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Open Access
ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE AND ITS EFFECT ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT: A STUDY ON STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES IN UTTARAKHAND
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-02) Saklani, Tanya; Kamesari, V L V
Organizational climate is an ingrained quality of an organization and is a decisive factor in the effective realization of organizational goals. It also serves the purpose of organizational assessment and institutional improvement initiatives. Education sector is no different as there is greater emphasis on quality education and student achievement. A number of factors affect academic achievement, and a growing body of literature indicates that organizational climate affects student achievement. Despite this, there is a dearth of behavioural studies that examine the effect of organizational climate on student achievement in higher education. Past studies on organizational climate have mostly focussed on government departments. Moreover, multi-informant investigations have been very few. Therefore, a study entitled “Organizational Climate and its Effect on Student Achievement: A Study on SAUs in Uttarakhand” was undertaken with the following specific objectives: (i). To assess the organizational climate of State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) in Uttarakhand, (ii). To analyze the variation in perception of faculty members and students regarding organizational climate of State Agricultural Universities in Uttarakhand, (iii). To determine the extent to which organizational climate affects student achievement in State Agricultural Universities of Uttarakhand, (iv). To study the extent to which achievement motivation influences student achievement in State Agricultural Universities of Uttarakhand and (v). To find out the effect of socioeconomic status on student achievement in State Agricultural Universities of Uttarakhand. The study was conducted in both the SAUs in Uttarakhand i.e. Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar and Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar. From each university, two colleges were chosen using simple random sampling. Fifty per cent of the faculty members from each college were selected through simple random sampling. For the selection of students, an appropriate sample size was computed using Yamane’s formula. After eliminating first year students, 300 UG, PG and PhD degree students were selected using probability proportional to size method. Descriptive research design was used for the study and data was collected using pre-tested questionnaire, supplemented by personal interviews. It was found that most of the faculty members in both the SAUs were male, belonged to young age category and had short job experience. In GBPUAT, maximum number of the faculty members were Professors, while in VCSG UUHF, most of the faculty members were Assistant Professors. In case of students, most of them were female, belonged to young age category, had completed their previous education in English medium, belonged to upper-middle class urban households, had medium level of achievement motivation and student achievement level. Maximum number of students from GBPUAT had studied at public institutions, while in VCSG UUHF, more number of students had come from private institutions. The overall organizational climate in GBPUAT was Dependency-Achievement while that for VCSG UUHF was Affiliation-Achievement. This revealed that in GBPUAT, there is respect for people in power with key decisions being controlled by a few who have the last word on all matters. VCSG UUHF gives high value to maintaining friendly relations amongst the members and people are often rewarded on the basis of their closeness to the top persons. With respect to the faculty members, the organizational climate came out to be Achievement-Expert Influence in GBPUAT, while for VCSG UUHF it was Dependency-Expert Influence. As far as students were concerned, the organizational climate for GBPUAT was Dependency-Achievement while in case of VCSG UUHF, it was Affiliation-Control. Extension had lowest score out of all the six motives in both the universities. Correlation analysis between socio-economic status, achievement motivation, organizational climate and student achievement showed a positive and significant relationship for both the universities. All these three variables explained for 45.40 per cent variation in student achievement in GBPUAT. In VCSG UUHF, they accounted for 51.40 per cent of variation in student achievement. Path analysis for GBPUAT and VCSG UUHF revealed that organizational climate had a substantial and positive direct effect on achievement motivation while achievement motivation had a substantial positive and direct effect on student achievement. Therefore it is evident that organizational climate affects student achievement indirectly through achievement motivation, rather than having a direct effect on student achievement. It was concluded that achievement motivation mediates the effect of organizational climate on student achievement. A healthy climate contributes for the development of mental capacity and cognition of the students which, in turn, drives the students’ motivation towards accomplishment of their goals. This drive then urges the students to perform better and actually accomplish what is required of them academically. The study disproved direct effect of organizational climate on student achievement so there is a need for alternate theory building. The results from the study can be used for self evaluation of the institutions. Organizational climate in both the SAUs need improvement as they need to move from dysfunctional motives to functional ones.
Open Access
MODELING AND SIMULATION OF CUTTING FORCES IN SURFACE GRINDING PROCESS AT MICRO LEVEL USING MATLAB
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-02) Singh, Yogendra Kumar; Pankaj
Grinding is a major manufacturing process that accounts for approximately 20– 25% of total machining expenditures in industrialized countries. Everything used todayhas been machined by grinding at some point in its manufacturing process or has been produced by machines that owe their functionality to grinding operations. Grinding forces play a key role in the grinding process by influencing the specific power consumption, heat generation at the interface of abrasive cutting grains and the workpiece, quality of the ground workpiece surface and various other performance parameters. So, a mathematical model to estimate the grinding forces would help to achieve the target. Previously developed models were usually based on the assumption which might contradict with the reality as they didn’t consider the grain-workpiece interaction at the micro level (i.e., rubbing, ploughing and cutting). Also, most previous studies could only be used to predict average values on wheel basis of grinding forces because the most models were built based on average grain cutting depth or average chip thickness, and none of the grinding force details at the micro level. A new model to predict the grinding forces at micro levelof grain-workpiece interaction have been developed in the present study and validated with help of MATLAB and data available in the previous studies. The effects of grinding parameters such as depth of cut, workpiece speed, wheel speed and size of abrasive grains was studied. The predicted grinding forces were almost identical to the grinding forces experimentally estimated by the previous researchers, with an average percentage error of 6.09%. It was found that the Size of the abrasive grains (abrasive grit number) have the largest impact on rubbing, ploughing and cutting contributions. Depths of cut have the second largest effects and the dominant force component could probably be changed from rubbing to cutting by using different cut depths. The effects of wheel speeds can also be seen: fast wheel speeds lead to less rubbing forces and more cutting forces, while the effects of workpiece feed rates seem to be limited. Therefore, high wheel speeds and large workpiece feed rates are recommended to achieve high material removal rates. (
Open Access
A STUDY ON COMMUNICATION NETWORK ANALYSIS OF DAIRY FARMERS IN KUMAON DIVISION OF UTTARAKHAND
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2024-02-01) Karki, Pooja; Ansari, M. A.
Dairy contributes significantly towards socioeconomic development of rural households in the country as it is closely integrated with farming systems of rural India. In Uttarakhand, availability of abundant grazing land and forests makes it all the more important as it provides gainful employment to family members of rural households. Information about scientific dairy farming practices needs to be communicated to the dairy farmers so that they can enhance the productivity as well as production efficiency. Communication Networks play an important role in disseminating information about appropriate feeding, breeding, and disease management practices through relevant communication networks, as well as in improving animal health and yielding higher milk production. Thus, the knowledge of communication networks and the information flow will be useful in upscaling the knowledge and skills of the dairy farmers. Thus, there is an urgent need to analyze communication network and information flow between network members in dairy sector for effectively addressing the diverse and varied information needs of dairy farmers. If, the right communication networks are identified for information exchange about improved dairy farming practices within the community, it may help in promoting innovations through extension services and other livestock programme, schemes, projects. Keeping this in view a study entitled “A study on Communication Network Analysis of Dairy Farmers in Kumaon Division of Uttrakhand” was undertaken. The present study was conducted in Kumaon division of Uttarakhand. The study followed descriptive research design to meet the objectives of the study. Two districts were selected purposively on the basis of maximum number of organized milk societies and highest number of memberships (dairy farmers). The two blocks from each district were then selected purposively on the basis of maximum number of dairy cooperative societies. Later, two villages were selected from each block through random sampling without replacement. Thirty dairy farmers from each of the eight selected village (sample size 240) were selected for the study through purposive sampling. The data was collected through pre-tested interview schedule and collected data was coded, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted with the help of Excel, SPSS and UCINET software. From the study findings, it can be concluded that majority of the respondents were male, middle aged, married, educated up to high school, belonged to upper caste, belonged to nuclear family with family size (<7 members), respectively. As regards dairy farming experience majority of the respondents had medium level (23- 41years) of dairy farming experience, having land less than 1 hectare with primary occupation agriculture along with dairy farming and secondary occupation as agriculture labour. It was also found that majority of the respondents had less than 4 herd size, less than 15 liter milk production, earned monthly income from dairy farming between Rs.10,000 to Rs.19,000 and earned an annual income between Rs.173,333- Rs. 556,667. It was found that all of the respondents possessed television, displayed medium information seeking and sharing behaviour. Further, it was observed that majority of the respondents had medium level of economic motivation, scientific orientation, risk orientation and management orientation. Study of communication network among the dairy farmers seeking dairy related information showed that total 29 respondents occupied the central position in the communication network as the holder of influence with respect to dissemination of dairy information. These dairy farmers can serve as Key Communicators in the village(s) for the promotion of dairy farming. Further, majority of the respondents displayed medium level of knowledge of improved dairy farming practices. Also, it was found that selected profile characteristics of dairy farmers such as education, experience, herd size, daily milk production, monthly income from dairy farming, total annual income, economic motivation, scientific orientation, management orientation, decision making ability, risk taking ability, information seeking behaviour and information sharing behaviour were found to have had positively and significant relationship with their knowledge of improved dairy farming practices. Age and land holding of the respondents had non-significant relationship with their knowledge of improved dairy farming practices. Major constraints as reported by the dairy farmers were unavailability of vaccines, low price of milk offered, lack of training facilities in dairy sector, inadequate or lack of information about government schemes. The identified opinion leaders as well as the type of communication networks among the dairy farmers will revitalize and reinvigorate the dairy sector in Uttarakhand. The study outcomes are important as it will help dairy professionals, researchers, policy makers in advancing the cause of dairy farming in the state.
Open Access
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF APSIM-WHEAT AND CERES-WHEAT MODEL FOR PRECISION MANAGEMENT OF WHEAT CROP AND MITIGATION OF THE ADVERSE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE UNDER TARAI REGION OF UTTARAKHAND
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2022-09-01) Pareek, Neha; Nain, A. S.
Climate change impacts on wheat production has widespread and national ramifications for food and nutritional security. A field study was conducted during rabi2017-18 and 2018-19 at agricultural farm of G.B. Pant University forcomparative study of APSIM-Wheat and CERES-Wheat model for precision management of wheat crop and mitigation of adverse impact of climate change Tarai region of Uttarakhand. APSIM-Wheat and CERES-Wheat, which simulates yieldhas been calibrated for winter wheat using experimental dataof 2017-18 crop season.The calibration was performed against anthesis (DAS), physiological maturity (DAS), grain and biomass yield for the three treatments of sowing dates (viz.,15th November, 25th November and 05th December) , three levels of irrigation (number of irrigation five, four and three) for two wheat varieties (HD-2967 and PBW-502).The calibrated APSIM-Wheat and CERES-Wheat model were then applied to validate anthesis (DAS), physiological maturity (DAS), yield and biomass for rabi season of 2018-19 for the three treatments of sowing dates (viz., 15th November, 25th November and 05th December) , three levels of irrigation (number of irrigation five, four and three) for two wheat varieties (HD-2967 and PBW-502). The simulated output by the CERES-Wheat model found closer to the experimental field data therefore this model was applied for other two objectives. In this study sowing time and irrigation (number of irrigations) were optimised to get economical yield. A sowing window starting from last week of October (25th October) to the first week of December (06th December) was selected for optimization of sowing date. Crop sown in the first week of November produced highest grain yield followed by sowing in second and third week in the rabi season of 2017-18 and 2018-19.The optimum number of irrigations for wheat was also evaluated by CERES-Wheat model through projected irrigation scenarios. Present study revealed that in this region three irrigations are sufficient for optimum yield. This model also applied to predict the wheat biomass and yield in the year 2030, 2050 and 2080 and found that biomass and yield will be decreased in the future years due to increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall. In-situ moisture conservation, rainwater harvesting and recycling, and efficient irrigation water use are all important adaptation strategies to combat the adverse effect of climate change. Breeders will need to develop some short-duration varieties in the coming years by changing the genetic makeup of existing varieties. Early flowering (photo- and thermo-insensitivity), early maturity, and higher productivity should be characteristics of the new varieties. Identification of crops and varieties/ hybrids with high water use efficiency, adapted to temperature extremes and high concentration of CO2 is needed in this climate change scenario.
Open Access
IN-VITRO STUDIES ON NANOPARTICLE MEDIATED BIODEGRADATION OF ELECTRONIC WASTE BY NATIVE BACTERIA
(2023-02-01) Chakraborty, Moumita; Rai, J. P. N.
The management of electronic waste (e-waste) becomes a global issue in this digital era. Plastics are neither the main residue nor the most important pollutant in electronic trash, but they take up a lot of room due to their low density and the forms of their parts. They make up about 17 percent of the WEEE (Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment) stream. More than 55% of all the polymers in e-waste are made up of ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) and HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene Sheet). Existing conventional practices are harmful for dealing with e-waste, therefore, indigenous soil bacteria were explored for e-waste treatment through enrichment culture approach followed by screening, identification and their characterization used for in-vitro biodegradation investigation. Soil bacteria were enriched in the presence of e-waste for 6 months and the findings were established through optical density value that were higher in the case of soil enrichment than the control. Based on their morphological, biochemical and molecular characterizations, the bacterial isolates MGP1, MGP4 and MGP15 were identified as Bacillus aryabhattai, Sporosarcina sp., Rhodococcus kroppenstedtii. The selection and biocompatibility testing of potential isolates were performed for the formation of bacterial consortia. All the isolates displayed their best performance at pH 7, temperature 30°C and shaking speed 120 rpm. Supplementing the nutrient medium with additional carbon and nitrogen sources enhanced the rate of polymer degradation by the bacterial isolates. A known bacterial strain Pseudomonas fluorescens was selected for the degradation of the electronic waste and its comparison with that of screened bacterial isolates. Comparative studies showed that e-waste degradation potential of consortium is better than the individual bacterial strains. Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were used to study its effect on biodegradation ability of the best suited bacterial strain. The biodegradation of e-waste by the selected strains during in vitro experiment was confirmed by analytical processes like FT-IR, FESEM, EDX elemental analysis. Thus, this study besides providing direct and standardized protocol for screening and selection of efficient e-waste utilizing bacteria is also demonstrating potential consortia which are ready to be used. The bacterial isolates were able to degrade e-polymer both in media and soil and therefore can be used profitably for field scale bioremediation technology.
Open Access
Online Teaching During Covid-19: A Study of State Agricultural Universities of Uttarakhand
(2023-05-09) Jalal, Priyanka; Amardeep
The Coronavirus (COVID-19) had created an unimagined situation all over the world and on 11 March, 2020 WHO officially announced it as the pandemic. Across the world, most schools, colleges, and universities were closed to control the spread of the COVID-19 which created difficulties for students, families, and teachers to continuing the education. Therefore, online teaching learning was the only solution to overcome this situation. There is no doubt that the crisis has accelerated the adoption of technologies to deliver education and will help strengthen the country’s digital learning infrastructure in the long run. Digital education needs a balanced coordination between course content, educationists, technology and course-takers but the sudden shift to online teaching without any planning especially in developing countries like India where the backbone for online teaching- learning was not ready and the curriculum was not designed for such a format has resulted the many challenges and obstacles for students & teachers. Therefore, the study was undertaken with following objectives: to study the sociocommunication and psychological characteristics of respondents, to assess the instructional effectiveness, to study the attitude of students and teachers, to study the expected changes in educational practices in post-Covid era, to study the constraints and to find out the relationship between socio-economic characteristics and instructional effectiveness as perceived by students. The present study was conducted among two SAUs of Uttarakhand and one college from each university was selected randomly. The descriptive research design was used and sample was selected randomly by 25 percent of students (both UG &PG) and 50 percent of teachers from each college. Thus, the final sample comprised of 359 students and 55 teachers. A pre-tested questionnaire was used for data collection and done by online and offline survey. Appropriate statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, average, standard deviation, weighted mean, correlation co-efficient and garret ranking were used for the data analysis. The results of study revealed that majority of UG students (64.89%) were belonged to younger age group i.e. upto 21 years and PG students (67.91%) were between 21-24 years of age group. Majority of students (62.67%) were enrolled in undergraduate program and 33.33 were in post graduate degree program. About half of students (50.70%) had medium academic performance i.e. between 7.00-7.99 CGPA and moderate technological readiness. Most of students were belonged to rural hill and urban plain area and also had medium ICTs exposure. The learning style of UG and PG students was different as half of UG students (49.78%) were divergers and 44.03 percent of PG were convergers. Majority of total students had medium self-confidence and found the online instructions moderately effective. Majority of students were using smart phone and laptops for online classes and had favorable attitude towards online teaching. In addition, majority of teachers were male, belonged to young age category i.e. upto 44 years, had PhD qualification, were assistant professor, belonged to rural plain, had short teaching experience (upto 13 years) and only 43.64 percent of teachers had received training in ICT. Majority of teachers were having medium ICT exposure and were using smart phone and computer on daily basis. Regarding satisfaction of faculty with online teaching, 47.27 percent had low satisfaction and perceived less competent in e-teaching i.e. 45.45 percent. Moreover, maximum numbers of teachers (47.27%) evinced a positive and favorable attitude towards online teaching and they were having medium to high expectation for changes in educational practices in post COVID era. Furthermore, the major constraints reported by respondents were disrupted or slow speed of internet, connectivity problem, irregular classes over online platform, ineffective time management, large size of course content and class size, lack of satisfaction, health issues, unfamiliarity with new online platform, lack in support services, lack in students’perfomance evaluation as well as less interaction in online classes. The findings also highlighted that students’ academic performance and their technological readiness had significant relation with instructional effectiveness whereas students’ self-confidence and their attitude had highly significant relationship with instructional effectiveness of online teaching.
Open Access
G×E Interaction and Genetic Diversity Studies for Seed Yield and Attributing Traits in Advance Lines of Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss.
(2023-05-01) Sahu, Sabyasachi; Tewari, S. K.
The present investigation was carried out in rabi season of 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021- 2022 with objectives to to study G x E interaction and varietal stability by using AMMI model, nature and extent of Genetic Variability and Heritability, Genetic Divergence ,nature and magnitude of association and direct and indirect effects of various seed yield and attributing traits in Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss. at N.E.B.C.R.C. and oilseed lab of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding at G.B.P.U.A. &T., Pantnagar. The experimental material comprised of fourty four advance lines including checks, sown in Randomised Block Design with 3 replications. For this investigation eleven traits namely days to maturity, plant height, length of main raceme, siliquae on main raceme , number of primary branch, number of secondary branch, siliqua length , number of seeds/siliqua,1000 seed weight, oil content and seed yield were observed for five randomly selected competitive plants. The resulting data were subjected to statistical analysis. The result of analysis of variance revealed that difference among mustard lines was highly significant for all the characters. The G x E interaction and varietal stability of mustard lines were estimated by using AMMI model and it was observed that the main effect as well as G x E interaction effect was significant for all the traits under study. AMMI model having two principle components axis (IPCA I and IPCA II) is genotype PRE-2020-1 for seed yield were considered as most stable genotypes in all the environments. Highest GCV and PCV estimates were exhibited by number of secondary branches, number of primary branches, 1000 seed weight, seed yield. High heritability and high genetic advance as percentage of mean reported in the character number of secondary branch, 1000 seed weight. High positive significant correlation for seed yield reported by plant height, length of main raceme, siliquae on main raceme, number of primary branches. Path coefficient analysis showed that the characters length of main raceme, number of primary branch and 1000 seed weight exhibited positive direct effects on seed yield per plot and these traits also recorded positive correlation with yield. The D2 analysis was carried out for eleven characters, which partitioned the fourty four genotypes into twelve highy divergent clusters. On the basis of the study conducted, it was concluded that there was a wide range of variance between the genotypes which was considered as scope for improving the mustard lines through selection. On the basis of the mean performance of the genotypes, the advance lines found to be most promising are PRE-2020-12, PAB-2017-3, PRE-2019-5, PRE-2019-5, PAB-2014-4, PRL-2020-5, PRE-2018-1, PR-2020-16, PRE-2019-5 and PR-2020-9 for seed yield and its attributing traits which can be used for hybridization programme.
Open Access
Nuclear reactions relevant to fusion reactor candidate materials
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. PIN 263145, 2022-09) Navita; Joshi, G.C.
There is a possibility to develop the fusion reactors which may offers the prospect of a long-term energy production. For the development of a fusion reactor the reactor material should have low radioactivity and high capacity to endure neutron flux. To predict material damages by nuclear reactions and model the reactor design, accurate and high-quality cross-section data are required. The present study is motivated to investigate the production cross-section of 53Mn due to neutron induced reactions on stable and unstable target nuclei as well as charge particle induced reactions on stable target nuclei with the help of a nuclear modular code TALYS-1.9. It is observed that neutron as well as charge particle induced reactions play an important role in the production of 53Mn. Moreover, the production cross-sections of 54Mn, 55Fe, 59Ni and 60Co via charged particle induced reactions have been calculated by TALYS-1.9. Default input parameters and all the six ldmodels have been used in the calculation of production cross-sections. The contribution of direct, pre-equilibrium and compound nucleus reaction to the total reaction cross-section are also studied and it is found that the contribution of compound nucleus reaction is high in comparison to direct and pre-equilibrium reaction. Energy differential cross-section (EDX) and double differential cross-section (DDX) of the natural Molybdenum for (n,xp) and (n,xα) reaction at 14.1 MeV neutrons energy has been calculated by optimizing input parameters of TALYS-1.9. From EDXs calculation, it is found that most of the outgoing protons and alpha particles have energy 5 MeV and 13 MeV respectively. DDXs calculated at 10º, 30º,60º, 90º and 120º shows anisotropical distribution of outgoing proton and alpha particles. In addition to the above, recoil spectra, displacement per atom cross-section and gas production (hydrogen and helium) cross-section for 90Zr, 93Nb, 98Mo, 180Hf, 181Ta and 184W have been calculated to estimate the reactor material damage. NRT method has been used to calculate displacement per atom cross-section. Recoil spectra show that (n,n’) and (n,2n) reaction channels are major cause to produce recoil nuclei. Gas production (hydrogen and helium) cross-section infers that production cross-section of hydrogen is higher than the production cross-section of helium. From above, it is concluded that nuclear modular code TALYS-1.9 is a powerful code to predict the cross-sectional data of long-lived radionuclides induce by neutron as well as charged particles and damage produced during reactor operation, which is important to develop fusion reactor design.
Open Access
Epidemiology and management of downy mildew of vegetable pea incited by Peronospora viciae f. sp. pisi Sydow Boerema & Verhoeven
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. PIN 263145, 2022-09) Bathula, Jagadeesh; Singh, R. P.
Downy mildew caused by Peronospora viciae f. sp. pisi (Sydow) Boerema & Verhoeven is a serious foliar disease of vegetable pea. It may cause yield losses up to 55 per cent in susceptible varieties. Seed treatment and foliar fungicides provide an effective means of disease management but when this management strategy combined with sustainable approaches, the disease can be managed successfully. In the present study, efforts were made to investigate the yield loss due to downy mildew, use of chemical and biological seed treatments to reduce seed borne inoculum, cost-effective chemical control through new molecules, effect of sowing, varieties and influence of weather parameters on disease development. Screening of vegetable pea germplasms against downy mildew was also undertaken. Maximum avoidable yield losses due to protection by foliar spray of Cymoxanil 8% + mancozeb 64% were found in Arkel (34.29%), followed by AP-3 (29.44%) on first date of sowing (17th November), while in PSM-3 maximum (23.52%) avoidable yield losses was found at 3rd date of sowing (1st December). Among the fungicides and biological seed treatments under glasshouse conditions, seed treatment with combination of Metalaxyl 35% WS + Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens and Metalaxyl 35% WS + Streptomyces lydicus found to be the best with less disease incidence and severity. Seed treatment with Metalaxyl 35% WS and 2 foliar sprays at 15 days interval starting 30 days after sowing by Fluopicolide 4.44% + fosetyl-Al 66.67% WG @ 2000 g ha-1 provided the minimum disease severity (15.78 PDI) and highest yield (52.53 q ha-1) followed by Iprovalicarb 5.5% + propineb 61.25% WP @ 1600 g ha-1 and Famoxadone 16.6% + cymoxanil 22.1% SC @ 500 g ha-1 but, Famoxadone 16.6% + cymoxanil 22.1% SC provided highest net benefit cost ratio (2.22) followed by Cymoxanil 8% + mancozeb 64% WP (2.05). Lesser disease and higher yield were obtained from variety PSM-3 sown on 24th November. The maximum increase in downy mildew was recorded 40 days after sowing, and temperature range of 5.5-22.05°C and 55-96.05% relative humidity along with 7.5 mm rainfall favored the disease development. Disease severity was found to be positively correlated with minimum temperature and rainfall. Out of 89 vegetable pea germplasms screened under natural epiphytotic conditions, PSM-11, PCPGR-6091 and Selection-23 were found to be resistant, while Multi frozen, Pila Lubix, Little Marvel Lincoln, EFL-9, PSM-3, Pant Upahar were found to be moderately resistant to downy mildew.

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