different Ratios and Levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers Under Irrigated Conditions(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Raghu H.S.; Lokanath H. MalligawadA field experiment to study the performance of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars to different ratios and levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers was conducted at MARS, Dharwad in medium black clay soil during rabi 2009-10 under irrigated conditions. Two linseed cultivars (Indira Alsi 32 and T-397) were raised with two ratios at five different levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P2O5) fertilizers at a common potassium fertilizer rate (20 kg K2O ha-1). Cultivar Indira Alsi 32 produced higher seed yield (1155 kg ha-1) compared to cv. T-397 (1066 kg ha-1). Cultivar Indira Alsi 32 recorded higher seed weight plant-1, weight of capsules plant-1 and total dry matter production (TDMP) compared to cultivar T-397. Cultivar Indira Alsi 32 recorded higher oil content and oil yield (37.04 % and 427 kg ha-1) when compared to cultivar T-397 (35.6 % and 379 kg ha-1). Application of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers at N/P ratio of 2.67 either with lower or higher levels of N and P fertilizers produced 29.62 % to 35.55 % higher yield over N/P ratio of 0.00 and 0.89 % to 6.89 % higher yield over N/P ratio of 2.00 either with lower or higher levels of N and P fertilizers. TDMP plant-1 and its accumulation in different plant parts decreased as the ratios and levels of N and P fertilizers decreased. The uptake of nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O kg ha-1) increased with increase in the ratios and levels of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers. Higher seed yields were observed at N/P ratio of 2.67 with higher level of N and P fertilizers. Interaction of cultivars Indira Alsi 32 and T-397 with the application of different ratios and levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers with respect to gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio recorded non-significant differences.ThesisItem Unknown Impact of Nutrition Education on Knowledge and Practice of Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD), Dharwad Taluk, Karnataka State(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Aruna Timmapur; S.J. KarakannavarThe study on impact of education intervention on knowledge and practice of iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) was conducted in Dharwad taluk in 2010-2011. Members of SHG from rural and urban area (N=240) were sample for study. The sub sample of 120 was selected for education intervention. Education tools like folder, booklet and video CD on IDD were developed in local language. They were educated for a period of two months at the interval of 15 days. The urban women achieved significantly higher mean knowledge scores on the awareness, prevention and treatment aspects of IDD. The urban women had higher knowledge score regarding IDD (32.46±7.38) than the rural women (30.17±7.38). Rural and urban woman had very less knowledge regarding causes of IDD. It was observed that almost half of urban women (45.00%) were under high practice category whereas around one forth of rural women (26.70%) was in this category. Almost all urban (99.20%) and more than half of rural women (60.00%) were using iodised salt. Almost half of urban (48.30%) and one third of rural women knew that iodised salt provides iodine. One third of rural women (30.00%) were using unpacked crystalline salt for daily consumption when compared to urban women (0.83%). Nutrition education made an impact in improving knowledge among both rural and urban women significantly. A good improvement was observed on familiarity with the term iodine and essentiality of iodine, goiter. About 20.00 per cent of increase was seen in knowledge regarding causes of IDD. There was increase in knowledge score regarding use of iodised salt (rural from 38.30 to 83.30%, urban from 75.00 to 98.30%).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Induced Mutations for Isolation of High Oil Content and Self Fertile Mutants in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Prakash Natikar; K. MadhusudanThe present investigation was aimed at elucidating information mainly on the genetic variability for yield and yield components through induced mutagenesis and to isolate self fertile mutants with high oil content. Morden and DSF 15B variety of sunflower were treated with the mutagen EMS at 0.15 per cent. There was increase in mean head diameter, seed yield, mean hull content in the mutants of DSF 15B and increase in mean for plant height, stem diameter and head diameter in case of mutants of Morden in M2 generation. Analysis of variance revealed the prevalence of significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied in M3 generation. Higher GCV and PCV were obtained for seed yield and oil yield, and moderate for stem diameter, head diameter, hundred seed weight and oil content in M 3 generation. Heritability in broad sense and genetic advance over mean were high for plant height and 100 seed weight. However, seed yield per plant and oil yield exhibited moderate heritability and high genetic advance over mean in mutants of Morden and DSF 15B. Hence, most of the characters are amenable for simple selection. Seed yield per plant had significant positive association with plant height, stem diameter, head diameter, hundred seed weight. Considerable amount of genetic diversity in the mutants of Morden was observed, which is evident from D2 analysis, in which 34 mutants of Morden formed 8 clusters. Among the 20 RAPD primers, four showed 100 per cent polymorphism. Mutant 20-5-5 in case of Morden and mutant 23-4-7 in case of DSF 15B registered high self fertility, oil content, 100 seed weight, seed yield and low hull content and can be used as genetic stocks.ThesisItem Unknown Cloning of ech33 and ech36 From Trichoderma spp. and Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (INVSc1)(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Avishek Chatterjee; Sumangala BhatThe present study was conducted to isolate and clone ech36 and ech33 coding for endochitinase from Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma virens respectively and to study the expression of these genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (INVSc1 strain). Using specific primers, gene encoding ech36 (1.2 kb) and ech33 (1.2kb) were cloned into pTZ57R/T vector. The clones were confirmed through PCR and restriction analysis. BLAST analysis of ech36 showed 98 per cent homology at nucleotide level and 99 per cent homology at amino acid level. BLAST analysis of ech33 showed 99 per cent homology at nucleotide level and 95 per cent at amino acid level with sequence available in the NCBI databases. The cloned ech36 and ech33 were further cloned into yeast expression vector pYES2/CT and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae INVSc1. They were named as pYESB36 and PYESB33 respectively. The expression of the cloned genes were confirmed by SDS-PAGE, substrate conversion assay and bioassay against Sclerotium rolfsii and it was compared with two previously cloned genes chit18-13 and ech42 to find out the most efficient endochitinase genes for further use in plant transformation. Chitinolytic activity was highest in pYESR18-13 and it was 3.15 times higher than control (yeast with plain vector pYES2/CT). Minimum chitinolytic activity was shown by pYESB36 and it was 1.44 times higher than the control (yeast with plain vector pYES2/CT). PDA plates with 1000 ıg of crude protein from recombinant yeast clone with ech42 (pYEGB42) showed maximum of 66.67 per cent inhibition of S. rolfsii where as yeast clone with ech36 (pYESB36) showed minimum inhibition of S. rolfsii (43.99%).ThesisItem Unknown Genetic Variation for Seed Phosphorous Content and Its Relationship with Growth, Quality and Yield in Groundnut(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Shweta Kademani; U.V. MummigattiPhosphorous is the second most important plant nutrient after nitrogen. It plays an important role in shoot and root development, nodulation, seed formation and also improves seed quality in groundnut. A large variation in growth, yield and seed phosphorous content is seen among the different improved cultivars of groundnut. Hence it is necessary to study the genetic variability for seed phosphorous content in groundnut mapping population to assess the relationship with seed yield and oil content. A field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2010 following RCBD with 268 RILs and their two parents (TAG 24 and GPBD-4) at College of Agriculture, University UAS, Dharwad. The observations were recorded on seed phosphorous content, yield and its component traits. Seed phosphorous content and pod yield per plant exhibited high GCV and PCV. High heritability was recorded for seed phosphorous content, oil content, SPAD at 60 DAS and pod yield. The association analysis revealed that oil content, seed phosphorous content, test weight and shelling percentage had positive correlation with pod yield both at phenotypic and genotypic level. Whereas, seed phosphorous content had negative association with seed oil content and test weight, but had positive correlation with shelling percentage. Seedling vigour index (SVI) had positive correlation with seed phosphorous content and pod yield. Similarly, SVI and test weight had also positive correlation with total dry mater. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the parameters like seed phosphorous content, oil content and test weight had direct positive effect on pod yield. Hence, P nutrition appears to be important in groundnut. Based on the present investigation RILs no.169, 229 and 250 had higher seed phosphorous content with comparable yield and seed quality character with better parent GPBD 4. Hence, these RILs could be utilised for further crop improvement.ThesisItem Open Access Biology, Seasonal Incidence and Management of Acherontia styx Westwood On Sesame(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Kumar Kanaburgi; R.R. PatilThe sphingid, Acherontia styx Westwood has assumed a major pest status on Sesame in North Karnataka. The investigations were conducted on biology, seasonal incidence and management of A.styx Westw. on sesame during 2010-11. It was interesting to record that, during off season (Nov-Feb) the pest survived on weed host, Clerodendrum phlomidis completing one generation. A. styx is being recorded for the first time on C. phlomidis. The development of egg, larva, pre-pupa and pupal periods occupied 6.0±0.91, 19.55±0.23, 5.70±0.69 and 19.70±1.65 days on S. indicum and 6.0±0.67, 19.80±1.23, 6.50±0.85 and 20.3±2.99 days on C. phlomidis. In the first fortnight of July, the initial population of sphingid was low with an average of 4.0 larvae per 10 plants with 30% defoliation of S. indicum. The peak population was in August with 5.33 and 5.66 larvae per 10 plants with 38 and 42 per cent defoliation during first and second fortnight, respectively. Among the different chemical insecticides, flubendiamide 480 SC was superior to rest of the chemicals followed by spinosad 48 SL, emamectin benzoate 5 SG, deltamethrin 2.8 EC and indoxacarb 14.5 SC. Among the ovicides, methomyl was effective. The neem based insecticides, nimbicidine was effective followed by NSKE 5%. Use of Trichogramma chilonis in three different doses Viz., T.chilonis @75000, 150000 and 225000 revealed effectiveness of T. chilonis @ 1,50,000/ha with egg parasitization of 72%. Maximum grain yield was obtained with flubendiamide 480 SC (5.92 q/ha). Among neem based insecticides, nimbicidine recorded higher grain yield (2.91 q/ha), while NSKE 5% had minimum (2.48 q/ha). Grain yield of 3.97 q/ha was obtained with T. chilonis @ 1,50,000/ha. Benefit:Cost ratio of different chemicals revealed higher B:C ratio (3.62) with flubendiamide 480 SC compared to other chemicals. NSKE 5% treatment recorded only B:C ratio of 2.00.