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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS ON POWDERY MILDEW DISEASE RESISTANCE AND YIELD IN BLACK GRAM (Vigna mungo L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2004) KHAJA MOHINUDDIN A., JAMKHANDI; HIREMATH, S MA field experiment was conducted during kharif 2002 to study the effect of nutrients on powdery mildew disease resistance and yield in blackgram at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The experiment was laidout in factorial randomized block design which consisted two genotypes, K-3 and TAU-1 susceptible to powdery mildew with nine foliar treatments viz., control (unsprayed), potassium nitrate (0.5% and 1.0%), manganese sulphate (0.25% and 0.5%), magnesium sulphate (0.5% and 1.0%) and ferrous sulphate (0.25% and 1.0%), manganese sulphate (0.25% and 0.5%), magnesium sulphate (0.5% and 1.0%) and ferrous sulphate (0.25% and 0.5%). The treatments were imposed at 35 and 50 DAS. The powdery mildew incidence and severity increased as the crop advanced towards maturity. All the morphological characters were decreased due to the powdery mildew, whereas the biochemical parameters viz., chlorophyll 'a', chlorophyll 'b', total chlorophyll, phenol content and nitrate reductase from 45-60 DAS. There was a significant reduction in number of trifoliates and leaf area due to disease infestation between 45-60 DAS than at 60-75 DAS. However, these parameters were maximum in the MnS04 (0.5%) treatment followed by the application of MnS04 (0.25%) and MgS04 (0.5%) The maximum control of disease was found with MnS04 (0.25%) treatment with PDI of 33.30 as compared to control (90.45). The other nutrient treatments MnS04 (0.5%), MgS04, FeS04 and KN03 at both concentrations also found to offer resistance to the disease with PDI ranging from 34.50 (MnS04 0.5%) to 72.55 (KNO3 1.0%). Foliar application of MnS04 (0.5%) recorded significantly higher number of pods per plant, seed per plant, 100-seed weight and yield followed by MnS04 (0.25%) and MgS04 (0.5% and 1.0%). The cost:benefit ratio of MnS04 (0.25%) sprayed twice at 35 and 50 DAS was almost on par with MnS04 (0.5%), MgS04 (0.5%) and FeS04 (0.25%) and hence spray of MnS04 (0.25%) can be recommended for the control of powdery mildew disease.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON STAY GREEN TRAIT IN RABI SORGHUM(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2004) Renuka, K; Chimmad, V P"A field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2003-04 at Main Agricultural Research station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to assess rabi sorghum genotypes for their stay-green trait under varied irrigation levels and its impact on yield and yield components. The irrigation levels and genotypes differed significantly for various morphophenological characters. The genotypes, DSV-4 and M-35-1 recorded maximum plant height. The irrigation applied at both 50% flowering and grain filling stage took longer days to maturity and grain filling and recorded higher grain yield. The genotype, DSV-4 recorded the maximum leaf, stem, panicle and total dry matter at all the growth stages and yielded more. The genotype, RSLG-262 recorded higher chlorophyll content at 50% flowering and 15 DAF, whereas, at 30 DAF higher chlorophyll content was maintained by DSV-4 and E-36-1, which also had higher LAD and green leaf area at maturity even under no irrigation (control) condition indicating their stay green trait. The irrigation levels had significant effect in maintaining higher LAI and LAR. Among the genotypes, DSV-4 and E-36-1 maintained higher value of LAI and LAR even at maturity. Maintenance of higher total soluble sugar and nitrogen content in leaf and stem in genotypes, DSV-4 and E-36-1 at all the stages indicates their stay green trait as a drought tolerant character, which had a yield advantage under un-irrigated condition. The irrigation given at different stages decreased the leaf sugar content, whereas, it increased the stem sugar content. The maximum yield was recorded by irrigation given at both 50 per cent flowering and grain filling stage. Among the genotypes, SPV-86 recorded higher grain yield under irrigated condition, whereas, the stay green genotypes E-36-1 and DSV-4 out yielded the other genotypes under un-irrigated control. The maximum harvest index was observed in E-36-1 and C-43."ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF INDUCTION OF DORMANCY N GROUNDNUT Arachis hypogaea L.)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2004) Mukund; Hiremath, S M"A field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2002 to study tlie physiological basis of induction of dormancy in groundnut cv. JL-24. The experiment consisted of foliar application of maleic hydrazide at two stages (60 and 80 DAS) with nine concentrations along with control. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design with three replications. The results revealed that MH @ 300 ppm (60 and 80 DAS) significantly increased number of branches, leaf and stem dry matter, LAI, TDM, LAD, CGR, NAR, AGR and SLW followed by application of MH @ 200 ppm (60 and 80 DAS) as compared to control. Higher concentration of MH improved RGR values while the plant height decreased significantly. Among the biochemical parameters, chlorophyll 'a', chlorophyll 'b' and total chlorophyll contents were significantly more with MH @ 300 ppm (60 and 80 DAS) followed by MH @ 200 ppm (60 and 80 DAS). The important yield and yield components viz., pod yield, haulm yield, kernel yield, shelling per cent and oil content were significantly more with MH @ 300 ppm (60 and 80 DAS) followed by MH @ 200 ppm (60 and 80 DAS) as compared to control. The post harvest observations (immediately after harvest and 15 days after harvest) revealed that the germination per cent, shoot length, root length and whole seedling length and seedling vigour index were found more in control and these parameters were lowest in treatment with MH @ 300 ppm and this treatment showed more number of dormant seeds. The total phenol contents were more in control and application of MH reduced the contents. The B:C ratio was higher with MH @ 200 ppm (60 and 80 DAS) followed by MH @ 300 ppm (60 and 80 DAS) as compared to control."ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MESTA GENOTYPES (Hibiscus spp.)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2004) Bhajantri, Chandrashekar M; Mummigatti, U V"A field experiment was conducted at MARS, UAS, Dhanvad during kharif 2002 to asses the physiological, biophysical and biochemical basis of yield difference in mesta genotypes under this non-traditional area. The experiment consisted of 11 genotypes of two species of mesta (Hibiscus sabdariffa and H. cannabinus) with three replications laidout in RBD. The crop was raised with recommended agronomic practices. The periodical observations were recorded. The correlation study of these parameters with fibre yield was also made. Genotypes showed significant differences in their morphological parameters. The genotypes AS-73 CP-560, HS-2, AMV-4 and AMV-3 recorded significantly higher plant height, number of leaves, number of branches and basal stem diameter and these parameters showed significant positive correlation with fibre yield. The dry matter accumulation in leaves increased upto 120 DAS and decreased thereafter, while dry matter accumulation in stem, reproductive parts and TDMP increased till harvest and these parameters were found significantly higher in AS-73 CP-560 followed by HS-2, AMV-4 and AMV-3. These genotypes also recorded significantly higher LA, LAI, LAD, CGR and NAR. All above parameters except NAR showed significant and positive correlation with fibre yield. The biophysical parameters viz., RWC (%), LIR (%) and number of stomata on both abaxial and adaxial surfaces recorded significantly higher values in AS-73 CP-560 followed by HS-2, AMV-4 and AMV-3. These parameters showed significant and positive correlation with fibre yield. Biochemical parameters viz., leaf chlorophyll, phenols, tannins and sugars content were significantly higher in AS-73 CP-560, HS-2, AMV-4 and AMV-3 genotypes and these parameters showed significant and negative correlation with fibre yield except chlorophyll at harvest. The genotypes AS-73 CP-560, HS-2, AMV-4 and AMV-3 recorded significantly higher fibre yield, stalk yield, fibre equivalent yield, fibre recovery (%) and days to 50% flowering, while seed yield and 1000-seed weights were significantly lower compared to others. All above yield components recorded positive correlation with fibre yield except seed yield. It is concluded from the present study that the genotypes AS-73 CP-560 (13.67 q/ha), HS-2 (13.34 q/ha), AMV-4 (12.90 q/ha) and AMV-3 (12.39 q/ha) are high fibre yielding genotypes and HC-583 (7.55 q/ha), AMC-108 (7.23 q/ha) and AMV-2 (7.27 q/ha) are high seed yielding genotypes. The phenotypic characters viz., plant height and stem dry matter are significantly and positively associated with fibre yield while seed yield is significantly and negatively associated with fibre yield. There is a potential for yield improvement in both fibre and seed yield on need basis in these mesta genotypes."ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MESTA GENOTYPES (Hibiscus spp.)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2004) Bhajantri, Chandrashekar M; Mummigatti, U V"A field experiment was conducted at MARS, UAS, Dhanvad during kharif 2002 to asses the physiological, biophysical and biochemical basis of yield difference in mesta genotypes under this non-traditional area. The experiment consisted of 11 genotypes of two species of mesta (Hibiscus sabdariffa and H. cannabinus) with three replications laidout in RBD. The crop was raised with recommended agronomic practices. The periodical observations were recorded. The correlation study of these parameters with fibre yield was also made. Genotypes showed significant differences in their morphological parameters. The genotypes AS-73 CP-560, HS-2, AMV-4 and AMV-3 recorded significantly higher plant height, number of leaves, number of branches and basal stem diameter and these parameters showed significant positive correlation with fibre yield. The dry matter accumulation in leaves increased upto 120 DAS and decreased thereafter, while dry matter accumulation in stem, reproductive parts and TDMP increased till harvest and these parameters were found significantly higher in AS-73 CP-560 followed by HS-2, AMV-4 and AMV-3. These genotypes also recorded significantly higher LA, LAI, LAD, CGR and NAR. All above parameters except NAR showed significant and positive correlation with fibre yield. The biophysical parameters viz., RWC (%), LIR (%) and number of stomata on both abaxial and adaxial surfaces recorded significantly higher values in AS-73 CP-560 followed by HS-2, AMV-4 and AMV-3. These parameters showed significant and positive correlation with fibre yield. Biochemical parameters viz., leaf chlorophyll, phenols, tannins and sugars content were significantly higher in AS-73 CP-560, HS-2, AMV-4 and AMV-3 genotypes and these parameters showed significant and negative correlation with fibre yield except chlorophyll at harvest. The genotypes AS-73 CP-560, HS-2, AMV-4 and AMV-3 recorded significantly higher fibre yield, stalk yield, fibre equivalent yield, fibre recovery (%) and days to 50% flowering, while seed yield and 1000-seed weights were significantly lower compared to others. All above yield components recorded positive correlation with fibre yield except seed yield. It is concluded from the present study that the genotypes AS-73 CP-560 (13.67 q/ha), HS-2 (13.34 q/ha), AMV-4 (12.90 q/ha) and AMV-3 (12.39 q/ha) are high fibre yielding genotypes and HC-583 (7.55 q/ha), AMC-108 (7.23 q/ha) and AMV-2 (7.27 q/ha) are high seed yielding genotypes. The phenotypic characters viz., plant height and stem dry matter are significantly and positively associated with fibre yield while seed yield is significantly and negatively associated with fibre yield. There is a potential for yield improvement in both fibre and seed yield on need basis in these mesta genotypes."ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MESTA GENOTYPES (Hibiscus spp.)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2004) Bhajantri, Chandrashekar M; Mummigatti, U V"A field experiment was conducted at MARS, UAS, Dhanvad during kharif 2002 to asses the physiological, biophysical and biochemical basis of yield difference in mesta genotypes under this non-traditional area. The experiment consisted of 11 genotypes of two species of mesta (Hibiscus sabdariffa and H. cannabinus) with three replications laidout in RBD. The crop was raised with recommended agronomic practices. The periodical observations were recorded. The correlation study of these parameters with fibre yield was also made. Genotypes showed significant differences in their morphological parameters. The genotypes AS-73 CP-560, HS-2, AMV-4 and AMV-3 recorded significantly higher plant height, number of leaves, number of branches and basal stem diameter and these parameters showed significant positive correlation with fibre yield. The dry matter accumulation in leaves increased upto 120 DAS and decreased thereafter, while dry matter accumulation in stem, reproductive parts and TDMP increased till harvest and these parameters were found significantly higher in AS-73 CP-560 followed by HS-2, AMV-4 and AMV-3. These genotypes also recorded significantly higher LA, LAI, LAD, CGR and NAR. All above parameters except NAR showed significant and positive correlation with fibre yield. The biophysical parameters viz., RWC (%), LIR (%) and number of stomata on both abaxial and adaxial surfaces recorded significantly higher values in AS-73 CP-560 followed by HS-2, AMV-4 and AMV-3. These parameters showed significant and positive correlation with fibre yield. Biochemical parameters viz., leaf chlorophyll, phenols, tannins and sugars content were significantly higher in AS-73 CP-560, HS-2, AMV-4 and AMV-3 genotypes and these parameters showed significant and negative correlation with fibre yield except chlorophyll at harvest. The genotypes AS-73 CP-560, HS-2, AMV-4 and AMV-3 recorded significantly higher fibre yield, stalk yield, fibre equivalent yield, fibre recovery (%) and days to 50% flowering, while seed yield and 1000-seed weights were significantly lower compared to others. All above yield components recorded positive correlation with fibre yield except seed yield. It is concluded from the present study that the genotypes AS-73 CP-560 (13.67 q/ha), HS-2 (13.34 q/ha), AMV-4 (12.90 q/ha) and AMV-3 (12.39 q/ha) are high fibre yielding genotypes and HC-583 (7.55 q/ha), AMC-108 (7.23 q/ha) and AMV-2 (7.27 q/ha) are high seed yielding genotypes. The phenotypic characters viz., plant height and stem dry matter are significantly and positively associated with fibre yield while seed yield is significantly and negatively associated with fibre yield. There is a potential for yield improvement in both fibre and seed yield on need basis in these mesta genotypes."ThesisItem Open Access QUANTITATIVE CHANGES IN MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERS UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS IN COTTON (Gossypium Spp.)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2004) Naganur, Ravi; Janagoudar, B S"A field experiment was conducted during kkarif 2002 to study the quantitative changes in morphological and biochemical characters under rainfed conditions in cotton [Gossypium spp.) at Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad. The experiment consisted of twelve genotypes belonging to three species of cotton and was laid out in a randomised block design on medium black soil. Genotypes of different species showed significant differences in their growth pattern and dry matter production and distribution into different plant parts. Early maturing genotypes possessed higher dry matter at all the stages mainly because of higher CGR, NAR and leaf area at early growth stages as compared to late maturing genotypes. In addition, these genotypes also possessed higher photosynthetic rate, transpiration, conductance, water use efficiency and relative water content than the late maturing genotypes. The total and 'a' and 'b' components of chlorophyll and proline contents varied significantly among the different genotypes. The early genotype, 4350308 recorded significantly higher proline content at all the growth stages compared to other genotypes. Early maturing G. hirsutum species produced higher seed cotton yield (838.8 kg/ha) as compared to G. herbaceum (642.2 kg/ha) and G. arboreum species (636.2 kg/ha). Among the genotypes, the genotype 4350308 of G. hirsutum produced significantly higher seed cotton yield (893.8 kg/ha) which was mainly attributed to higher boll weight, harvest index, higher proline and chlorophyll contents. Thus, in conclusion, the early maturing cotton genotypes were found to be morpho-physiologically efficient in terms of growth ^ d yield components and escaped drought and heliothis incidence, Thus, early maturing genotypes could be recommended under rainfed conditions for getting higher yield."ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF ORGANICS ON PHYSIOLOGY AND QUALITY IN FENUGREEK (Trigonella foenum graecum L.)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2004) Srinivasa, H S; Chetti, M B"A field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during rabi 2003 to study the influence of different organics and biofertilizers on physiology and quality in fenugreek. The experiment consisted of twelve treatments laidout in randomised block design with three replications. The variety used was Gujrat methi I. Results revealed that the soil application of poultry manure (5.0 t ha""^) and seed treatment with Azospirillum (500 g ha'^) and phosphate solublising bacteria (500 g ha""^) recorded maximum plant height, fresh weight, number of branches, TDM and higher values for leaf area, LAI, CGR and AGR compared to all other treatments. The growth parameters AGR, CGR and LAI showed significant positive relationship with yield. The biochemical parameters viz., total chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase activity, yield and yield attributes recorded significantly higher values with poultry manure + Azospirillum + PSB compared to control and other treatments. Quality parameters viz., per cent moisture, per cent regain, seed imbibition values were significantly higher in the treatment with poultry manure + biofertilizer, thereby indicating good keeping quality. This treatment also had higher net returns (Rs. 28,516 ha""^) and the B : C ratio (1 :2.8). In light of above findings, it is concluded that the soil application of poultry manure and seed treatment with Azospirillum and phosphate solublising bacteria is more effective in increasing yield potential and quality in fenugreek through their influence on physiological parameters."ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF YIELD VARIATION IN FRENCH BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) GENOTYPES(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BANGALORE, 2004) Mohan Kumar, M V; Nalini Prabhakar, A S"A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2003 under irrigated conditions at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to study the ""Physiological basis of yield variation in French bean [Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes"". The experiment consisted of twenty two genotypes. Nineteen newly bred genotypes and three released popular varieties were used for evaluation. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with four replication on medium black soil. Significant differences were observed for various morpho-physiological, growth, biochemical parameters, yield and yield components between the genotypes. The genotype 'Arka Komal' possessed significantly higher number of leaves and branches per plant as compared to other genotypes, besides having higher value for leaf area, leaf area index, absolute growth rate and crop growth rate. The genotype was superior as well as efficient with respect to production and partitioning of total dry matter, particularly in reproductive parts. Significantly higher total chlorophyll was observed in 'Arka Komal'. The genotype 'IIHR-909' showed higher protein content followed by 'DWD-FB-r and 'DWD-FB-57'. The genotype differed significantly with respect to SLA and SLW at all stages except at harvest. The genotype 'DWD-FB-26' showed higher SLW followed by 'Arka Komal', however the genotype 'Arka Komal' showed higher SLA followed by 'DWD-FB-9'. Significant differences were observed with respect to yield and yield components within the genotypes. The important and components i.e., number of seeds per pod, seed weight per plant and seed yield per ha was highest in 'Arka Komal' followed by 'DWD-FB-69' and 'DWD-FB-27'."