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End date: 2009 × Start date: 2009 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on host plant resistance of sugarcane against sugarcane wooly aphid, Ceratovacuna lanigera (Zehnter) (homoptera : Aphididae)
    (UAS Dharwad, 2009) Fernando Eureka; K.Basavana Goud
    Studies on host plant resistance of sugarcane against sugarcane woolly aphid (SWA), Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehnter were carried out during 2006-08 at Agriculture Research Station, Sankeshwar and Saidapur farm, Main Agriculture Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Among 21 varieties screened for SWA along with standard check CoC671, genotype MS 0129 was found highly resistant to SWA by recording lowest pest grade (1.56) with low pest density (16.60 aphids/2.5 sq cm). Six different sugarcane varieties, viz., Co 91010, Co 79158, Co 2000-06, Co 2001-09, Co 99004 and CoC671, (grade 1-6 based on the SWA infestation levels) evaluated for biophysical parameters was found significant positive correlation with leaf width (3 & 6 months old crop), stomatal density (6 & 9 months old crop) and significantly negative correlation with laminar thickness (3, 6 & 9 months old crop) with SWA grades. The biology of SWA on the above six different varieties revealed that the total nymphal duration of apterous form of SWA was shortest (21.50 days) on highly susceptible variety CoC671 and longest in Co 2000-06 (27.75 days). The per cent reduction in most of the yield parameters in unprotected crop over protected crop was comparatively low in Co 2000-06 which recorded 0.42, 1.30, 6.54 and 8.33, in number of internodes, cane height, cane girth and single cane weight, respectively at Saidapur farm. The highly resistant variety Co 91010 recorded minimum per cent reduction of quality parameters in unprotected crop over protected crop, which recorded 5.71, 6.94, 0.98 and 8.44 in brix, sucrose, juice purity and CCS percentages, respectively in Saidapur farm, being resistant to SWA The larval period of Dipha aphidivora (Meyric) reared on aphids provided from highly susceptible variety CoC671 was significantly shortest (23.63 days). The total feeding potential of D. aphidivora was low in Co 91010 (4542.75 aphids) and Co 79158 (4474.75 aphids) than rest of the varieties. There was no significant difference on the biology and feeding potential of Micromus igorotus Bank on six different varieties evaluated.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Variability and Management of Charcoal Rot of Sorghum Caused By Macrophomina phaseolina(Tassi) Goid
    (UAS Dharwad, 2009) Virupaksa.H.Prabhu; S.S.Adiver
    Charcoal rot of sorghum caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, is a severe disease particularly in rabi season grown crop. Thirty five infected sorghum stalk samples were collected from Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh to assess the variability. Based on colony pigmentation, the cultures were assigned to four major groups on PDA and three groups on Czapek’s medium. Studies on toxin variability showed the symptoms such as drooping of leaves, blackening of leaves which was initiated at four hours and continued upto fourteen hours, thus revealing the existence of variation among the isolates. The sensitivity of isolates to copper sulphate at three different levels of concentrations found to differ to various concentrations tested. But with Carbendazim, the growth of all isolates were completely inhibited. Highest growth was observed in 7.0 pH, closely followed by 6.5 pH indicating preferential range to be between 6.5 and 7.00 pH. Peroxidase and Polyphenoloxidase enzyme analysis indicated that there was significant variation among the 35 isolates of M. phaseolina. RAPD data distinguished the 35 isolates into three major clusters. Management of charcoal rot of sorghum revealed that the seed treatment with carbendazim and seed treatment with T. harzianum + P. fluorescens showed superior results. Sixty four germplasm lines of sorghum screened. Charcoal rot was least in Dagadi Solapur, followed by GRS-1 and BCR-9. None of the genotypes showed resistant reaction. Employment of new source of resistance sources like local genotypes mentioned above can be effectively employed in resistance breeding programme to manage charcoal rot of sorghum.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Standarization Of wine Making Technology In Sapota (Manikara acharas (Mill) Forsberg
    (UAS Dharwad, 2009) C.D.Pawar; A.A.Patil
    An investigation was planned to standardize wine making technology in sapota under Ph.D. programme at the Department of Horticulture, UAS, Dharwad, in order to do value addition, reduce post harvest losses and generate higher returns to the farmers. The experiments were conducted at Dr. B.S.K.K.V. Dapoli (Maharashtra) to prepare wine from fruits of Kalipatti variety with different ripening stages, the raw material, treatment with pectinase, dilution of juice and blending of juice with mango juice. The wine so prepared was evaluated for their chemical composition and organoleptic properties immediately after preparation and six months after ageing at 13 to 15°C. Before wine preparation the physico-chemical characteristics of sapota fruits were studied. From these studies it is seen that all the physico-chemical parameters could be considered as maturity indices to judge the ripening sages of sapota fruits. In all the experiments conducted, T.S.S. was found to decrease and titratable acidity increased during fermentation of must. Time taken for fermentation ranged between 14 and 38 days and wine recovery from must ranged between 51.62 and 99.52 per cent. From the findings of the experiments, it was observed that, standard quality wine could be prepared from the juice of half ripe, ripe and over ripe sapota fruits. However, among different ripening stages wine prepared from juice of ripe fruit was the best. Acceptable quality wine could not be prepared from pulp either with or without skin of sapota fruit from different ripening stages. The 0.1 per cent pectinase treatment and 1:1 dilution of sapota juice of different ripening stages was found to increase quality of sapota wine. The blending of sapota juice with local mango and Alphonso mango juice in 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2 proportions could not improve the quality of sapota wine. From the present findings it is suggested to prepare standard quality wine from clarified juice of ripe sapota fruits. To improve the quality of wine, the clarified juice needs to be treated with 0.1 per cent pectinase enzyme or diluted with water in 1:1 proportion. For commercialization of sapota wine, further detailed studies are required as suggested in ‘Future Line of Work’.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on forms and Transformation of Sulphur and Response of Rice to Sulphur Applicatiobn in Rice-Rice Cropping esequence
    (UAS Dharwad, 2009) D.N.Samaraweera; H.T.Channal
    Soil characterization, incubation study and field experiments were conducted to study the distribution of S forms, transformation and direct and residual effect of sulphur on growth, yield and quality of rice-rice cropping system during rabi/summer and kharif seasons during 2007, respectively. In characterization study, there was lot of variations among sulphur forms in soils of eight selected locations. Correlation studies revealed that sulphate sulphur was significantly and positively correlated with EC and CEC, water soluble sulphur, organic sulphur and total sulphur. Water soluble sulphur significantly correlated with pH, EC, organic sulphur, non-sulphate sulphur and total sulphur. Results obtained from incubation study revealed that Factomphos increased sulphate sulphur and water soluble sulphur up to 32nd day of incubation and these fractions declined thereafter. Field investigations on response of rice to applied two sulphur sources indicated that Facomphos was superior over gypsum and the highest grain and straw yield (57.09 and 63.63 q ha-1), protein and methionine content (6.17% and 2.51 mg g-1) were recorded with Factomphos apllied @ 50 kg ha-1, respectively. In succeeding rice, same treatment registered highest grain and straw yield (51.90 and 58.02 q ha-1), protein and methionine content (5.92% and 2.18 mg g-1), respectively. Economic analysis revealed that application of Factomphos @ 50 kg ha-1 resulted the highest benefit:cost (B:C) ratio of 1.69 in first rice with net return of Rs. 16,847/ha which was 33.2 per cent increase over control (Rs. 12647/ha). Similarly, the highest benefit:cost (B:C) ratio of 1.64 in succeeding rice with net return of Rs. 14,565.00/ha was recorded with the residual effect of the same treatment and that was 55.9 per cent increase over control (Rs. 9343/ha).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genetics and stability of cotton seed oil, seed cotton yield, compoenent characters and expression pattern of Cry1 Ac proten, fatty acid profile in Bt and Non-Bt cotton (G.hirsutum L.) hybrids
    (UAS Dharwad, 2009) Nagappa Harijan; B.M.Khadi
    Cotton has a proud place among the crops from earliest times. Apart from seed cotton the cotton seed oil also has very good quality and vitamin E. The unsaturated fatty acid composition of Bt (59.71%) and non-Bt hybrids (59.15%) was similar. And only four Bt hybrids showed numerically superiority to their respective non- Bt hybrids. It can thus be safely concluded that presence of Cry1Ac gene did not affect the oil content or its profile in the Bt hybrids. Six Bt hybrids had significantly higher oleic acid than their respective non-Bt version. Four germplasm lines nearly high oil content of more than 25% were identified. Their fatty acid composition was on par with the two checks indicating that these lines could be used in breeding programmes to increase oil content keeping the present level of fatty acid composition intact. Genetics of oil content, plant height, lint index, ginning out turn and lint weight showed that these traits were controlled by dominant genes and dominance x dominance interactions. The traits monopodial branches, seed cotton yield, and number of bolls per plant were controlled by dominance gene effects and additive × additive gene interactions. For seed index, additive gene interaction was prominent. Among 24 Bt and their counter part non-Bt hybrids evaluated JKCH-2245 non-Bt, K-5038 Bt, KDCHH-441 Bt, NCEN-2R non-Bt, Dhruva Bt and JKCH-99 Bt hybrids were identified as stable yielders for south and central India. Studies on the expression of Cry1Ac protein in different tissues at various stages showed the decreasing Cry1Ac protein expression and crop age advanced. However, JKCH- 1947, Dhruva, NCEN-3R and SBCH-311 in leaf tissue and hybrids SBCH-311, JK-Durga and JKCH-1945 in rind had lesser decreasing rate of Cry1Ac protein. Six and three Bt hybrids exhibited higher Cry1Ac protein in the flower and in young bolls respectively at later stages.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genetic investigations and diversity analysis in minicore collections of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
    (UAS Dharwad, 2009) S.G.Parmeshwarappa; P.M.Salimath
    An investigation was carried out to assess diversity for eight quantitative traits under three environments and further characterization for drought tolerance and for studying combining ability effects and variances for identifying potential crosses of chickpea. Significant genotypic differences were observed for all the traits under study suggesting that high variability was observed for most of the productivity related traits. The performance over three environments indicated that ICC6279 was found to be early flowering and ICC13124 is the only top yielder in all the three environments. Association study indicated that seed yield was strongly correlated with pods per plant, 100-seed weight, plant height and number of branches per plant in all the environments. Genetic diversity study indicated considerable diversity in the minicore collections. The genotypes were categorized into 20, 16 and 25 clusters in rainfed condition of 2004-05, 2005-06 and irrigated condition of 2005-06, respectively. The drought tolerant accessions evaluated under moisture stress and irrigated situation during 2006-07 revealed ICC13124 is the only accession found drought tolerant for more than one parameter i.e., high DTE, least Dsi, maximum RLWC, minimum MII and equally good root traits as that of resistant check can be utilized as resistant source in breeding for drought tolerance. The degree of heterosis for seed yield varied considerably among 48 hybrids studied. The top three potential hybrids observed for seed yield over MP, BP and SC were ICC6877×ICC2072, ICC2507×ICC2072 and ICC6877×ICC7315. The combining ability analysis of the crosses revealed predominance of SCA variance for all the traits under study. Parents ICC13124, ICC7315, ICC15697 and ICC6877 were good general combiners for productively traits. Three heterotic crosses viz., ICC11944×ICC13124, ICC9137×ICC13124 and ICC2507×ICC2072 exhibited highly significant positive sca effect with high per se performance for seed yield per plant. The performance of combinations with representing different diversity levels suggest that parents with high diversity have a better chance of showing high heterosis and better F2 performance.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genome-wide molecular mapping, introgression of stable QTLs and expressional quantitation of transcription factor genes in charcoal rot manifestation in sorghum bicolour (L) Moench
    (UAS Dharwad, 2009) Ayyanagouda.M.Patil; B.Fakrudin
    Recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross IS22380 (susceptible) and E36-1 (resistant) were characterized for the morphological and biochemical components of charcoal rot resistance and yield related traits at three locations over four rabi seasons revealed significant differences among RILs and GxE interactions. A significant association among relevant traits was noticed at phenotypic and genotypic level with high heritability estimates. A total of 141 polymorphic DNA markers (48/275 SSRs, 65/533 EST-SSRs, 28/410 RAPD) were genotyped to construct a genetic linkage map spanning 2905 cM and used for Composite Interval Mapping of QTLs. Stable QTLs were detected lodging percent (xtxp176– xtxp312 (CR1) number of internodes crossed by the fungus (xtxp297-xiabt273 (CR2) and length of infection (xtxp275-xtxp241(CR3): the additive effect at all these loci was contributed by E36-1. Two major QTLs of plant height and three QTLs of plant yield accounted for 38% and 41% phenotypic variance respectively. On LG-I, the genomic region flanked by xtxp274–xiabt29 harbored a common QTL. Three stable QTLs, CR1, CR2 and CR3 collectively contributing 43% of phenotypic variation were introgressed into M35-1 and SPV86 backgrounds: at BC1F1 with 2285 and 2033 marker and at BC2F1 5989 and 6002 marker points in M35-1 and SPV86 backgrounds were screened to identify progenies harboring all the three QTLs. Expressional quantitation of 185 transcription factor genes was done in charcoal rot challenged and control tissue of E36-1 and SPV86 genotypes at 75 DAS and 90 DAS where 142 genes up regulated in both genotypes while eight genes of five family viz., AP2 (PTSb00019.1, PTSb00022.1, PTSb00024.1 WRKY (PTSb00331.1), HMG (PTSb00179.1, PTSb00185.1) ARF (PTSb00033.1) and bHLH (PTSb00349.1) were up regulated in pathogen challenged tissues. Two genes of WRKY family (PTSb00328.1 and PTSb00331.1) were significantly up regulated in resistant genotype alone: these understandings would help in developing strategies for resistance breeding in sorghum.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Epidemiology and management of bacterial blight of pomegranate caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (Hingorani and Singh) Vauterin et al.
    (UAS Dharwad, 2009) S.T.Yenjerappa; V.B.Nargund
    Considering the magnitude and resultant losses due to bacterial blight in pomegranate, investigations were undertaken on disease, pathogen, environment and management aspects. Survey revealed the highest disease incidence in Chitradurga, Anantapur and Koppal districts and lowest incidence and severity was recorded in Bellary district. The bacterium was rod shaped, gram negative and capsulated. It was positive to starch hydrolysis, gelatin, liquefaction and H2S production. Modified D-5 medium was found superior in supporting the growth of the pathogen. Cultural variability among the 20 different isolates revealed the variability in growth and colony characters. The isolates exhibited 100 per cent polymorphism for OPA20, OPB03, OPF07 and OPF10 primers showing significant molecular variability. Among the different seasons, mrigbahar was found most vulnerable and hastbahar was found relatively safe in avoiding the disease. Rainfall for a longer period, maximum temperature between 29.4-35.60C and minimum temperature between 19.5 to 27.30C, RH of 63-87 per cent were found favourable for the disease development and spread. Pathogen survived upto 20 to 22 and 18 to 20 weeks in the infected residues buried in sterilized and unsterilized soil conditions, respectively. Neem, tridax and achyranthes were the alternate hosts for the pathogen. Bordeaux mixture 1% spray was very effective in reducing the initial inoculum of the pathogen. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of bactericides indicated that bronip (0.05%) + COC (0.2%) was highly effective in managing the disease with higher yield levels. In biological control, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and garlic extract (10%) were significantly effective in reducing the disease. Application of multinutrients (1%) recorded the lower incidence and severity of the disease. The IDM strategy evaluated was found successful and feasible in managing the disease than farmers’ method of disease control.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds in lime [Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) Swingle], their antioxidant and anticancer properties
    (UAS Dharwad, 2009) Jayaprakash.R.Patil; M.B.Chetti
    Investigations were conducted to isolate, purify and study the antioxidant and chemopreventive effects of bioactive compounds in both juice, seed and peel of lime fruit. Lime volatile oil was also extracted from fruits and subjected for characterization of compounds and their anticancer properties. Physiologically mature fruits from India and USA were used for the investigation. The research was carried out at Vegetable and Fruits Improvement Centre, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA. Results of HPLC analysis revealed that hesperidin and rutin were the major flavonoids and Limonexic acid and Isolimonexic acid were the prominent limonoids in lime juice. While, limonin was the major compound in lime seeds, followed by Isolimonexic acid and Llimonexic acid. Further, the lime juice, seed and peel extracted by various solvents indicated radical scavenging activity comparable to ascorbic acid. Twenty-two volatile components were identified from Citrus aurantifolia using GC-MS, of which the major compounds were D-limonene, D-dihydrocarvone, verbena, -linalool, -terpinol, trans- -bergamotene. Further, the bioactive compounds isolated from seeds were found to posses the potential of inhibiting human pancreatic cancer cells. While, the compounds purified from peel had the potential of suppressing the colon cancer cells. The purified compounds from seeds exhibited significant inhibition of Panc-28 cells with IC50 values in the range of 18.1 - 100 μM, which was confirmed by viable cell count. DNA fragmentation and expression of proteins in cells treated with compounds showed the induction of apoptosis through p53 and caspase-3 mediated, but p21 independent pathway. The volatile oil showed 78 per cent inhibition of human colon cancer cells (SW-480) with 100 μg/ml concentration at 48 h. Lime volatile oil showed DNA fragmentation and induction of caspase-3 up to 1.8 and two folds after 24 and 48 h, respectively.