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ThesisItem Open Access Isolation and identification of predominant bacteria from genital tract of repeat breeder crossbred cows suffering from subclinical endometritis(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Painuly, Bimmy; Gupta, H.P.The present study was conducted with an objective to diagnose the subclinical endometritis by Whiteside test, to isolate, identify, and confirm predominant bacteria from cervico vaginal mucus samples and also to perform ABST for selection of appropriate antibiotic. A total of fifty animals were selected and CVM samples collected were screened for subclinical endometritis by Whiteside test and it was significantly (2=200 at p<0.05) determined that out of 50 animals, 40 animals were positive, among which 20 (50%), 15 (37.50%), 5 (12.50%) animals were having mild, moderate and severe form of subclinical endometritis based on colour intensity. In remaining 10 animals, cervico-vaginal mucus samples were colourless. Physical examination of cervico-vaginal mucus significantly (2=96.29 at p<0.05) revealed that in endometritic positive group out of 40 animals, 14 (35%), 22 (55%), and 4 (10%) animals showed clear stringy, turbid viscous and watery with white flakes type of cervico vaginal mucus discharge respectively. Whereas, in endometritis negative group, out of 10 animals, all 10 (100%) animals showed clear stringy CVM. Present report confirms alkalinity of cervical mucus in endometritic positive animals with mean pH 8.08±0.04, whereas endometritic negative animals had mean pH 7.33±0.03. Bacterial isolation in endometritic positive animals revealed predominance of E. coli (27) and Staphylococcus spp. (22), followed by (14) of Proteus spp. and (5) of Pseudomonas spp. bacterial isolates. Whereas in endometritic negative animals (3) Staphylococcus spp., (3) E. coli, and (1) Proteus spp. and nil Pseudomonas spp could be recovered. Among these, Gram positive and negative bacteria in endometritic positive animals were 32.35 % and 67.64 % respectively. However, in endometrictic negative animals, 42.85 % were Gram positive and 57.14 % were Gram negative which were significantly different (2=2.34 at p<0.05). And the overall ratio of bacterial isolates per cervico vaginal mucus sample obtained from endometritic positive and negative animals was 1.7 and 0.7 respectively. These bacterial isolates were also confirmed by PCR technique using genus specific primers. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that maximum number of bacterial isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (88.23%), Enrofloxacin (85.29%), Gentamicin (80.88%) and Cephapirin (82.35%). The lowest sensitivity was observed for Tertracyclin (45.58 %.) and Ampicillni (5.88%). Individually, Staphylococcus spp, E. coli, Proteus spp were highly sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin followed by Gentamicin and Cephapirin, and these isolates were least sensitive to Tetracyclin followed by Ampicillin. While, Pseudomonas spp and Proteus spp was resistant to Tetracyclin and Ampicillin. Thus, it can be concluded that non-specific uterine infection of repeat breeder endometritic animals might be caused by E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. as these were predominantly isolated bacteria from the subclincally endometritic animals.ThesisItem Open Access Active biomonitoring of heavy metals in the ambient air by mosses in the tarai region of U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-07) Negi, Vrinda; Singh, VirHeavy metals, viz. Hg, Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn were monitored actively employing Thuidium cymbifolium (Dozy & Molk.) Dozy & Molk. in and around the Pantnagar University (15 km radius) for a period of one year (2014-15), at an interval of 4 months, for each season i.e. from March to June for summer, July to October for monsoon season, and November to February for winter. Prior to the monitoring work, Thuidium was screened out of ten mosses collected from Naina Peak, Nainital on the basis of its biochemical activity. It gave very good results for total chlorophyll, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidise (POD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes upon being subjected to various concentration (10, 20, 50 and 100 ppm) and time period (7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day) of a concoction of aforesaid heavy metals under laboratory conditions. The highest total chlorophyll (5.74±0.39 mg/g FW) was observed at 10 ppm on 7th day. Highest SOD activity (6.00±0.02 Unit/min/g FW) was observed at 50 and 100 ppm on 28th day while CAT activity was just 4.93±0.12 Unit/min/g FW at 20 ppm on 28th day. POD activity (13.37±0.12 Unit/min/g FW), the highest amongst all the enzymes, was recorded at 100 ppm on 14th day. Heavy metals were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and spatio-temporal maps were drawn using Quantum GIS software. The results suggested that summer was more prone to heavy metal pollution as compared to winter and rainy season. The average concentration of Hg, Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn in the air in summer was 8.60±0.11, 7.31±0.23, 1.05±0.06, 0.050±0.004 and 3.16±0.15 ppm respectively; in monsoon 4.15±0.09, 2.22±0.192, 0.60±0.29, 0.017±0.002 and 0.866±0.053 ppm respectively; and in winter 6.10±0.11, 4.08±0.222, 0.61±0.03, 0.030±0.003 and 1.99±0.106 ppm respectively. A high concentration of the aforesaid heavy metals was detected in the corresponding soil samples with positive correlation except for Cd. The highest Air Pollution Index (API) value was recorded for SIDCUL (1.67336) followed by Jha colony (1.029536), BSP gate-Pantnagar (0.989741), Matkota (0.762641, VRC (0.794992), Lalkuan station (0.695607), Petrol pump-Pantnagar (0.553984), Rudrapur market (0.51653), MRDC–fields (0.531072), Lalkuan market (0.581977) and Nagla gate (0.356864). Though heavy metal pollution might attain alarming proportions in the Tarai region in future with proliferation of polluting industries, the study area, fortunately, does not so far lie in the danger zone.