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ThesisItem Open Access Influence of Cycocel on Growth and Development of Soybean (Glycine max L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2018-07) Rashmi, G.J.; Patil, H.Y.A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of cycocel on growth, development and yield of soybean variety DSb–21 during kharif, 2017 at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replication and three concentrations of cycocel viz., 125, 250 and 500 ppm sprayed at 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing. Foliar application of 250 and 500 ppm of cycocel at 45 and 60 DAS decreased the plant height (9 to 10 per cent) whereas, the number of branches increased significantly. Application of cycocel significantly increased the leaf area, total dry matter and growth indices. Physiological traits like, relative chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and seed quality parameters i.e., seed protein and oil content increased. Yield and yield attributing characters viz., number of flowers per plant, number of pods per plant, flowers to pod ratio, seed weight per plant, seed yield per hectare, harvest index and 100 seed weight were significantly increased due to application of cycocel at 250 and 500 ppm at 45 and 60 DAS. Whereas, higher seed yield per hectare (36.71 q ha-1) was recorded in 500 ppm of cycocel sprayed at 45 DAS. Seed germination percentage and seedling vigour index increased due to foliar application of cycocel after two months of harvest over control. The soybean genotype DSb-21 responded very well with 34 per cent increase in yield by increasing reproductive efficiency by the increased dry matter production, translocation of assimilates as well as increasing the sink efficiency by foliar application of 500 ppm of CCC at 45 DAS. It is concluded that foliar application of cycocel @ 250 ppm either at 45 or 60 DAS is economical in soybean which recorded B: C of 3.53 and 3.43 respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Biofortification of Zinc in Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2018-07) Panda, Babyrani; Doddamani, M.B.A field experiment to enhance the Zn concentration in bajra grains through soil application of Zn was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2017. The bajra variety ICMV-221 was used with nine treatments viz. ZnSO4.7H2O (basal application @ 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg ha-1) and Zn EDTA (basal application @ 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg ha-1) and one absolute control. The result revealed that morphological parameters, viz. plant height, number of tillers, leaf area, flag leaf area, ear head length and girth and number of green leaves plant-1 were enhanced significantly by zinc treatments. Phenological traits, growth parameters viz. LAI and dry matter production and physiological traits viz. chlorophyll content, relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value), photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate also significantly differed among treatments. Zinc application @ 20 kg ha-1 significantly increased the N, K and Zn content in all plant parts of bajra. Whereas, P, Fe, Cu and Mn content decreased at higher doses of Zn treatments. With increase in Zn fertilizer doses, soil Zn status was improved. Soil application of 20 kg ha-1 Zn EDTA was the best source of Zn compared to other treatments recording highest chlorophyll content of 2.12 and 2.79 mg g-1 fresh weight and photosynthetic rate of 26.76 and 38.96 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 respectively at 30 and 60 DAS. The same treatment also enhanced the bajra grain yield by 27 per cent with 37 per cent increase in grain Zn content over control, recording the highest grain yield of 4,153 kg ha-1 and grain Zn content of 44.43 mg kg-1. Hence, soil application of 20 kg ha-1 Zn EDTA is beneficial for bajra crop.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological and Biological Quality of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Cultivars Grown in Different Growing Systems Under Protected Condition(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2018-06) Thomas, Tinu; Janagoudar, B.S.An experiment was conducted at the Hi-Tech Horticultural Unit, Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif, 2017-18 with factorial CRD design. Two factors of experiments were growing systems viz., soil based growing system, aggregate media hydroponics growing system (cocopeat as substrate), nutrient film technique (NFT) and lettuce cultivars viz., Locarno RZ, Concorde RZ, Starfighter RZ. The morphological parameters viz., plant height (45.8 cm), number of leaves (35.3), leaf fresh weight (96.73 g) and root length (45.84 cm) were significantly highest in nutrient film technique and lowest in soil. Leaf area (2552.0 cm2 plant-1) was significantly highest in nutrient film technique whereas leaf dry matter percentage (4.55 %) was significantly highest in soil grown lettuce at bolting. Physiological parameter like relative chlorophyll content (29.47 SPAD value) and biophysical parameters viz., photosynthetic rate (18.57 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1), transpiration rate (6.994 mmol H2O m-2 s-1) and stomatal conductance (0.647 mmol CO2 m-2 s-1) of lettuce cultivars were significantly higher in nutrient film technique and least in soil. Yield parameter like marketable number of leaves, leaf fresh weight of total marketable leaves per plant and number of marketable leaves per square meter was 27.7, 260.66 g and 719 respectively and quality parameters viz., anthocyanin content (146.03 µg 100 g-1 fw) and ascorbic acid content (7.029 mg 100 g-1 fw) was significantly highest in nutrient film technique. The cultivar Starfighter RZ recorded significantly highest relative chlorophyll content (38.39 SPAD value), photosynthetic rate (18.27 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1), marketable number of leaves harvested per plant (25.2) and also other growth parameters compared to other cultivars. Overall performance of growing systems were in decreasing order of nutrient film technique followed by aggregate media hydroponics followed by soil based growing system. The cultivar Starfighter RZ had best performance among the cultivars.ThesisItem Open Access Plant Sap Analysis for Enhancing the Physiological Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Maize (Zea mays L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2018-06) Spandana, K.S.; Koti, R.V.A field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2017 at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to study plant sap analysis for enhancing the physiological nitrogen (N) use efficiency in maize. N levels at 100, 50, 25 and 0 kg ha-1 including three other treatments on plant demand viz., 50 % recommended N + rest through soil application, 0 N + rest by soil application and 0 N + foliar application, based on tissue nitrate tests by nitrate ion meter were tried in simple randomized block design with four replications. The results revealed that soil application of N at 100 kg ha-1 at sowing showed significantly higher sap nitrate (1037, 660 and 502 ppm at 30, 55 and 70 days after sowing respectively) and other sap indices, total leaf nitrogen (2.25 %), plant height (230.6 cm), relative chlorophyll content (57 SPAD value), plant performance (13,167), total chlorophyll (3.34 mg g fresh weight-1), leaf area (79.8 dm2), total dry matter (399.7 g plant-1), grain weight per cob (246.7 g), grain yield (106.9 q ha-1), stover yield (100.1 q ha-1) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of grain and dry matter (35.79 and 30.83 respectively) which are on par with 50 % recommended N at sowing + rest by soil application based on sap nitrate test i.e on demand. Higher gross returns ( . 1, 22,577), net returns ( . 90,198) and B: C ratio (2.79) was observed with application of 100 % recommended N which is on par with 50 % recommended N + rest by soil application based on tissue nitrate test. It is inferred that nitrate ion meter can be used for quantification of nitrogen requirement based on crop demand with saving of 30 per cent nitrogen and avoiding environment pollution. Thus, technology is farmer’s friendly and enhances the NUE.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological Characterization of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) for Lime Induced Iron Chlorosis(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2018-06) Akshay, N.; Koti, R.V.A field experiment was carried out during kharif-2017 at Main Agriculture Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to screen the F2 population obtained from the two crosses TMV 2 × ICGV 86031 (TIP) and JL 24 × ICGV 86031 (JIP) for lime induced iron chlorosis (LIIC) resistance. Variation was observed among the selected population of F2 generation with respect to visual chlorotic rating (VCR) score at 45 days after sowing (DAS) and relative chlorophyll content at 60 DAS. The iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) resistant parent ICGV 86031 had significantly higher relative chlorophyll content (46.2) compared to IDC susceptible parents TMV 2 (39.3) and JL 24 (37.7), respectively. Similarly, ICGV 86031 showed least VCR score (1.00) compared to TMV 2 (2.10) and JL 24 (2.30). Among the progenies, TIP-16 and JIP-27 had recorded highest relative chlorophyll content (41.8 and 42.9, respectively) with least VCR score (1.07 and 1.00, respectively) followed by the populations TIP-23 (1.15) and JIP-28 (1.00). The hydroponic experiment was conducted, to unearth the strategy I mechanism involving rhizosphere acidification and root ferric reductase activity in parents of the crosses, ICGV 86031, TMV 2, JL 24 and check KADIRI 9. The results on physiological and biochemical observations indicated that ICGV 86031 at 45 days recorded highest leaf ferrous content (7.44 ppm), chlorophyll content (2.41 mg g-1 fresh weight), relative chlorophyll content (42.60), root ferric reductase activity (56.9 n mol g-1 fresh weight hr-1) and root protonation (pH 3.83), followed by KADIRI 9 and significantly least leaf ferrous content (4.61 ppm), chlorophyll content (1.24 mg g-1 fresh weight), relative chlorophyll content (31.48), root ferric reductase activity (40 n mol g-1fresh weight hr-1) and root protonation (pH 4.32) was observed in JL 24 followed by TMV 2. Hence, the parent genotype ICGV 86031 has been identified as most resistant for LIIC.ThesisItem Open Access Investigation on the use of Nano Based Nutrients on Physiological Performance of Sunflower(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-08) Betageri, Shivaputrappa; Janagoudar, B.S.ThesisItem Open Access Rust Resistance in Soybean: A Physiological Probe(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2017-06) Akshatha S.S.; Koti, R.V.ThesisItem Open Access Phenotyping of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) for Fe Uptake Mechanism in Calcareous Soil(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-09) Manasa, Gaddam; Patil, H.Y.ThesisItem Open Access Screening of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Genotypes for Physiological Traits and Yield Productivity(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-08) Jyoti M.H.; Nawalagatti, C.M.The present investigation was carried out at Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad during rabi, 2016 to screen the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes for physiological traits and yield productivity. The experiment consisted of 20 genotypes viz., GMU-2453, GMU-2968, GMU-3758, GMU-7422, GMU-7427, GMU-2039, GMU-1303, GMU-184, GMU-753, GMU-2444, GMU-3101, GMU-3530, GMU-1437, GMU-1464, GMU-3624, GMU1798, A-1, PBNS-12, HUS-305 and NARI-57. The results of the investigation revealed that the genotypes differed significantly with respect to the various morphological, biophysical, biochemical and yield characters. Among the genotypes, GMU-1303, GMU-3624, GMU-3101 and GMU-2444 recorded maximum plant height, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches and total dry weight. Genotypes GMU-753 and GMU-7422 recorded minimum number of days to flower and physiological maturity as compared. While, GMU-1464 recorded more number of days to flower and maximum number of days to physiological maturity. The values in growth parameters such as LAI, LAD, SLW, RGR, CGR and NAR were more in the genotypes GMU-2444, GMU-2453, GMU-1798 and A-1 as compared to other genotypes. The genotypes GMU-2444, GMU-2453 and GMU-1798 recorded higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. It was observed that, among the genotypes GMU-2453, recorded maximum chlorophyll content, relative water content, proline content, wax content and membrane stability index followed by GMU-1798. Whereas GMU-753 and HUS-305 showed least values in these parameters. The genotype NARI-57 has recorded maximum oil content (38.00 %) and lowest was in GMU-1303 (28.42%). Significantly maximum seed yield was recorded in GMU-2444 (4330.43 kg ha-1) followed by GMU-1798 (3504.34 kg ha-1) and minimum was in GMU-753 (539.13 kg ha-1). The increase in the yield was due to increase in number of capsules, number of seeds per capsule, average capsule weight, hundred seed weight and harvest index.
