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ThesisItem Open Access Physical and Psychological Wellbeing of Urban and Rural Elderly: Correlates and Intervention(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-01) Badami, Sumangala; Yenagi, Ganga V.The study was carried out on randomly selected 540 Rural and Urban male and female elderly from Dharwad Taluka under the age group of 60-74, 75-84 and 85 & above. Data was collected through exploratory and personal interview methods.The results revealed that, majority of the elderly had no health problems and very few of them reported severe health problems. Health status was significantly associated with age, gender, marital status and occupation in case of rural elderly. Majority of the 60-74 yrs age group Rural and Urban elderly had good health status (66.7%) and (78.9%). Significant and positive relationship was found between health status and functional abilities among the elderly. Involvement of rural and urban elderly in leisure time activities was significantly associated with gender and occupation. It had also positive and significant relationship with functional abilities. Majority of the sample were able to perform the daily activities independently. Age, gender, caste, locality, education, family type, family size, marital status, occupation, socio-economic status and overall adjustment had significant influence on levels of functioning such as physical, psycho-motor and sensory, socio emotional, cognitive and overall functional ability of the elderly. Urban elderly showed better functional abilities than their rural counterparts. Caste and marital status had significant influence on family members attitude towards their elderly in rural area. Majority of the elderly showed good adjustment in the areas like social, home, emotional and overall adjustment. Age, gender, locality, education, family type, family size, marital status, occupation, socio-economic status had significant influence on adjustment. On the basis of the results elderly with physical, psychological and adjustment problems, an intervention programme was delivered for 15 weeks with two sessions / week and each session was for two hours, in two villages of Dharwad Taluka on the experimental group with a designed educational training program. Intervention programme had significant and positive impact on the physical, psychological health status and adjustment pattern of the rural elderly.ThesisItem Open Access Life Skills and Social Networking Among Emerging Adults(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-01) Hundekar, Parwatemma; Yadav, V. S.The study on Life skills and social networking among emerging adults was conducted during the year 2015-16 with objective to identify the level of life skills and to assess how the social networking (SN) influencing life skills. The study comprised 1024 emerging adults with the age range of 18-30 years and data were collected through online and offline survey. Results revealed that the developed scale is standardized. On life skills, 81 to 88 per cent of emerging adults were highly dominant in decision making, effective communication and coping with stress. Correspondingly, 72% to 78% of emerging adults were more prone to self awareness, interpersonal relationship, creative thinking and empathy, Similarly 46% to 59% of emerging adults were predominant in problem solving, critical thinking and coping with emotion. On social networking, majority of the emerging adults had more online friends and round 98.5 percent of the respondents were possessed the mobile phone and they preferred mobile phones (97.0%) for communication and 100 per cent of them connect to the internet through mobiles. On an average, the respondents spent 2 hour 30 minutes in internet per week and 1 hour 7 minutes in social networking sites daily. Around 98 percent of the respondents were quoted the reasons for using SN is to make new friends and they were connecting and sharing their personal details only to those very close to them (79.1%). Around 87 per cent were to create the account with their original name to form their own identity in the online forum and they trusted the online because of immediate response (95.0%) as well use used privacy settings (73.6%) as safety measures. About 84 per cent experienced cyber bullying and perceived that the bullies did the bullying due to take revenge, fun and entertainment (87.0%) and felt frustrated (93.0%), hurt (83.4%) and scared (83.4%). Hence they countered the cyber bullying by discussing with their friends (92.0%). Social networking properties namely, activities do in the SN sites, alternatives using to maintain privacy, identity, trust and safety measures, types of cyber bullying the respondents experienced, their feelings and methods to counter the cyber bullying showed negative relationship with life skills such as problem solving, decision making, critical thinking, effective communication, interpersonal relationship, empathy, coping with emotions and stress. Social networking properties showed positive relationship with self awareness and there was no relationship between social networking properties and creative thinking skills.ThesisItem Open Access Moral Development of Children: Correlates and Intervention(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-08) Priya Kumari; Khadi, Pushpa B.Moral development of children (6 to 15 years) studied on a sample of 480 from Government and Private schools of Dharwad taluk, Karnataka and Kudra taluk, Bihar revealed that, higher proportion of children (6 to 12 years) from both regions fell in high level of moral values. A higher percentage of children of Dharwad (44%) and only 19 percent from Kudra were in very high category. Only six and thirteen percent from Dharwad and Kudra respectively fell in medium level. None of the children were in low and very low level. On moral judgment among 13 to 15 years, majority from both regions were in moderate level, while 13.9 and 16.7 percent of Dharwad and Kudra respectively were in high level. None of the children were in low level. As majority of high school children in comparison to primary school children of both regions were in moderate level and few were in high level of moral judgment, correlates of moral judgment viz., spiritual, emotional and general intelligence, parenting and family environment of 72 children of Dharwad was studied. Moral judgment was significantly and positively related to emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and parenting, but not with general intelligence. Few dimensions of family environment were significantly related with moral judgment. The intervention programme consisted of moral dilemmas, poems and stories facilitating character building and manners given in 20 sessions of 2 hours each with 5 session/week to 74 children in both regions. Intervention proved to be effective as the scores of moral judgment was significantly higher at post test, score on immanent justice, moral realism was significantly higher in Dharwad children while score on efficacy of severe punishment was higher in children of Kudra. There was also a shift from pre-conventional to conventional and post conventional stage of moral development among 58 percent of children.ThesisItem Open Access INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS USED FOR HEALTH CARE OF PEOPLE IN SHIKARIPUR TALUK OF SHIMOGA DISTRICT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WOMEN AND CHILDREN(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2001) ANUPAMA, C; SAROJA, KABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLEThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE, CONSTRAINTS AND PROBLEMS OF ELECTED WOMEN REPRESENTATIVES OF GRAM PANCHAYAT IN DHARWAD TALUK WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FAMILY(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2002) KUKANUR, HULAGEVVA; SAROJA, KAll the Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) of Gram Panchyat (GP) of Dharwad taluk who completed one full tenure from 1994 to 2000 barring those who have died and migrated formed the sample of 153. Ten were selected as sub sample for case studies; personal interviews observation and case study were the methods used. Results reveled that majority belonged to SC/ST castes and to families hving below the poverty line. Majority were in the age group of 45 to 60 years, illiterate and worked as agricultural laborers with no land holding or marginal land holding. Majority were married, had grown-up children and belonged to large sized families. Majority had no political background but had the support of one or the other political party in fighting election. Two thirds received financial support from the party. Majority had contested first time from the reserved constituency and elected through ballot. Twenty four percent used mass media as a source of information regarding GP. Vlajority had the knowledge regarding their tenure conducting regular meetings and tax collection. But most of them lacked knowledge regarding special and emergency meetings, quorum for conducting meetings, cancellation oi membership, no confidence motion, developmental schemes, financial matters, annual reports and budget. 86°'o attended the panchyat meetings regularly, 3/4"^ participated in discussions. 90% complained that they faced both direct and indirect opposition to their participation in discussions from the male members. 55''^o did not participate in the standing committee. Majority had no knowledge regarding the purpose and functions of the standing committee. 89% did not participate in efforts to solve the community issues. Less than 50% attended three training programmes and many felt that training programmes increased their knowledge. Loss of daily wages was the main reason for not attending training programmes. Some of the respondents carried out activities mainly in the areas of health, family planning, education and welfare. Only 16%) took up pro-active steps like formation of self-help groups, efforts to solve alcoholism formation of DWACRA Group and Mahila Mandal.ThesisItem Open Access BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS AMONG SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN: PREVALENCE AND INTERVENTION(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2002) MUDALINGAMMANAVAR, PUSHPA, U; KHADI, PUSHPA. BThe study on 'Beharvioral Problems Among School -age Children: Prevalence and Intervention' carried out in Dharwad urban area during the year 2000-2002 revealed that the prevalence was ranged from 12.31-17.64 per cent. Higher percent of children (50-80%) had externalizing problems compared to internalizing problems. Higher percentage of boys among all schools had externalizing problems compared to girls. Boys from Government and Aided schools had high level of externalizing problems (hperkinetic, conduct, hostile/aggression). Higher percentage of girls than boys from Government, Aided and Private schools had high level of internalizing problems (withdrawn/solitary, anxiety/depression). Higher percentage of boys had learning problems and boys and girls were equally on high level. Older children had significantly more of impulsive problems compared to younger children. Children from nuclear families had higher levels of psychosocial problems and were significantly higher had externalizing problems. Combined effect of psychosocial, demographic and socio - economic factor brought about a significant variation of 33 per cent in externalizing problems and 32 per cent in internalizing problems. Mother's education was the only factor, which significantly reduced the learning problems among children. Intervention to children had significant impact in reducing the externalizing problems such as inattention, hyperactivity, total hyperkinetic problems, conduct problems, hostile/aggression, enhancing attention span, perceptual ability, concentration and in improving cooperation, assertion, self control social skills and in reducing learning problems and scholastic backwardness among children. Intervention to parents had significant impact in reducing psychosocial problems prevailing in the low SES families. About 25per cent of the primary schools were randomly selected from three strata, i.e. Government, Aided and Private schools. Children with behavioral problems were identified using the developed rating scale. Two schools were selected to study psychosocial factors and socio demographic factors influencing the behavioral problems (N=87). A total sample jaf 56 children who exhibited a high level of externalizing behavioral problems were randomly assorted in to two groups (experimental (28) and control (28)) and by matching on age, gender, grade, socio-economic status. The intervention program was provided for children about six months. For their_parents/ guardian, knowledge was imparted with the help of developed intervention package and through series of guest lectures from experts in the field of psychology, &Homeopathy and child development.ThesisItem Open Access INFANT ATTACHMENT: CORRELATES AND INTERVENTION(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2014-06) KAMALAVVA B. BAILUR; Dr. PUSHPA B. KHADIInfant attachment its correlates and intervention studied on a sample of 60 each urban and rural infants and parents of Dharwad taluk revealed that most (63.3%) of the urban and rural (60%) infants had secure attachment while the rest had insecure attachment. Pattern of the attachment did not differ significantly between urban and rural infants. The factors that had direct influence on infant attachment in both urban and rural areas were Mother’s and father’s knowledge on infant development and mothers acceptance. Father’s self esteem had influence exclusively in case of urban infants and infant temperament, mothers self esteem and mothers involvement with infants had influence exclusively in rural infants. While responsivity, parenting stress of mother and father, fathers temperament had indirect effect on urban and rural infants attachment. Mothers occupational stress, mothers’ involvement with infants and child care, mothers self esteem, mothers and infant temperament had indirect effects on urban infant attachment. Infant attachment influenced the socio-emotional behaviour, language development and adaptive behaviour of urban and rural infants. As maternal knowledge on infant development, self esteem and infant temperament had a direct influence of infant attachment an educational package was developed for parents to strengthen infant attachment for enhancing parents knowledge on infant development, self esteem and infant temperament. An intervention was provided for 40 rural mothers of 11-24 months infants through an interrupted time series experimental research design. The post intervention scores revealed significant increase in right knowledge and decrease in wrong knowledge on infant development and significant increase in self esteem level among rural mothers.ThesisItem Open Access Parenting stress of normal and developmentally challenged children: correlates and intervention(UAS Dharwad, 2013) Narmada Hidangmayum; Pushpa B. KhadiParenting stress of normal and developmentally challenged children with its correlates and intervention” was studied on a sample of 260 normal children, 71 mentally challenged and 36 hearing impaired. The total sample comprised of 314 fathers and 341 mothers. The results revealed that a higher proportion of parents of mentally challenged children had clinically significant level of parenting stress where in majority of the parents both fathers (64.10%) and mothers (68.90%) fell in clinically significant level. Similarly, among hearing impaired group also. Among normal group, 14.20 per cent of fathers and 12.30 per cent of mothers fell in this level. As the parenting stress was highest in mentally challenged group the correlating factors viz. parental, familial and community factors were studied on a sample of 65 parents employing standardised tools. The results revealed that extroversion, conscientiousness and openness to experience were correlated with parenting stress. However, mental health, self efficacy and individual resilience were not significantly correlated. Parenting stress was correlated with familial factors like family resilience but not with marital satisfaction and family relationship. Social support was found to be negatively and significantly correlated with parenting stress. Parents who had low social support had highest score and lowest mean score among parents who had high level of social support. Parents who had high parenting stress were more dissatisfied with their parenting. Also parents of higher parenting stress had children who were in clinical range of problematic behaviour both internalizing and externalizing behaviour. On the basis of the results of the correlates of parenting stress of mentally challenged children an educational package was developed for parents to enhance their knowledge on intellectual disabilities, special education and stress management. The efficacy of the package was tested on 65 parents of mentally challenged children through an interrupted time series experimental research design. The post intervention revealed lower parenting stress in all the three domains viz. parental distress, parent child difficult interaction, difficult child as well as in total parenting stress. The gain in knowledge indices was 81.45 percent with a range of 68.18 to 95.45 per cent. Thus intervention program proved to be effective in enhancing knowledge index and in reducing parenting stress.ThesisItem Open Access Work-Family Commitment, Marital and Job Satisfaction of University Teachers : A Gender Analysis(UAS Dharwad, 2012) Pooja Holeyannavar; Pushpa B. Khadi“Work-Family Commitment, Marital and Job Satisfaction of University Teachers-A Gender Analysis” undertaken on a sample of 165 University teachers revealed that more than half of the SAU (54.5%) and about 3/4th of Non-SAU (74.5%) teachers possessed high workfamily commitment. Significant interactionary effects of gender and cadre, indicated that males with professor and above cadre revealed higher work-family commitment than females. This trend did not prevail among assistant and associate professors. Most of the SAU (83.8%) and Non-SAU (94.1%) teachers had high level of marital satisfaction and majority of them (SAU-90.9% & Non-SAU teachers-87.3%) expressed high level of job satisfaction. The interaction effect of university and gender was significant indicating that male teachers showed higher job satisfaction among Non-SAUs. The teachers of both SAU and Non-SAUs revealed average to high levels of all the big five factors of personality. The SAU teachers ranked security as the most salient family need and among Non-SAU teachers most salient/important family need was good interpersonal relationships. The most salient professional needs of SAU teachers was security and among Non-SAU teachers comfortable standard of living. Most of SAU and Non-SAU teachers had high professional and family need satisfaction and high level of family involvement (84.5-85.5%). More than three-fourth of the SAU (73.8%) and Non-SAU (70.0%) teachers received high level of social support, most of them also showed average levels in all the components and overall family environment. Both SAU and Non-SAU teachers considered security (permanent job, steady work) as most important job outcome. Majority of SAU (90.0%) and Non-SAU (87.3%) teachers revealed high job involvement. Job involvement of teachers did differ significantly by gender showing that male teachers (109.71) had higher job involvement compared to female teachers (103.10). Most of the SAU and Non-SAU teachers were in average to low levels of organizational stressors and moderate to high levels of organizational commitment. Family income, occupation, length of marriage, age of spouse, big five factors of personality, family and professional need satisfaction, family environment, family involvement, pay, job involvement, organizational stressors and organizational commitment were significantly correlated with work-family commitment of SAU teachers, whereas family income, family need satisfaction, family environment, number of working hours and organizational stressors were significant contributing factors of work-family commitment of Non-SAU teachers. Age, family involvement, family environment, pay emoluments, organizational stressors, and organizational commitment were significantly related to marital satisfaction of Non-SAU teachers. Self efficacy, professional and family need satisfaction, big five factors of personality, family involvement and environment, pay emoluments, job involvement, organizational stressors and commitment significantly correlated with marital satisfaction of SAU teachers. Age, cadre, self efficacy, professional and family need satisfaction, big-five factors of personality, job involvement, pay emoluments, work experience, organizational stressors, and organizational commitment were significant factors influencing job satisfaction of both SAU and Non-SAU teachers. Marital satisfaction was significantly and positively related to job satisfaction of both SAU and Non-SAU teachers, indicating as marital satisfaction increased the job satisfaction also increased. Job satisfaction showed positive and significant interrelation with work-family commitment of SAU teachers. Hence, increase in the marital and job satisfaction significantly increased the work-family commitment of SAU teachers only, and increase in marital satisfaction increased the job satisfaction of both SAU and Non-SAU teachers.