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ThesisItem Open Access Characterization and Nursery Performance of Half-Sib Progenies of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Against Leaf Blight Caused by Fusicladium pongamiae (Syd. & P.Syd.)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-09) Lochan S.R.; Suryanarayana V.The investigation was carried out at College of Forestry, Sirsi, during 2015-16 on the characterization and nursery performance of half-sib progenies of Pongamia pinnata (L.) against leaf blight caused by Fusicladium pongamiae. Thirty half sib progenies (HSP’s) sources of four clonal plantations of Pongamia in Karnataka differed significantly for pod and seed traits. Fusicladium blight symptoms were clustered black dot sized eruptions on the ventral surface, leaf blighting, premature defoliation and burnt appearance of foliage. Among different inoculation techniques, moistened petriplate incubated cellophane attachment method proved best for large scale screening of HSP’S of Pongamia against Fusicladium blight. Of 30 HSP’s screened against Fusicladium blight, one HSP (NC-1) showed moderately resistant reaction, 27 HSP’s with, moderately susceptible reaction and 2 HSP’s (H-128 and H-88) with susceptible reaction. In periodical per cent disease index (PDI) estimates over 6 months H-128 showed highest (28.14%) and lowest by NC-1 (11.05%). Likewise, in post inoculated HSP’s differed significantly for growth and biomass parameters. Among them NC-01 recorded highest mean values for height (51.95 cm), collar diameter (7.82 mm), fresh (104 g) and dry weight (35 g) of biomass and least value for defoliation (9.25 %). For phenol content also among selected HSP’s, NC-1 showed highest phenol content of 9.20 mg/g of leaf extract. Whereas, H-128 and H-88 shown least phenol content (4.40 and 3.80 mg/g of leaf extract) respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Study on Pre-Sowing Treatments, Nutrient Management and Storage Behavior on Seed and Seedling Quality in Flemingia semialata Roxb.(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Rajak, Kameshwar Kumar; Hunje, RaviAn experiment was conducted at College of Forestry, Sirsi, during 2015-16, to study the effect of pre-sowing treatments on seeds, effect of storage conditions on seed quality and Integrated Nutrient Management in quality seedling production of Flemingia semialata. Seeds scarified with concentrated sulphuric acid for one minute recorded significantly higher germination 76.25 per cent, germination rate (7.32), mean daily germination (2.72), total seedling length (18.12 cm) and seedling vigour index (1380.74). In poly house significantly higher field emergence 73.00 per cent and germination rate (2.90), mean daily germination (2.60), total seedling length (15.56 cm) and seedling vigour index (1135.88), followed by seeds treated with KNO3 0.2% for 12 hours. Among the integrated nutrient management treatment constituting common potting media (soil: sand: FYM of 2:1:1) along with Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) (10 g) + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) (5 g) + NPK (2 g) influenced the growth parameters viz., seedling height, collar diameter, number of branches, number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight of the plants significantly and considered to be best compare to other treatments followed by treatment constituting AM + PSB + NPK (19:19:19) 1g/plant. The seeds stored in four different containers and kept under two storage condition showed progressive decline in seed quality parameters with the advancing storage period. On an average the germination percentage recorded at the beginning and end of storage period was 70.00 % and 52.08 % respectively. Seed stored in cloth bag kept in cold storage was found to be better seed container for storing seeds with relatively more viability.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Clonal Variation for Gall Midge, Asphondylia pongamiae Mani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Infestation in Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-11) Kabber, Usha Raju; JavaregowdaPongamia pinnata, oil producing tree legume, popularly known as ‘Karanja’ or ‘Honge’ which is widely occurring non-edible oil tree in India. Oil derived from the seed is a very good ‘bio-fuel’. Fifty three insect pests have been listed in P. pinnata which includes six species of gall inducers. The leaf gall inducing insect affect the growth of plants by reducing the leaf area available for photosynthesis. Aspondylia pongamiae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) which has been identified to induce flower and leaf galls on P. pinnata. These gall inducers adversely affect the quality of leaves of pongamia in turn reducing its economic utility. Experiments were conducted at the College of Forestry, Sirsi, during 2014-15. Among the eleven clones evaluated, four clones, Hariharapura, Sathenahalli, Muddanahalli and Baragaru were found to be Moderately Resistant (MR) in both open and polyhouse conditions. The growth performance of different pongamia clones as measured through plant height and collar diameter did not significantly vary due to infestation of gall midge. The difference in increases or decrease in growth parameter may be not due to gall midge infestation alone but may be due to phenotypic and genotypic variation among the pongamia clones because of their superior characters over the local seedling. Among the four biochemical traits estimated, total phenol and potassium content in leaves did not show significant difference in infested and healthy leaves. However the clones which were moderately resistant had increased nitrogen content and reduced total soluble sugar under infested leaves than healthy leaves. Reduction in total sugar and increased nitrogen content in leaves could be a mechanism to resist the infestation of gall midge in P. pinnata.ThesisItem Open Access Assembling, Characterization and Validation of Farmers’ Identified Unique Aromatic Wild Pickle Mango Types in the Central Western Ghats(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-09) Naik, Gajanan Shivanand; Vasudeva, R.The Wild Pickle Mangoes (WPM) are special type of genetic resources found along the riverine habitats of Central Western Ghats (CWG), that show unique effervescent aroma and highly preferred for pickle making by the communities. Because of their unique aroma, size and keeping quality, the WPM are in much demand by the farming community as well as by the pickle industry. As a result, farmers of CWG are interested in bringing these genetic resources under cultivation; however, there are very few attempts to domesticate WPM. Thus, the study was aimed to characterize and validate farmers’ varieties in three bio climatic zones of Uttara Kannada district and assembling these varieties in field gene bank. In the study 82 farmers' varieties were identified and characterized adopting standard IPGRI descriptors. About 66 were of the ‘whole fruit pickle’ types and 16 were of the ‘sliced fruit pickle’ types. Coastal region showed higher proprotion of sliced fruit types. Fruit shape showed large variation while that of leaf shape recorded the least; one new type of fruit shape ‘cashew nut’ was coined and introduced to the IPGRI descriptors. The relationship between fruit weight and amount of latex was significant among ‘whole fruit pickle’ types (r=0.332); while that between keeping quality and skin thickness was also strong in ‘whole fruit pickle’ (r=0.247). Fruit size, shape, aroma, quantity of latex, skin thickness, fruit bearing habit and flesh colour/brittleness after one year of keeping in brine solution were the important traits for the selection of elite varieties. Farmers' varieties viz. ‘Dandeli gerappe’, ‘Koralkatta jeerige’, ‘Manjushri heerijeni’, ‘Adderi jeerige’, ‘Bandipal haldota’, ‘Banate appe’ and ‘Haldota’ were identified to be the top. Selected 53 unique wild pickle mango varieties were conserved by establishing a field gene bank at ARS, Malagi, (UAS, Dharwad) with three ramets each were planted.ThesisItem Open Access Seed Source Performance and Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Fruit, Seed and Seedling Growth of Buchanania lanzan Spreng. in Uttara Kannada District(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-08) Uma A.; Shivanna, H.Chironji (Buchanania lanzan Spreng.), a member of the family Anacardiaceae, is an important tree with good medicinal properties. The kernels are economically important part. With this point of view the present study was carried out in College of Forestry, Sirsi during 2014-2015. The study was laid out by following CRD (completely randomized design) design, with five treatments (seed source) and four replications. The fruit from Sirsi seed source was found to perform better with respect to fruit length (12.90 mm), width (12.91 mm) and weight (1.51 g). A seed of Mundgod source was found to be superior for seed length (10.89 mm), seed width (10.0 mm), seed thickness (7.25 mm) seed weight (0.79 g) and seed setting per cent (61.16%) and least seed coat thickness (0.80 mm) was noticed. However Honnavar and Kumta seed source recorded lower value for fruit and seed parameters. Maximum seed germination (61.16 %) was recorded in Mundgod seed source. Seedling height (6.50, 13.80 and 33.60 mm) was recorded maximum in Mundgod seed source at 30, 180 and 360 days after germination respectively. Similar trend was recorded for collar diameter and number of leaves. The highest seedling biomass, shoot length and root length was recorded in Mundgod seed source. GCV was maximum in seedling height at 360 days after germination (20.63 %). Broad sense heritability (H2) was highest in 180 days old seedling (0.73). GA (genetic advance) as per cent of mean in height was highest (8.06) in 360 days old seedling. The PCV and GCV of collar diameter showed highest in 30 days old seedlings (45.56 and 26.31 % respectively). Thus Mundgod seed source were found to be most promising with respect to seed and seedling traits. This seed source needs to be conserved and sampled for further improvement work.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of Microbial Inoculants on Seedling Growth of Different Tree Species(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-07) Garwal, Magan; Shivanna, H.These experiments were conducted to study the influence of four Rhizobium strain and combination with AM fungus on seedlings of five leguminous species (Pongamia pinnata, Casuarina equisetifolia, Dalbergia sissoo, Sesbania grandiflora and Albizia lebbeck) in the Department of Forest Biology and Tree Improvement, College of Forestry, Sirsi, University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, during 2014-15. Experimental result recorded that seedling inoculated with SRG3+AM showed significantly higher plant height, collar diameter, number of leaves/leaflets, number of nodule and their fresh and dry weight followed by SRG2+AM in Pongamia pinnata, Dalbergia sissoo, Sesbania grandiflora and Albizia lebbeck . Least was recorded in control. Dual inoculated seedling showed better result than single inoculation either AM or Rhizobium strain. In Casuarina equisetifolia SF1+AM showed significantly higher in all the physical parameter followed by SF3+AM as compare to single inoculated or control. Seedling biomasses on the basis of dry weight and root and shoot nitrogen was highest in SRG3+ AM in species (Pongamia pinnata, Dalbergia sissoo, Sesbania grandiflora and Albizia lebbeck). In C. equisetifolia SF1+AM showed highest biomass and nitrogen percentage in root and shoot. Similarly nitrogenase activity was higher in SRG3+AM compared to single inoculation of either Rhizobium strain or AM and least in control. In C. equisetifolia SF1+AM showed highest NR activities. Bio-inoculants are a substance which contains living micro-organisms and is known to help in expansion of the root system, better growth and nitrogen fixation. Microsymbionts can promote the growth of a crop species by allowing them to uptake nutrients that would normally be unavailable to the plant. Therefore, the selection of suitable rhizobial strains is most importance as it may help to promote the growth and increase potential yields.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Seed Biology, Pre Sowing Treatments and Nutrient Response in two Species of Canes: Calamus thwaitesii and Calamus nagabettai(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-08) Patil, Shivaraj S.; Krishna A.Rattans are economically important NTFP species. The species has become threatened due to increased demand, unscientific and unsustainable harvesting. Thus there is need to produce large stock of healthy seedlings by appropriate pre-sowing treatment and also by applying optimum level of nutrients. Hence the information on seed biology and standardized nursery techniques is essential. Hence, the present study was carried out in College of Forestry, Sirsi during 2013-2015. The seeds of Calamus thwaitesii and Calamus nagabettai are recalcitrant and low germination directly influenced by moisture content. The critical moisture content was 30.61 per cent in Calamus thwaitesii 18.15 per cent in Calamus nagabettai below which zero germination was observed. Among ten different pre-sowing seed treatments, significantly maximum germination percentage of 91.33 and 61.00 was recorded in treatment sarcotesta removed (T2) over other treatments in Calamus thwaitesii and Calamus nagabettai respectively. Other germination parameters were also significantly higher in the same treatment in both the species. Application of vermicompost (20 g/seedling) and vermicompost + NPK (2 g/seedling) in both species increased over all seedling growth attributes. Total fresh weight also increased by 146.92 and 54.43 per cent and total dry weight of 298 and 180 per cent in Calamus thwaitesii and Calamus nagabettai respectively at 180 days after planting over control. The results of the present study are considered as a key approach in increasing the overall performance of germination and seedling growth in both the species, which provides substantial benefit to the nurserymen for quality seedling production. These findings, therefore, considered to be cost effective approach in getting a mass quality planting stock and play a significant role in plantation programs.ThesisItem Open Access Development of Dna Barcodes for a Few Important Species of Garcinia in the Central Western Ghats(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-07) Anusha Bhat Nettharakere; Vasudeva, R.ABSTRACT Garcinias are commercially gaining importance because of the presence of anti-obesity compound in the fruit rinds. DNA barcoding is relatively a new concept that has been developed for providing rapid, accurate and automatable species identification system using standardized DNA sequences as tags. In the present study attempt has been made to develop DNA barcodes for Garcinia spp. and to adopt the same to compare the phylogenetic relationship among these species as well as to develop descriptors for a few commercially important species of Garcinia. For this study, samples of five species of Garcinia namely, G. indica, G. gummi-gutta, G. morella, G. xanthochymus and G. talbotii collected from the central Western Ghats were used. Using 60 IPGRI developed descriptors of G. mangostana, morphological characterization was done for all the five species. Perhaps for the first time, novel standard descriptors were developed for G. xanthochymus, G. morella and G. talbotii. Gene regions of ITS, psbA-trnH and rbcL gene were used for developing barcode. The barcodes have been successfully developed for all the five species and has been deposited in the GenBank, National Centre for Biotechnology Information. Molecular phylogeny of these species has been constructed using the same information adopting Neighbor joining method. ITS region exhibited the highest mean interspecific distance (0.2082) than psbA-trnH and rbcL regions (0.0170 and 0.105 respectively). Best phylogenetic tree resolution was obtained using ITS gene. All the 5 species were grouped under separate clades in NJ tree of ITS gene. Two broad clusters were formed. Three species namely G. indica, G. gummi-gutta and G. morella were grouped under cluster I. G. xanthochymus and G. talbotii were grouped under cluster II.ThesisItem Open Access DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TROPICAL FRUIT TREE GENETIC RESOURCES AND ASSOCIATED INDIGENOUS TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN COASTAL AND UP-GHAT REGIONS OF UTTARA KANNADA, CENTRAL WESTERN GHATS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2014-08) SEEMA KAMATEKAR; Dr. JAVAREGOWDASpecies diversity of Tropical Fruit Tree (TFT), mango and jackfruit varietal diversity in home-garden and farmlands, its associated Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) documentation of two typical villages each in two bioclimatic zones of Uttara Kannada district in Karnataka was studied. Using a structured questionnaire, total of 80 household survey in up-ghat and coastal zone. A total of 41 species were recorded from both villages, among a total of 1876 individuals belonging to 28 species of Tropical Fruit trees were recorded in home-gardens and farm lands. Cashew was the predominantly found followed by mango and jackfruit. Home-gardens of both up-ghat and coastal zone are the major production of Tropical fruit trees. The value of Shannon’s index was higher for up-ghat village (2.484) when compared to the coastal village (1.638) suggesting that the farmland and home garden of the up-ghat zone recorded higher as well as more evenly-distributed diversity compared to the coastal zone. The up-ghat recorded higher diversity of mango (203 varieties) and jackfruit (269 varieties) then coastal zone. Traditional knowledge related to management of insect pest, total 14 ITK from two biological zones was recorded, mango was recorded highest ITK practices. A total 19 TFT species had been used in culinary and its associated with total 43 ITK had documented, for medicinal purpose total 11 TFT species and total 20 ITK had been documented, for processing and preservation total seven TFT species used and total 14 ITK was documented and total seven TFT species related nine ITK was documented for nursery and maintenance of TFT.
