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ThesisItem Open Access Food retailing in karnataka - a case of supermarkets(UAS, Dharwad, 2007) K.B.Ramappa; H.S.S.KhanGlobally, retailing is a big business. It is one of the largest industries in India and second largest employer after agriculture. The share of organized retail is more in developed countries but bulk of this business is unorganized (97%) in India. In recent times, retail sector has been growing rapidly with the multitude of factors viz., increasing sophistication, modernization of the life-style of households and increasing globalization of trade. Hence, an effort was made in the state to study the entire business aspects of organized food retailing particularly in supermarkets using both primary and secondary data collected from various sources. The study found that majority of the organized supermarkets existing and operating only in big cities with multi outlets operating under the single management and accounts for huge costs and turnover. The centralized purchasing pattern was followed in most of the organized supermarkets whereas store level purchasing was noticed in un-organized retailing. The purchase frequency was found to be more in fruits and vegetables but the cost/quintal was highest in chilli and least in rice. The quantity procured and their unit costs were found high in Bangalore alone due to higher average size of the supermarkets and turnover. Short-time period inventories were observed in all supermarkets. Higher percent of value addition was noticed in mustard (27.68%) among groceries, and tomato (49.21%) in fruits and vegetables. At an overall, all supermarkets in the state followed absorption cost pricing and market pricing methods by attaching significance importance to the quality and nature of products. Non-availability of trained employees and demand for credit and bargains from the customers were the key problems among different variables considered. Finally, the primefactors influencing consumers to go for purchase at supermarkets were grouped in three clusters such as accessibility and product oriented, influencing, and product promotion factors.ThesisItem Open Access Policy reforms and performance of regulated markets in Karnataka(UAS, Dharwad, 2007) N.M.Kerur; Basavaraj BanakarIn agricultural sector reforms, agricultural marketing needs an urgent attention, which acts as a catalyst for agriculture sector growth in the country. There are many policy reforms undertaken in regulated markets of Karnataka from time to timeIn spite of all policies perceived in regulated markets were not resulted in expected outcomes in the marketing system of agricultural commodities. Hence the present study is mainly concerned with the policy reforms and performance of regulated markets in Karnataka in general and north Karnataka in particular. Number of traders and other market functionaries were not increased in accordance with the increase in arrivals, therefore, the absorption of trade was mainly in the hands of few traders and market functionaries. The liberalization of markets may lead to better competition and increase in number of traders and other functionaries which may result in equalization of trade among the traders and increase in producers share in consumer rupee. The amount lent to beneficiaries under pledge loan scheme as percentage of total turnovers of regulated markets in Karnataka was negligible throughout the study period. Market wise performance indicates farmers utilizing this scheme were insignificant in selected markets. Hence, efforts should be made to popularize and allocate more funds under this scheme. Impact of policy change with respect to market cess was significantly influenced the arrivals and prices in general, but it was positive on jowar and negative on cotton and groundnut trade. In the market intervention policy it was found that maize was the major commodity purchased under revolving fund scheme. Improvement of market information system in regulated markets resulted in operation of markets independently without much integration among themselves. As revealed by the cluster analysis, payment for the produce, accuracy of market information, weighing charges, deceit in prices needs to be standardized for better market performance.ThesisItem Open Access Dynamics of coffee marketing and export : an agribusiness approach(UAS Dharwad, 2013) Ashoka N.; Balachandra K. NaikIn India, Coffee occupies a pride position among plantation crops grown. The investigation was conducted in Karnataka state with overall objectives of studying dynamics of coffee marketing and export from India. The secondary data were collected mainly from Coffee Board of India, Bangalore and primary data from 30 coffee curing units of Chikmagalur, Kodagu and Hassan districts. The analytical techniques included trend analysis, co-integration technique, ARIMA, CAGR, NPC, Markov chain and descriptive statistics. The results revealed that, Arabica coffee growing regions witnessed declining trends in area, production and productivity except in non-traditional areas. Annual increase in price of Arabica and Robusta coffee was highest at ICO and similar trends witnessed in case of domestic prices during the study period. An international coffee price determines Indian coffee prices to a greater extent for both Arabica and Robusta coffee but not the other way round. The wholesale and retail prices of seed and powder coffee in Hyderabad and Chennai markets heavily depend on Bangalore market prices. Chikmagalur is the lead market for farm gate prices of uncured coffee as it influences the rest of farm gate markets. The forecast prices shown an increasing trend in the next months in different markets studied. Robusta cherry coffee forms lion share in export market from India both in quantity and value terms. Coffee exports in terms of quantity and value terms increased at the rate of 1.60 and 12.10 per cent per annum respectively, during the study period. Italy is the most competitive destination for major types of coffee in India. Italy and Germany are the most stable importers of Arabica coffee and Robusta parchment coffee with greater retention of previous imports. Russian Federation is the most competitive and stable destination for export of Instant coffee from India.ThesisItem Open Access Estimation of Post Harvest Losses of Major Fruits and Vegetables in Karnataka - A Management Appraisal(UAS Dharwad, 2012) D.H. Mitrannavar; R.A. YeledahalliThe present study was aimed at estimation of post-harvest losses in major fruits and vegetables. Based on the triennium average (2007-08 to 2009-10) area under fruits and vegetable crops grown in Karnataka, five major fruits viz., mango, banana, citrus, guava and sapota, and five major vegetables viz., potato, tomato, brinjal, beans and onion had been selected for the study. Keeping in view the objectives of the study, a multi-stage random sampling procedure was adopted in the selection of the districts, taluks, villages and farmers. In the fourth and final stage, five vegetable growing farmers in each village were randomly selected. In all, 150 farmers were selected from each category of fruits and vegetables at the rate of 30 farmers from each district. From each district six wholesaler cum commission agents, three retailers dealing these crops were also interviewed. Thus, the number of wholesaler cum commission agents, retailers for each crop was nine for each crop (45 for vegetable and 45 for fruits). The data so collected was analysed using tabular presentation method and functional analysis. The results of the regression analysis revealed that the factors like production per ha (0.0249), adverse weather condition (0.4900), inadequate storage facilities (0.7913), inadequate transportation facilities (0.5844) and type of family (0.3173) exerted a significant and positive influence on post harvest losses and the variable like production per ha (0.0504), adverse weather conditions (1.3386) and inadequate storage facilities (0.8132) exerted significant and positive influence on post harvest losses as indicated by step down regression analysis. The existing different arrangements for the post harvest management seen were viz., special mandies, notification status, cooperative marketing societies, farmers’ interest groups and export promoting units. The results of the study revealed that in case of fruits, the overall loss at different stages was around 60.08 kg in mango, 392.66 kg in banana, 31.97 kg in citrus, 37.30 kg in guava and 55.37 kg in sapota, where as in case of vegetables the overall loss at different stages was around 177.71 kg in potato, 108.53 kg in tomato, 72.00 kg in brinjal, 67.56 kg in beans and 138.45 kg in onion. Inadequate transportation facilities were viewed as one of the major post harvest problem by 80 per cent of fruit growers and 91.67 per cent in case of vegetables post harvest management.ThesisItem Open Access Marketing of dry chillies in karnataka –a management appraisal(UAS Dharwad, 2007) K.Shivashankar; Basavaraj BanakarChilli crop is grown largely for the production of dry chillies, which is an important spice crop of India. This study was intended to make an attempt to identify the problems related to marketing of dry chillies, to develop the grade standards for dry chillies, extent of integration among the major dry chilli markets of Karnataka, analyzing management appraisal of chilli processing nits and extent of value addition to dry chillies. The both primary ands secondary data was collected and analyses by employing tabular presentation technique, index ranking, trend analysis, time series analysis, co-integration technique, nominal protection co-efficient and markov chain model. The investment pattern of dry chilli processing units revealed that, there was direct relationship between the total capital investment and the size of the unit in all the selected units, working capital was more because of heavy amount required on procurement of raw materials and the finished products marketed through two channels. These units manufacture range of products like chilli powder, sambar powder and turmeric powder. Retailers share was higher in total marketing margin as compared to other intermediaries in the chain. The co-integration analysis indicated that the selected markets are integrated at different orders. The growth rates of both quantity and value of exports of dry chilies found to be increased significantly. The nominal protection coefficient (NPC) indicated that India is more competitive in the export of dry chillies owing to its suitable agro-climatic conditions and cheap labour. The USA and Malaysia were found to be highly loyal markets for Indian chilli as indicated by the retention of their previous share of dry chillies exports from India. The farmers opined that the rain uncertainty, lack of labour availability, lack of input availability and among the marketing problems wide price fluctuations, high cost on packaging and transportation cost are the major problems opined by the farmers.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative analysis of rice marketing system in Srilanka: pre and post liberalization period(UAS Dharwad, 2006) L.P.Rupasena; H.S.VijayakumarThis study examined the structural changes in rice marketing after economic liberalization in 1977 to compare the performance between pre and post liberalization period. Since marketing links with the production, efficiency in rice cultivation and profitability via competing crops were also studied during post liberalization era. Major policy changes on marketing during post liberalization period were closing down of Paddy Marketing Board along with guaranteed price scheme, replacement of rice rationing scheme into the food stamp scheme, liberalization of rice imports, price stabilization through variable tariff and establishment of a food supply monitoring system. The growth analysis showed that area under rice showed a positive growth before liberalization and no growth after liberalization. Nevertheless, yield registered a positive growth in both periods but the growth rate lowered in the post liberalization period. Production function analysis depicted that rice faming was technically and allocatively inefficient in post period; labour and fertilizer were over used and seed was under used. The B-C ratios were less than one for rice in all the districts studied indicating un-profitability in production but over unity for all alternative crops studied. Producer and retail price of rice increased in real terms during pre liberalization era and declined in post liberalization period. Seasonal price fluctuation reduced during post liberalization regime over pre liberalization regime due to deregulation of rice trade. Rice wholesale markets were well integrated during the post liberalization period indicating a positive role played by market liberalization policies. The value of Nominal Protection coefficient suggests that Sri Lankan rice is uncompetitive in the international trade. The study stressed the need for a paradise shift towards increasing farm income rather than increasing production to sustain rice farming in the open economy. The policies governing rice economy should focus on developing forward and backward linkages with private sector.ThesisItem Open Access Economic performance of agriclinics and agribusiness centres in south india(UAS Dharwad, 2006) Rajashekar Karjagi; H.S.S.KhanThe present study made an attempt to assess training needs of agripreneurs, their profile, model projects undertaken by them, some case studies, problems and suggestions, extent of loans issued and strategies adopted by the commercial banks under the scheme of AC and ABCs. Both primary and secondary information were used in the study. The primary data was collected from 135 trained agripreneurs scattered throughout South India. Secondary data was collected from MANAGE, NABARD, SLBCs and respective training institutes. Appropriate techniques like averages, percentages chi-square test, regression weighted average, standard deviation and project analysis techniques were used to analyse the data. The major source of information was found to be friends (74.81%) and information technology was the major training need of trainees. Around 61.48 per cent of the trainees were belonged to below age group of 31 and 63 per cent were graduates. Majority of the agripreneurs (41.00%) undertaken the project of rural marketing dealerships of farm inputs and outputs. Results of the financial feasibility tests indicated that all the projects under the study were financially feasible and economically viable except project (4) which might be due to its service nature. Karnataka was found to be highest in both number of units (203) financed and amount of loan disbursed (Rs. 1318.64 lakh) which amounts to 74.91 per cent and 80.57 per cent respectively. All the commercial banks were being followed the strategies governed by RBI. High rate of interest and lack of subsidy component in the scheme was the major problem (93.25%) and linking the training institute with financial institutions for loan sanction was the major suggestion given by the agripreneurs (67.40%). Although trainees under the scheme of AC and ABCs undergone training most of them were not successful in starting their AC and ABCs.ThesisItem Open Access A Study on Quality, Grading and Prices of Important Vegetable Marketing in Karnataka(UAS Dharwad, 2005) C. Murthy; L.K.WaderThe technological breakthrough in Indian agriculture has brought about rapid increase in the productivity levels of crops. This has generated new problems in marketing for which adequate attention has not been paid even though it has been recognised that the solution for these problems is a requisite condition for agricultural prosperity. The quality of vegetable produce brought to the market by the farmers varies considerably from lot to lot. The variation in quality is due mainly to the differences in varieties, insect and pest damages, methods and time of harvesting and agro-climatic factors. It is therefore, highly essential to grade the produce brought to the market on scientific lines in order to get remunerative prices. Scientific grading should be based on important test factors so that the sellers would be able to describe the quality that they are offering and the buyers should understand what is being offered. Both primary and secondary information were collected and used in the study. Hubli, Belgaum and Bijapur vegetable markets were purposively selected for the study. These three markets are the terminal markets for onion, potato, tomato and brinjal in the Karnataka state and bulk of the vegetables are produced in these three important markets. A total of 330 samples were collected at random during the peak season (September to January) from these three markets. To determine the seasonal factor(s) the seasonal index numbers were worked out by using the ratio to moving average method. The stepwise multiple regression analysis to study the eye-sight grades, price, quality factors and non-quality factors determining the vegetables prices was employed. It was necessary to give appropriate weightage to each one of these qualitative variables required for the development of grade standards for the selected vegetables. It was evident from the study that eye-sight grading system be replaced by scientific grading.