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ThesisItem Open Access Comparative study of irregular RC building with shear wall and steel bracing under seismic loading(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Ankit Kumar; Ankit Kumar; Vaneeta Devi; Vaneeta DeviThe requirement of a multi-storey buildings is increasing day by day, but these buildings are highly affected by lateral loads. These lateral loads can be resisted by improving the lateral load resisting capacity of the building by the use of shear wall and steel bracing in the building at suitable locations. In the present study, the analysis of G+10 irregular RC building with shear wall and steel bracing at different locations in the building has been performed. The seismic forces are considered as per IS: 1893 (Part1) - 2016 and dead load, live load and other finishing loads are considered as per IS: 875 Part 1 and 2 in the analysis of various models considered in the present study. The building is considered in seismic zone V with damping ratio of 5%. Seismic analysis has been done using Response Spectrum method of dynamic analysis. 3D models of building with shear wall and steel bracing at different locations have been modelled and analyzed using “ETABS” software. The response parameters namely base shear, storey drift and torsion are critically analyzed to quantify the effects of shear wall and steel bracing at different locations in building. It has observed that base shear and torsion increases with the use of shear wall and steel bracing in irregular building as the stiffness of the building increases. The storey drift in the building decreases due to the increased stiffness. Since torsion is the most critical factor leading to major damage or complete collapse of buildings therefore, it is very essential that irregular buildings should be carefully analysed and designed for torsion. The performance of considered irregular building for stipulated sizes with shear wall is found better than steel bracing systems. Shear walls are definitely good mechanism for lateral loads itigation but the position of shear walls in the building should be made judiciously. In the present study, the Shear walls at exterior corners (Model 5) has found perform better than other modal cases being considered in the analysis.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of vacuum packaging on shelf life of traditionally marinated fillet of Pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fish stored at chilled temperature(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Arvind Kumar; Gupta, VipulPangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) has considered as a promising fish species due to its high demand in both domestic and international markets. This species has great economic importance because of its tender flesh, acceptable taste, less odour, less spines and delicate flavor when cooked. There is great scope of increasing the consumption by developing different value added products from Pangasius. Consumers prefer minimally processed fish products, with less use of synthetic additives, due to the increasing awareness about harmful effects of synthetic preservative. The main aim of this study is to examine the shelf life of traditionally marinated vacuum packed fillet of Pangasius fish stored at chilled temperature, through different biochemical, microbiological and organoleptic analysis. Pangasius fillets were marinated in traditional way and four different kinds of samples were prepared with the help of raw and marinate fillet viz. raw fillet with air packaging (T0), marinated fillet with air packaging (T1), raw fillet with vacuum packaging (T2) and marinated fillet with vacuum packaging (T3). Triplet of each sample was stored at chilled (0-2°C) temperature for 21 days. All samples were analyzed for Proximate composition, pH, Total Volatile Base Nitrogen (TVB-N), Peroxide Value (PV), Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Salt Soluble Nitrogen (SSN), Total Plate Count (TPC) for change in total viable microbial count, Salmonella spp., Vibrio, E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus count at the interval of three days during storage period. Results showed that there was no noticeable change in proximate composition of samples but significant changes from (5.43± 0.06 to 7.20± 0.05), (7.12± 0.03 to 28.35± 0.37 mg/100g), (3.23± 0.02 to 6.02± 0.86 meq of O2/kg fat), (0.33±0.02 to 2.14± 0.07 % of olic acid), (1.88± 0.02 to 2.06± 0.01 % of total nitrogen) and (3.19 to 5.93 log cfu/gm) in pH, TVB-N, PV, FFA, SSN and TPC respectively was observed in T3 samples after 21 days. On the basis of these parameters we found that the T0 was acceptable till 6th days whereas T3 was acceptable till 18th days of storage. So we can conclude that in chilled storage shelf- life of Pangasius fillet can extend upto 18 days without affecting nutritional value of fillet by applying combination of traditional marination and vacuum packaging.ThesisItem Open Access Study of macrobenthic structure of Gaula river and fish ponds of tarai region, Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Ghadai, Mrutyunjaya; Trakroo, Malobica DasThe Present study was done to evaluate the macrobenthic structure of Gaula river (29°16'18"N latitude and 79°32'51"E longitude) and fish ponds (29.01° N latitude, 79.3° E longitude) of Tarai region, Uttarakhand. The physico-chemical parameters of water and soil of these water bodies were analysed. Three different sites were selected in Gaula river named as S1, S2&S3. Likewise, three ponds were selected with three sampling sites each. Fortnightly samplings of water, soil and benthos were done. In Gaula river water temperature, DO, pH, conductivity, TDS, total alkalinity, free Co2, nitrate and phosphate varied from15.6-25°C,7.03- 9.19 mgl-1, 7.5-8.75, 204.65-299.55 μS cm-1, 146.9-187.6 mgl-1, 121.3-153.65 mgl-1, 0-1 mgl-1, 0.22-0.34 mgl-1, 0.042-0.071 mgl-1 respectively. In case of fish ponds water temperature, DO, pH, conductivity, TDS, total alkalinity, free Co2, nitrate and phosphate varied from 15.37- 31.17°C, 5.74-9.71 mgl-1, 7.13-8.68, 203.40-447.27μS cm-1, 200.61-290.46 mgl-1,117.42- 158.78 mgl-1, 0-1.17 mgl-1, 0.33-0.51 mgl-1, 0.015-0.048 mgl-1 respectively. Soil parameters of both the water bodies were analysed at the starting of the experiment and a week before the end of experiment. In Gaula river soil texture, soil pH, conductivity, organic carbon, organic matter varied from sand% 76.48-77.25, silt% 11.59-11.41, clay% 11.59-11.41,7.9- .4,285.3-343.1 μS cm-1,0.41-0.66%,0.71-1.14% respectively. Likewise, in fish ponds soil texture, soil pH, conductivity, organic carbon and organic matter varied from sand% 42.76-53.21, silt%31. 15- 41.34, clay%10.13-26.09%, 7.7-8.3, 298.83-328.87 μS cm-1, 2-2.6%,3.45-4.48% respectively. In Gaula river, population density varied from 25-100 ind/m2 and a total 4 species belonging to Malacostraca, Insecta and Gastropoda were recorded. Group wise distribution showed that insecta was dominant group in the taken stretch of Gaula river. Insecta was dominant group in Gaula river stretch. In case of fish ponds total 8 species belonging to Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Oligochaeta were recorded. The population density varied from 16.7-641.66 ind/m2.Groupwise distribution revealed that Gastropoda was the dominant group found in fish ponds. In case of Gaula river the Simpson’s index, Shannon Weiner index and Margalef’s index ranged from 0- 0 , 4 . 0 - 0 , 8 . 1 - 4 2 . 1 r e n i e W n o n n a h S , x e d n i s ’ n o s p m i S e h t s d n o p h s i f f o e s a c n I . y l e v i t c e p s e rindex and Margalef’s index ranged from 0.25-0.46, 0.42-0.79, 0.75-1.58 respectively. The study concludes that fish ponds are more diverse than the Gaula river in terms of availability of benthic macroinvertebrates.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of water quality and fish growth in aquamimicry fish culture system(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-07) Sanwal, Neha; Mishra, AshutoshThe present study was conducted from December 2021 to May 2022 (165 days) to evaluate the effect of aquamimicry culture system on water quality and fish growth. The objective of this work was to compare the effect of this technology on various parameters viz. water quality, plankton production and fish performance. The experiment was carried out in 12 rectangular FRP tanks kept indoor in poly carbonate house (size 4 m³ each) stocked with 40 fingerlings/ m3 in three groups of fishes viz. Catla (T1), Rohu: Mrigal @ 1:1 (T2) and Rohu: Mrigal: Silver Carp: Grass Carp: Amur Common Carp @ 30 :10 :15: 15: 30 (T3) in triplicate and one set of control for each group. After stocking, the experimental fish were fed with 50% required feed in aquamimicry treatments and 100% required feed was given in control units. After 165 days of experimentation period (December to May), the data were analyzed and compared. The physical parameters viz. Temperature, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were analyzed which varied from 16.2-32.3°C, 150-500 μS cm-1 and 220.5-357.8 mgL-¹, respectively and the value of chemical parameters pH, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, hardness, salinity, ammonia, phosphate and biochemical oxygen demand varied from 7.5- 8.7, 3.22-7.15 mg L-¹, 160- 220 mg L-¹, 170-220 mg L-¹, 0.17-0.26 psu, 0.01-0.24 mg L-¹, 0.002-0.74 mg L-¹ and 1.15- 4 mg L-¹, respectively. There was no negative impact of aquamimicry fish culture system on water quality parameters. Treatment tanks also showed better average phytoplankton: zooplankton ratio with best ratio in treatment T2 as compared to control tanks, as well as higher plankton diversity i.e. 13 zooplankton varieties in treatment tanks and 9 zooplankton varieties in control tanks. The result indicates that aquamimicry fish culture tanks shows higher specific growth rate in Catla 1.80 % day-1 as compared to the 1.60 % day-1 in Control tanks. Feed Conversion Ratio values also decreased from 1.443-2.3 in control tanks to 0.728-1.4 in treatment tanks. Protein Efficiency Ratio values ranged from 2.96 to 5.7 in treatment tanks as compared to 1.7-2.8 in control tanks. The better survival rate among various fish species has also been recorded in aquamimicry culture system treatment T2. There was 33.40 to 37.87% decrease in the cost of production and benefit - cost ratio reached 3.05 in treatment T1, 2.29 in treatment T2 and 2.32 in treatment T3. This indicates that even without intensification, the production can be increased with increased economic output in the aquamimicry culture system.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative study on the effect of papaya, banana and pointed gourd fruit on growth and reproductive profile of Amur Common Carp(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-06) Tomar, Pallavi Singh; Ram, R.N.The present study was carried out to compare the effect of papaya ,banana and pointed gourd fruit on growth and reproductive profile of amur common carp for period of 180 days .A total of 168 fishes of average weight of 135g divided into four groups of 42 fishes each viz. Group C1 (Control), Group T1(2%Banana fruit),Group T2(2%Pointed gourd fruit),Group T3(2%Papaya fruit).A total of 48 fishes stocked in 3 tanks with 14 fishes per tank. After one week of acclimatization period, banana, papaya and pointed gourd was given in pellet form twice a day at the rate of 2% each in a divided dose at a rate of 5% of the fish's total body weight till 180 days post group (DPT) to groups T1,T2 and T3.In this study Growth and reproductive profile histological parameters studied at different interval i.e.,0ͭʰ,30ͭʰ,60ͭʰ,90ͭʰ,120ͭʰ,150ͭʰ,180ͭʰ DPT. The best results for growth parameters like mean weight gain (318±1.15g),mean length gain (37±.57cm),lenght weight relationship (174±3.88) Since the value of regression coefficient (b) is less than 3 over the course of the entire experiment for each group at each time interval, growth is allometric, condition factor (1.82±.03), specific growth rate (0.2±.004%)and for morphometric study of ganoad and liver the best reault for gonadosomatic index of male(9.89±.42%) and hepatosomatic index in females and males (3.7±.07% and 0.8±.04% )respectively were recorded in group T1 in comparison with the group C1 (control) .According to the findings of this study, groups fed with banana @2% (T1) produced superior results than their counterparts. The findings show that all three fruits had no negative impact on the physicochemical qualities of water, allowing the fish to be less stressed and perform better physiologically. Histologically, there were no notable alterations in the liver, muscle, ovary, or testis of the Control group C1. The liver parenchyma showed considerable vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes at all time intervals in the T1, T2, and T3 groups. Despite the fact that group T3 on the 30ͭʰ, DPT indicated fragmentation in many muscular fiber bundles, muscle fiber loss also occurred, resulting in the creation of space. A considerable reduction in the size of the muscle fiber bundle was seen on the 60th DPT. On the 120ͭʰ, DPT, the muscle fiber bundle had severe fragmentation and necrosis. A significant hemorrhage was observed in T3 group on the 60th DPT in ovary. In testis no significant changes were observed in any of the groups, T1, T2, or T3, at any time interval between the 0th and 180ͭʰ DPT. As a result, it is suggested that the efficacy of banana as a growth enhancer be investigated as a cost-effective, readily available, and environmentally friendly package for enhancing aquaculture productivity.ThesisItem Open Access Development of fish mince based products, vacuum packed storage and its quality attributes(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2022-01) Dhapola, Vijaydeep; Upadhyay, A.K.The purpose of this study was to see how vacuum packed storage affected the quality of fish cutlets made from big head carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) in cold storage. The bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) is a commercially important freshwater fish species that belongs Cyprinidae family, with a substantial domestic market for its commodities. Fish mincebased goods have the potential to be ready-to-cook or ready-to-fry products with a high level of consumer acceptance and nutrient benefits. The market for such items is becoming increasingly intriguing for consumers as well as for producers. The biochemical, sensory and organoleptic alterations, thaw drip, lipid oxidation during frozen storage, and addition of synthetic chemicals have a very pivotal role and which are commonly known for the quality of these products added and have a direct impact on its shelf life, considering any change in these parameters results spoilage followed by unacceptability of these products. A market-successful product is one that meets all of the preferences of customers and is easily marketable. Appropriate marketing methods and customer understanding of what they are eating can help accomplish these characteristics. In this study, vacuum packing was paired with flash frying, which has antibacterial characteristics, barrier properties, and aids in increasing water holding capacity, reducing drip losses and TPC, nutrition retention, and improving texture and softness. The effect of vacuum packaging combined with flash frying at 180°C for 10 seconds on the quality of frozen fish cutlets prepared from big head carp was investigated. The sensory, chemical, microbiological, and organoleptical features of frozen fish cutlet samples were examined at 15-day intervals up to 45-day intervals. During 45 days of storage at -20°C, frozen fish cutlet samples with normal air packing (sample 1), only vacuum packing (sample 2), flash fried with normal air packing (sample 3) and vacuum packing combined with flash frying (sample 4) showed a slight decline in moisture, protein, and fat content, as well as an insignificant increase in ash content. When comparing vacuum-packed and flash-fried samples to air-packed samples, drip loss was shown to be reduced. On the basis of pH and organoleptic index of quality, frozen fish cutlet samples treated with vacuum packing and flash frying performed better than other fish cutlet samples. Therefore in terms of sensory index those samples with combination of vacuum packing and flash frying continue the same trend of superiority as compared to nother samples. It was discovered that combining vacuum packing with flash frying increased overall quality in terms of chemical, organoleptic, drip loss, and bacteriological quality indices. During the final days of frozen storage of 45 days at -20 the samples which were vacuum packed and flash fried were at more sound condition as compared to other samples taking their quality in accord, therefore further investigation can be made to evaluate the shelf of these products.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of himalayan herb Urtica dioica on growth and survival of Amur carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2022-02) Jangpangi, Krishna; RajeshThe present study was investigated to study the effect of Urtica dioica on growth performance, survival, haematological and serum biochemical parameters in Amur carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) for a period of 90 days. Four treatments designated as T1, T2, T3 and TC with three replicates were installed in the Wet laboratory of College of Fisheries. Varied diets were supplemented with U. dioica at different rate i.e., 0.5 g, 0.75 g and 1 g/kg feed for treatment T1, T2 and T3 respectively while treatment TC was given control diet. The physico-chemical parameters of water like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity were found to be within optimum range. There was no adverse effect observed on water quality parameters due to incorporation of U. dioica on fish diets. The phytochemical analyses of U. dioica leaves revealed the presence of flavonoids (37.21 μg/ml), alkaloids (25.39 μg/ml), tannin (6.15 μg/ml), terpenoid (2.516 μg/ml), glycosides (1.096 μg/ml), phenolic (297.5 μg/ml) and saponin was absent. The different diets supplemented with U.dioica showed increased on growth performance of experimental fishes. The best results for growth parameters like net weight gain (415c±.547 g), net length gain (4.2d±.034 cm), percent weight gain (85.65c±.400 %), specific growth rate (.298c±.008 %), gross conversion efficiency (.229c±.006), feed conversion ratio (4.37a±.132) and condition factor (1.53b±.011) were recorded in treatment T3 in comparison with the treatment TC (control). No mortality was observed in all the treatments which resulted in the 100% survival rate. The haematological parameters (like haemoglobin level, total erythrocyte count, and total leukocyte count etc) and serum biochemical parameters (including total serum protein, albumin and globulin) showed increased results for the treatment T3. From the above study it is suggested that the herb U. dioica leaves powder be supplemented at the rate 1g/kg in fish feed for increasing growth, haematological and serum biochemical parameters of Amur carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus).ThesisItem Open Access Development of moist and semi moist cat feed from uneconomical fresh water weed fishes(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2022-01) Ali, Armaan; Upadhyay, A.K.The present study was carried out to investigate, best wet cat diet composition that can be a source to provide optimum dietary nutrition to different pet cat breeds. Cat foods that are generally available in the market , generally use chicken and marine fish as their raw material that are costly and these feeds only provide minimum amount of energy to the pets to carry out their daily physical activities. Therefore using more cost efficient and nutrionally rich source of raw material as a replacement for these raw materials can be used as a stratergy for fulfilling the daily dietary needs of a pet and thereby also lowering the cost of raw materials used for production of feed. Fish meal developed by wet reduction process in the current study have good proximate chemical profile and being in concentrated form, is a good source of animal protein. It aided in development of different moist and semi moist diets that can be used for feeding of cats which were more nutritious than the products that are already available in the market. Attempt was made to develop varied protein content diet samples using fish meal as a primary source of protein along with chicken meat that resulted in making of T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 samples with protein content 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 percent respectively. The other proximate chemical, sensorial and acceptability attributes of these samples were also analysed during the study. Diet samples T4 and T5 were found to be the best diet composition in terms of fulfilling high protein and energy requirement of cat, also the two samples were favoured during the acceptability studies by the cat owners. Whereas in terms of cost efficacy T2 and T4 were found to be the best as they were economically cheaper and with the low cost they can fulfill the criteria of both moist and semi moist diets. Use of fish meal as raw material was found to be effective as it had improved all the nutritional quality parameters especially protein content of different diet samples and also was acceptable when fed to cats. Overall T4 was observed to be the best diet composition.ThesisItem Open Access Development of high value composite material from fish scales and assessment of their mechanical properties(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2022-01) Rastogi, Shalini; Anup KumarThe mechanical properties of the fabricated composite of epoxy resin filled with dried fish scale powder and the hybrid composite reinforced with dried fish scale powder and chicken feather fibre have been comparatively evaluated in this study. The effects of dried fish scale powder in epoxy resin with varied weight % of chicken feather fibre (from 0 to 5) have been examined. Based on the findings, 8 wt% % dried fish scale powder in varied wt% of chicken feather fibre was utilized as a reinforcement to create hybrid composite. The various wt% of chicken feather fibre in 8 wt% dried fish scale powder filled epoxy based hybrid composite were casted. Mechanical characterization of the resulting composite was carried out using a universal testing machine (UTM) AMT-SC-01521), a digital Rockwell hardness testing machine, and an impact testing machine. Results of various Mechanical test shows that increasing wt% of chicken feather fibre with 8 wt% dried fish scale powder improved the mechanical properties of the hybrid composite, such as impact strength, young's modulus, percentage elongation, hardness, and ultimate tensile strength. On the basis of overall evaluation combination of 8 wt% dried fish scale powder and chicken feather fibre proved to be better than all other combinations of composite material prepared from the different level of dried fish scale powder as particulate and chicken feather fibre as reinforcement with epoxy resin as matrix.
