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ThesisItem Open Access Variability and management of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis causing wilt of lentil(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Arya, Anshul; Kushwaha, K.P.S.Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) is one of the oldest annual grain legumes consumed and cultivated in the world. The origin of lentil is South West Asia. India is the second largest producer of lentil after Canada. Wilt disease of lentil, caused by the soil and seed-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.emend.Snyder &Hansen f.sp. lentis Vasudeva & Srinivasan is one of the most severe and prominent diseases of the lentil. The continuous prevalence of this disease makes it most important to manage during lentil cultivation. The present investigation was undertaken to study prevalence of wilt in selected lentil growing areas of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. The morphological and molecular characters of the twenty-two pathogen isolates were studied along with the evaluation of ecofriendly management practices viz; Botanicals, Animal Products, Bioagents, Oils, Medicinal Mushrooms, Spent Mushroom Compost, Synthetic Defense Inducers, fungicides, and host resistance against the pathogen under in vitro and in vivo conditions during the Rabi season 2016-17 and 2017-18. The prevalence of the wilt disease was 100 percent along with a maximum 25 percent of disease incidence in all twenty-two lentil growing areas surveyed. The fungal pathogen and its isolates were isolated on the PDA medium from roots of infected plants showing peculiar disease symptoms like yellowing, withering, and drying. After morphological identification of the fungal pathogen, isolates were further genetically identified through the universal primers ITS1 and ITS4, as Fusarium oxysporum and accession no. MK452341 was obtained for the Pantnagar isolates from NCBI. Variation in pathogenic behavior of the isolates was also observed under glasshouse conditions and isolates were categorized as highly and extremely pathogenic in their behavior. Huge variation in the morphological characteristics of the isolates was observed based on the cultural growth, pigmentation, size, and shape of conidia. At the molecular level twenty-two isolates of the pathogen with ISSR (8 primers) and SSR (5 primers) primers showed significant genetical variation with 100 percent polymorphism. PIC value for the different ISSR primers was ranged from 0.65 to 0.93 and the PIC value for the SSR primers varied from 0.68 to 0.87 that showed high level of genetical variability among the isolates. The leaf extracts of Bael and Eucalyptus were found highly significant to inhibit the pathogen growth as well as reducing the disease incidence at 30 percent concentration under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The phytochemical Eucalyptol and 1,2 Diisopropenylcyclobutane were found responsible for the antifungal activity of the plant extracts of Eucalyptus and Bael, respectively, through GCMS analysis. Among the screened animal products, cow urine with 20 percent was performed best under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Badri cow urine was found superior over Sahiwal urine and gave 100 percent inhibition in the radial growth of pathogen, at 20 percent concentration under in vitro conditions. Seed treatment with cow urine was found an effective method for management of the disease in field conditions. The induction of defense-related enzymes PAL and Catalase were found maximum at 48 hours with 7 percent concentration of Badri cow urine. Panchgavya at 15 percent concentration gave 100 percent inhibition in the radial growth of the pathogen under in vitro condition. Induction of defense-related enzymes PAL and Catalase at 3 percent concentration of panchgavya was observed at 24 hours after challenged inoculation. Seed treatment with 5 percent concentration of panchagvya showed minimum disease incidence. Trichoderma harzianum (Strain Th14) gave 70 percent inhibition in the radial growth of the pathogen. PB3 at 1.0 percent induced the defense-related enzymes PAL, PO, PPO and catalase at 48 hours after challenged inoculation of the pathogen. The seed treatment with PB-2 @ 6g/kg seed and PB-2 at 0.5 percent concentration was found most suitable for soil drenching. The medicinal mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum) was also found effective in inhibiting the radial growth of the pathogen and seed treatment with 30 percent extract of Ganoderma lucidum was showed minimum disease incidence. Mustard oil at 20 percent concentration inhibited the radial growth of pathogen under in vitro condition as well as 20ml/kg seed of it decreased the disease incidence under in vivo conditions. Application of 25 ton/ ha of Spent Mushroom Compost in the field was found effective in managing the disease. SA at 0.03 percent was found most effective in inducing the defense-related enzymes PAL, PO, PPO, and Catalase under glasshouse condition. Seed treatment with a combination of SA and BTH (1:1) at 0.1 percent concentration was found best for reducing the disease incidence. Tebuconazole was found most effective in reducing the radial growth (100% inhibition) of the pathogen under in vitro conditions at 0.05 percent concentration. Seed treatment with Tebuconazole or Propiconazole at the rate of 0.1 percent was found most effective in managing the disease under field condition. Germplasms, DL16-5, DL16-7, VL152, IPL339, IPL340, PL237, RL7-3, RVL15-5, IPL227, IPL338, IPL332 were found highly resistant against the wilt disease of lentil. These germplasms can be utilized for the cultivation of lentil crop and also in the resistance breeding program as the donor parent.ThesisItem Open Access Level of financial literacy and financial inclusion among rural households in Tamil Nadu(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Krishnakumare, B.; Singh, SaurabhThe present study was to assess the level of financial literacy and financial inclusion among rural households of Tamil Nadu during the year 2018. 8 districts, 16 taluks and 32 villages were selected using multistage sampling technique and 20 respondents from each selected village were chosen randomly. Both primary and secondary data utilized were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA), Chisquare test, multidimensional index of financial inclusion and binomial logistic regression with the help of SPSS and STATA software. The study revealed that major proportion of respondents was at medium level of financial literacy. Besides, the results of MANOVA revealed that the variables such as income, education, parent/spouse education, employment status and financial inclusion were found to be having a significant impact on financial literacy. Also, respondents having income above Rs. 10 Lakhs having their parent/spouse with post graduate degree and being financially included had shown a significant impact on financial behaviour, financial knowledge and overall financial literacy respectively. Pearson Chi-Square test indicated that there existed a statistically significant association between independent variables (gender, income and employment status) and awareness level of financial inclusion schemes. Of the eight selected districts, Coimbatore had high level of financial inclusion. Besides, Ariyalur, Dharmapuri, Dindigul, Kanniyakumari and Trichy were categorized under above average. Kancheepuram was considered to be at below average level and the extent of financial inclusion in the district Villupuram was very low. The results of binomial logistic regression revealed that respondents being employed, being self-employed, having LPG connection through Direct Benefit Transfer, frequency of bus from village to town and financial literacy had shown a significant positive impact on financial inclusion. Whereas, being unemployed and distance of village from banks turned out to be influencing negatively on financial inclusion.