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Open Access
Effect of Intercrops on The Performance of Chilli + Cotton System Under Conventional and Organic Cultivation
(UAS Dharwad, 2011) F.M. Duragannavar; B.N. Patil
Field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Devihosur in black clayey soil under rainfed condition during 2004-06. The experiments were laid out in split plot design. The treatments comprised of two chilli genotypes (cv. Byadagi kaddi and Hy. 9646) with Jayadhar cotton as mixed crop (main plot) and six intercrops viz., soybean, french bean, coriander (vegetable), coriander (seeds), garlic and onion (sub-plot). Significantly higher dry chilli yield was recorded with genotype Hy. 9646 (1013 and 355 kg/ha) compared to cv. Byadagi (737 and 293 kg/ha) under both conventional and organic system of cultivation, respectively. Intercropping coriander (vegetable) with chilli + cotton recorded significantly higher dry chilli yield (1122 and 504 kg/ha) in conventional and organic cultivation systems, respectively. Intercropping coriander (vegetable) with chilli + cotton recorded significantly higher kapas yield (580 and 629 kg/ha) in conventional and organic cultivation, respectively. Chilli equivalent yield was highest with chilli cv. Byadagi (2189 and 1400 kg/ha) compared to chilli genotype Hy. 9646 (2096 and 1327 kg/ha) due to inclusion of chilli genotypes in intercropping with chilli + cotton in both conventional and organic system of cultivations, respectively. Intercropping garlic with chilli + cotton based cropping system recorded significantly higher chilli equivalent yield (3216 and 2443 kg/ha) compared to rest of the treatments in both conventional and organic system of cultivation. Inclusion of chilli cv. Byadagi with intercropping chilli + cotton mixed cropping system recorded significantly higher B:C ratio (2.6 and 0.69) compared to chilli genotype Hy. 9646 (2.16 and 0.44) under both conventional and organic form of cultivation. Intercropping onion with chilli + cotton accounted for significantly higher B:C ratio (3.41) in conventional cultivation while intercropping garlic with chilli + cotton recorded highest B:C ratio (1.22) under organic form of cultivation. Intercropping onion with chilli (cv. Byadagi) + cotton recorded significantly higher B:C ratio in conventional cultivation and intercropping garlic with chilli (cv. Byadagi) + cotton under organic form of cultivation.
Open Access
Bio-Ecology and Management of Stem Fly, Melanagromyza Sojae (Zehntner) (Agromyzidae:Diptera) in Soybean Ecosystem
(UAS Dharwad, 2011) S. N. JADHAV; L. KRISHNA NAIK
Studies on the survey, biology, varietal screening, crop loss and management of soybean stem fly, Melanagromyza sojae (Zehnt.) was carried out both at Agricultural Research Station, Bailhongal and Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2006 and 2007. Results of roving survey on the pest status in four districts of major soybean growing areas of Northern Karnataka revealed that highest per cent stem fly incidence of 63.48 and 61.08 was recorded in Belgaum and Bidar districts, respectively. The lower stem fly incidence (12.67%) was recorded in Dharwad. The biology of M. sojae revealed that the mean incubation, larval and pupal period were 5.0, 9.5 and 10.30 days, respectively. The adult longevity of male and female were 10.50 and 13.00 days, respectively. The total life cycle of stem fly ranged between 23-41 days. Among the 37 genotypes tested, NRC-55, NRC-51 and DSb-101 were categorized as resistant, MAS-2000-1 and KSHb-2 as susceptible genotypes. The crop loss due to M. sojae revealed that the seed dressed with thiamethoxam @ 3 g/kg seed and foliar application of insecticide treatments (T1 to T5) recorded lower stem T5 (seed dressed with thiamethoxam – imidacloprid – chlorphyriphos – quinalphos – monocrotophos) recorded higher seed yield of 24.44 and 19.38 q/ha in first and second date of sowings, respectively. The lower seed yield (11.63 and 11.47 q/ha) was recorded with untreated check in both the date of sowings, respectively. Among the organic, adoptive and inorganic modules tested against M. sojae, the adoptive module (seed treatment with thiamethoxam – imidacloprid spray) recommended package and organic module. Both soil and topical application of the adoptive module (seed dressed with thiamethoxam – spray imidacloprid and RDF + FYM + ZnSO4) recorded significantly highest seed yield (26.88 and 26.54 q/ha) at Dharwad and Bailhongal, respectively.
Open Access
Emotional Behaviour of Mentally Challenged Children Attending Special Schools : Parental Educational Intervention for Enhancing Knowledge on Behavioural
(UAS Dharwad, 2011) Jabeen M. Khatib; Pushpa Khadi
The study was undertaken during 2007-08 with objectives to study the existing special education programmes for mentally challenged children in Dharwad-Hubli, to assess the parental awareness and knowledge of special education, to study the emotional behaviour of mentally challenged, to develop an educational package for parents and teachers regarding behaviour management and test the efficacy of the package on knowledge gained by mothers regarding problem behaviour and management. The study comprised of mentally challenged children attending special schools in Dharwad-Hubli. Among 8 institutions two day schools were selected. Totally these were 148 children of which 60 children were selected who were educable and trainable, between the ages of 6-15 years. Emotional behaviour was studied by Prout and Strohmes scale (1995) and Peshwaria et al. Basic-MR (1992) by interviewing teachers and parents of the children. The schools were evaluated by questionnaire developed by the investigator. Parents awareness regarding mental retardation was assessed by NIMH-GEM questionnaire by Peshwaria et al. (1994). The results revealed that six schools out of eight had good facilities. Internalizing problems were higher in girls and externalizing problems were higher in boys. Children with IQ 25-50 had higher emotional problems when compared to educable IQ 50-75. Children at age 6-10 years had lesser emotional problems when compared to 10-15 years age group. Children with early admission to school had higher emotional problems than children attending late (above 6 years) small families and medium size families had children with higher emotional score when compared to large or joint families. First borns had lower emotional problems than later borns. Higher the socio-economic status lower was the emotional problem score of children. Mother’s knowledge and awareness was positively correlated with SES. Education of mother was negatively correlated with emotional problem of their children. Parental educational intervention was found to be highly significant, indicating an increase in knowledge of mothers regarding disability and management of emotional behaviour. Hence the educational package was found effective in promoting knowledge to parents.
Open Access
Agrotechniques to Enhance Producitivity of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) During Kharif and Summer
(UAS Dharwad, 2011) Prasanna Kumara B.H.; B.M. Chittapur
Three field experiments namely response of sesame genotypes (cvs. DS 1, E 8 and DSS 9) to recommended NPK (40: 25: 25 kg ha-1 N, P2O5 and K2O ) and 150 % NPK at four planting geometries viz., 30 cm X 10 cm, 30 cm X 20 cm, 45 cm X 10 cm and 45 cm X 20 cm, effect of organics (vermicompost), natural mineral sources (rock phosphate equivalent to recommended P2O5) alongwith PSB and or gypsum, and response of sesame to integrated nutrient management (NPK + FYM), supply of micronutrients (none, MnSO4, FeSO4, ZnSO4; each at 5 kg ha-1 and bórax at 10 kg ha- 1) and other management practices (nipping after 25 days, DAP top dressing at 25 kg ha-1 at 25 DAS, planofix @ 5 ml 15 l-1 of water, Etheophan @ 50 ppm and Etheophan + planofix ) were conducted for two consecutive years during kharif 2006 and 2007 and in summer 2007 and 2008 in Zone 8 of Karnataka. During kharif, DS 1 receiving 150 % NPK and 30 cm X 10 cm planting geometry recorded significantly higher seed yield and net returns (798 kg ha-1and Rs. 20650 ha- 1, respectively), DSS 9 was on par. while, traditional cv. E 8 even with 150 % NPK and 45 cm X 10 cm spacing recorded lower seed yield (513 kg ha-1). During summer, DS 1 and E 8 (1200 and 1164 kg ha-1and Rs.47,980 and Rs. 46,560 ha-1, respectively) were at par while DSS 9 fared poorly (944 kg ha-1and Rs. 37,760 ha-1, respectively). Further, integrated nutrient management + DAP top dressing (792 kg ha-1 and net returns of Rs. 18,069 ha-1) fared better among different nutrient management practices including micronutrients and growth regulators, however, in the absence of organics, micronutrients, growth regulators, top dressing or nipping yields were very low (471 kg ha-1). Similar was the trend during summer. Interestingly, supply of nutrients through organics i.e. through vermicompost, rock phosphate, PSB and gypsum were not comparable to RDN through chemical fertilizers in yield and net returns even when N supply through organics was increased to 150 % of RDN. Vermicompost equal to half the RDN alone or with rock phosphate + PSB produced the lower seed yield (328 and 331 kg ha-1, respectively). In all, DS 1 and DSS 9 during rainy season and DS 1 and E 8 during summer are more suited for cultivation. Adoption of 30 cm X 10 cm (3, 33, 333 plants ha-1) spacing and using RDF along with FYM at 5 t ha-1 in addition to DAP top dressing at the rate of 25 kg ha-1 at 25 DAS would help to obtain higher and sustained seed yields, better quality seeds and residual soil nutrient status.
Open Access
Characterization of Genotypes Based on Morphological, Chemical and Molecular Markers in Scented Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(UAS Dharwad, 2011) Dileepkumar A. Masuthi; B.S. Vyakaranahal
Locally scented popular forty one land races were collected from northern Karnataka, which were grown over larger area, stable for specific trait(s) speciality character of aroma. These genotypes were analyzed for their seed morphometric characters by digital image analysis for the different seed parameters like length, breadth, perimeter and area for husked and dehusked, and were found significantly differing to each other. Significant variations were noticed for plant morphological characters as per the guidelines of PPV and FR. Some of the seed and plant morphological traits have been used as key characters to identify the scented rice genotypes are leaf Auricle colour, Anthocyanin pigmentation of leaf and stem, collar, ligules, stigma colour and awns. Based on these, genotypes were grouped in different types. These characters can be used for identification of off types at the time of field inspection. Genetic diversity among some of these cultivars indicating that the cultivars can effectively contribute to the gene pool of aromatic rice cultivars. Of the 10 SSR markers used in the study only 9 markers were able to distinguish the dramatic rice genotypes. A set of 4 informative SSR markers (CHR-4- 8, CHR-8-34, CHR-8-29 and CHR-8-6) are sufficient to analyze closely related genotypes. These primers amplified a total of 24 profiles across 32 scented rice genotypes. Cluster analysis based on Unweighted Pair Group Method Average Analysis (UPGMA) led to recognition of 4 clusters. Cluster I was the largest with 26 genotypes followed by cluster III. Key characters based on aroma and chemical test such as phenol, modified phenol and KOH tests are also found effective to categorise the scented rice. Both seed quality and agro-morphological characters followed by molecular marker study may be utilized to explore the relatedness and variability among the scented rice lines.
Open Access
Precision Nutrient Management in Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)
(UAS Dharwad, 2011) B.T. Nadagouda; S.M. Hiremath
Field experiments were conducted to study the precision nutrients management in sugarcane during 2005-2008 at Research and Development Farm, Krishna Nagar. Initial nutrients status of soil varied in farmers field from 149 kg N/ha to 325 kg N/ha and in grids of 10 m x 10 m it ranged from 140 kg N/ha to 245 kg N/ha. Yield variations in grids of uniformity trial was 82.7 t/ha - 128.2 t/ha. Nutrients uptake by the crop ranged between 148.9 – 547.4 kg N/ha, 2.48 – 15.61 kg P/ha and 124.8 – 434.2 kg K/ha. Drip irrigated plant cane crop and fertigated plots recorded significantly superior yield (146.7 t/ha) over furrow irrigated plots (124.0 t/ha) (check). Fertigation interval or for fertilizer doses did not exhibit marked variations in yield under drip of irrigation. Significantly higher values of quality traits were observed in furrow irrigated plots over the drip plots. Sugarcane yield in drip irrigated ratoon crop was also significantly (84.62 t/ha) more over furrow irrigated check plot (63.60 t/ha). In farmers fields, the crop recorded significantly higher yield (139.7 t/ha) in relatively high nitrogen containing soils over the low soil nitrogen containing groups (119.0 t/ha). Relatively high soil nitrogen containing group recorded high ratoon yield (126.2 t/ha) than soils with throw nitrogen (109.4 t/ha). Drip irrigation with fertigation at monthly intervals of nitrogen (urea) and potassium (MOP) from 90 days after planting/ratooning to 240 days in 6 equal splits and basal application of phosphorus (SSP) and vermicompost or FYM recorded higher net returns. The B:C ratio of drip irrigated plots were lower than those of the furrow irrigated split applied nutrients plots due to higher cost of drip irrigation system. The economic returns are much higher either in drip or split applied nutrients in furrow irrigated crop compared to the general practices followed by the farmers particularly in ratoon crop.
Open Access
Emotional Health of Emerging Adults
(UAS Dharwad, 2011) Arati S. Angadi; V.S. Yadav
Emotional health of emerging adults is an exploratory research to develop the emotional health scale (EHS), identify the status of emotional health of emerging adults and to develop a module for the intervention to promote emotional health. The emotional health scale (EHS) consisted of five subscales namely self-awareness, emotional management, self-confidence, social relations and self-esteem with 16 items in each subscale. The reliabilities and validities of the scale were established. The sample comprised of 951 emerging adults of 16 years to 22 years. The emotional health sale (EHS) was administered in the class on a subgroup selected randomly from SSLC, PUC, B.Sc, B.Sc (Agri), and B.HSc classes. The data were subjected to frequency, chi-square, correlation, t-test and factor analysis. The results revealed that the emerging adults who were in SSLC, PUC, I-B.Sc and II-B.Sc and I-B.HSc and II-B.HSc were poor in self-awareness which ranged from 87 per cent to 96 per cent and male students were significantly higher on selfawareness. Emerging adults of SSLC, PUC, I-B.Sc, II-B.Sc and I-B.HSc and IIB. HSc were poor on emotional management, which ranged from 90 to 100 per cent. Around 80 to 87 per cent of the emerging adults studying in II-PUC, I-B.Sc and IIB. Sc (Agri) were found to be poor on self-confidence. Around 81 to 100 per cent of the emerging adults of SSLC, PUC, I-B.Sc (Agri), II-B.Sc (Agri), III-B.Sc (Agri), IB. HSc and II-B.HSc were poor in social relations. Around 98 per cent of the emerging adults studying in II-PUC, I-B.HSc and II-B.HSc were poor in self-esteem followed by other classes where it was around 90 to 96 per cent. On the basis of overall results of emotional health, it can be concluded that emerging adults studying in II-PUC, II-B.Sc (Agri) and II-B.HSc were poor on emotional health (i.e., around 100%). And around 78 to 98 per cent of the other classes were poor on emotional health. The findings indicate that as the students progressed to the higher classes, their emotional health became better. The results also confirmed that male students were higher on self-awareness and female students were higher on self-confidence. The emotional health module was developed to promote emotional health. It consisted of 3 lectures, 5 activities, and 10 worksheets. The module was administered on a separate, homogeneous sample of 11 agriculture undergraduates who were identified as having poor emotional health. The intervention results revealed that a quantum of positive change occurred in all the five subscales i.e., self-awareness (6.83%), emotional management (i.e., 6.60%), self-confidence (i.e., 5.87%), social relations (i.e., 2.57%), self-esteem (i.e., 2.54%) and emotional health (i.e., 1.97%).
Open Access
Potassium Dynamics and Response to Applied Potassium in Paddy-Paddy and Sunflower Bengalgram Cropping System Under Vertisols in TBP Command Area
(UAS Dharwad, 2011) K. Narayana Rao; N.A. Yeledahalli
soil samples of dominant cropping system of TBP command area for physico-chemical and mineralogical properties of the soils, quality and distribution of different forms of potassium, potassium reserves in textural fractions and its fixation. Field experiments were also conducted to study the response of applied potassium in paddy-paddy and sunflower-bengalgram sequence with farmer’s participation. The soils are low in water soluble K, medium to high in exchangeable K, which ranged from 78 to 238 mg kg-1 in surface and from 103 to 265 mg kg-1 in subsurface layers. The non exchangeable K varied between 342 to 602 mg kg-1 and 374 to 631 mg kg-1 in surface and subsurface layers, respectively. The amount of lattice K content in surface horizons varied from 2.90 g kg-1 to 9.88 g kg-1 and 3.25 to 11.0 g kg-1 in subsurface layers of both the cropping sequence. The total content ranged between 3.38 to 10.56 and 3.89 to 11.0 g kg-1 in surface and subsurface horizons, respectively. The different forms of K were positively correlated with each other in soils of paddy-paddy sequence indicating its dynamic equilibrium compared to soils of sunflowerbengalgram sequence where no dynamic equilibrium exists between different forms of K. The soils of paddy-paddy sequence had higher K fixation compared to soils of sunflower-bengalgram sequence. The mineralogy of soils revealed the dominance of smectite in the clay fraction in both cropping sequence. The paddy, sunflower and bengalgram crops have responded to potassium application in both kharif and rabi seasons in a cropping sequence involving paddy-paddy and sunflower-bengalgram. The potassium balance sheet was negative in soils of both the cropping sequences.
Open Access
Nitrogen Management Through Leaf Colour Chart in Bread Wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] and Emmer Wheat [Triiticum dicoccum (Schrank.) Schulb.] Under Irrigated Condition
(UAS Dharwad, 2011) Dineshkumar S.P.; B.N. Patil
Field experiments were conducted to study the “Nitrogen management through leaf colour chart in bread wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] and emmer wheat [Triticum dicoccum (Schrank.) Schulb.] under irrigated condition” at All India Coordinated Wheat Improvement Project, UAS, Dharwad during rabi seasons of 2008-09 and 2009-10. The treatment consisted of three levels of leaf colour chart (LCC) (<3, <4 and <5), three levels of nitrogen (10, 20 and 30 kg/ha per topdressing), two method of application (with basal and without basal) and two controls (Recommended dose of nitrogen and zero nitrogen). The experiments were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with factorial concept with three replications. LCC<5 based nitrogen management with top dressing @ 30 kg/ha and basal application (L3N3M1) (50.41 and 51.55 q/ha) and LCC<5 with top dressing of nitrogen @ 20 kg/ha and basal application (L3N2M1) (47.17 and 48.62 q/ha) recorded significantly higher yield in both the types of wheat as compared to other treatment combinations including two controls (RDN and Zero nitrogen). Data on straw yield also varied similarly as that of grain yield. Growth parameters, yield attributes and quality traits were significantly higher under L3N3M1 and L3N2M1 in both types of wheat. LCC<4 recorded significantly higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in both types of wheat. Significantly higher gross income (`64883/ha, `61319/ha in bread and `92781/ha, `87510/ha in emmer wheat), net income (`41745/ha, `38728/ha in bread and `70008/ha, `65040/ha in emmer wheat) and B:C ratio (2.83, 2.72 in bread and 4.09, 3.90 in emmer wheat) were accounted with L3N3M1 and L3N2M1, respectively. LCC levels showed significant and positive correlation with SPAD values at all the growth stages. Among different spectral indices, RVI at 60 and 75 DAS were found to be the best indicator for yield prediction using linear regression model in bread and emmer wheat, respectively.

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